大鼠原位辅助性肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭

为了评价大鼠原位辅助性部分肝移植（ＡＰＯＬＴ）对急性肝功能衰竭的支持作用。切除７５％的肝脏并阻残余肝脏的血供５０分钟导大鼠急性肝功能衰竭。治疗组受体计切除７５％并将３０％的供肝植于原位，然后阻断残余的右上叶的右下叶之血供５０分钟。结果显示，大鼠急性肝功能衰竭的５天生存率仅３３％，而接受ＡＰＯＬＴ者５天生存率和移植肝存活率分别为８０％和７３％，术后第５天肝功能基本恢复正常。可见，大肝切除和余肝缺血诱     

小体积肝移植和辅助性原位小体积肝移植治疗猪急性肝功能衰竭的近期疗效观察

目的观察小体积肝移植和辅助性原位小体积肝移植治疗猪急性肝功能衰竭的近期疗效。方法急性肝功能衰竭猪随机分为3组接受肝移植治疗:A组行全肝移植(n=5);B组行小体积肝移植(n=5);C组行辅助性原位小体积肝移植(n=5)。各组动物开腹后即刻、切脾后即刻和再灌注后30 min分别监测门静脉压力,并观察术后生化指标变化、病理改变和1周生存率。结果A、B和C三组的移植肝重量与受体体重之比分别为(2．44±0．30)％、(0．76±0．02)％和(0．75±0．03)％。再灌注后30 min,B组移植肝门静脉压力显著高于其它两组(A:B:C=13．3:17．5:12．2 cmH2O, P<0．01),C组原肝门静脉压力显著高于移植肝门静脉压力(14．3:12．2 cmH2O,P<0．05)。A组和C组术后第2天起血清天冬氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、凝血酶原时间、乳酸和血氨水平明显下降,术后第7天基本恢复至正常水平。B组术后上述生化指标一直维持在较高的水平,术后第2～4天明显高于其它两组(P<0．01)。A组、B组和C组1周生存率分别为100％、20％和80％,B组明显低于其它两组(P<0．05)。结论辅助性原位小体积肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭近期疗效优于小体积肝移植,术中不必干预原肝门静脉。     

肝移植治疗猪急性肝功能衰竭的近期疗效和手术体会

目的探讨肝移植治疗猪急性肝功能衰竭的近期疗效和手术要点。方法经门静脉注射0.5g/kg D-氨基半乳糖和1μg/kg脂多糖诱导猪急性肝功能衰竭。实验动物随机分为A、B两组。A组(n=6):不接受肝移植治疗;B组(n=5):接受肝移植治疗。观察两组动物的生化指标、病理改变和1周年存率。结果A组注药后48h血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆红素、血氨和凝血酶原时间达最高峰,1周年生存率为17%,肝脏病理检查显示大量肝细胞坏死伴出血。B组受体术后第7d天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆红素、血氨和凝血酶原时间水平基本恢复至正常水平,1周生存率为100%,术后第8d获取的移植肝组织常规病疗猪急性肝功能衰竭的近期疗效肯定。手术成功的关键在于术前受体凝血功能障碍的纠正、术中静脉转流的使用以及可靠的血管重建方法。     

原位肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭21例临床分析

目的探讨原位肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析天津市第一中心医院21例因急性肝功能衰竭行原位肝脏移植术病人的临床资料，总结急性肝衰竭实施肝移植的经验。结果21例病人随访时间为3～60个月，中位随访时间为25个月。生存时间为1—1530d，中位生存时间为517d。病人的围手术期存活率为66．7％，1年存活率为66．7％，2年存活率为66．7％。死亡原因包括多脏器功能衰竭、颅内出血、上消化道出血、急性成人呼吸窘迫综合征、移植物原发性无功能。14例的远期性生存病人中，13例移植前合并乙型肝炎（乙肝），其中有1例（1／13）在术后1年出现乙肝复发。结论肝移植术是治疗急性肝功能衰竭最有效的方法，严格把握适应证、合理选择手术时机是提高疗效的关键。     

辅助性部分原位肝移植治疗暴发性肝功能衰竭的实验研究现状

1969年Trey等首次提出暴发性肝功能衰竭(fulminant hepatic failture，FHF)的定义，是指在既往无肝病的基础上，起病8周内出现脑病。现在普遍采用的概念是根据Grady等的主张将FHF分为3类：超急性肝功能衰竭是自黄疸的出现到脑病的发生限于7d内；急性肝功能衰竭是自黄疸的出现到脑病的发生限于8～28d内；亚急性肝     

辅助性部分肝移植治疗肝功能衰竭的动物实验

作者用四氯化碳腹腔内注射，辅以饮食控制的方法造成狗肝硬变，然后再静脉滴注氨基半乳糖制备狗肝功能衰竭的模型。采用辅助性部分肝移植方法（宿主肝下右结肠旁沟处）对该组动物进行治疗。观察实验动物的生存率，生化指标的变化及病理改变，并与对照组动物进行比较，结果表明移植组生存率为５９．１％，对照组生存率为７．１／（Ｐ＜０．０１），移植组术后血氨、胆红素、凝血酶原时间、血糖等生化指标较对照组有明显改善（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（９９ｍ）￣ＴＣ－ＨＩＤＡ与（９９ｍ）￣ＴＣ－ＤＩＳＤＡ同位素扫描证实移植肝具有摄入及排泄作用。由此证明辅助性部分肝移植对肝功能衰竭的动物有明显的肝功能支持作用。本文对该种肝功能衰竭的动物模型特点，辅助性部分肝移植术式的特点等问题作了初步的探讨。     

辅助性肝移植治疗大鼠急性肝功能衰竭的实验研究

目的探讨辅助性肝移植对急性肝功能衰竭（简称肝衰）的治疗作用。方法在３０只肝功能衰竭大鼠模型上,于原残肝下移植同系异体６２％部分肝脏,手术成功２８例。观察了肝衰组和移植组大鼠存活、血液生化、９９ｍＴｃＨＩＤＡ肝显像、残肝和移植肝组织细胞形态改变。结果肝衰组（１５只）和移植组（２８只）大鼠４８小时存活率分别为０％和７１．４％。移植术后１４天残肝细胞明显增生,肝功能基本恢复正常,辅助肝开始萎缩,术后３０天辅助肝完全纤维化。结论辅助性部分肝脏异位移植可为衰竭之残肝提供暂时性功能支持。原残肝细胞再生,功能恢复过程中辅助肝逐渐萎缩、废用     

活体肝移植治疗HBV相关性急性亚急性肝功能衰竭

目的 探讨活体肝移植(living donor liver transplantation,LDLT)HBV感染导致的急性肝功能衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)和亚急性肝功能衰竭(subacute liver failure,SALF)患者的可行性,并评价其疗效.方法 回顾性分析2000年11月至2007年10月完成的10例LDLT治疗ALF、SALF患者的临床资料.10例LDLT的供、受者均为成人,切取右半肝为移植物,8例含肝中静脉(middle hepatic vein,MHV).10例供者的评估均在确定实施LDLT的24 h内完成,供、受者手术均在确定供者后的12 h内完成.移植物质量与受者体质量比为(1.03±0.17)%(0.86%～1.22%),移植物体积与受者标准肝体积比为(52.2±11.8)%(47.6%～70.1%).结果 10例受者中,2例分别于术后7、28 d时因肺部感染、十二指肠球部溃疡穿孔腹腔感染死亡.1例胆管吻合口胆漏,经十二指肠镜下置入鼻胆管引流治愈.2例术后1周出现轻度急性排斥反应,增强免疫抑制强度后肝功能恢复正常.8例中位随访期9.6个月(2～84个月),生存质量优良.10例供者中,1例出现急性门静脉高压症导致脾脏破裂,行脾脏切除术,其后出现胆管断端胆漏,经鼻胆管引流结合经皮穿刺腹腔引流治愈.其余9例无并发症发生.结论 LDLT适宜治疗HBV感染导致的ALF、SALF,而且能获得较好的中、远期疗效.     

猪辅助性异位部分肝移植

目的 探讨辅助性异位部分肝移植治疗急性缺血性肝衰的效果。方法 用家猪配对行辅助性异位部分肝移植治疗急性缺血性肝衰。随机分为两组：I组，受体肝脏保持原状，肝动脉结扎，门静脉缩窄，供肝右半肝植入受体右肝下，仅建立门静脉血供，不建立动脉血供；Ⅱ组，供肝动脉和门静脉均建立血供，其它手术内容与I组相同。监测各组受体存活情况、肝功能、肝脏血流情况、病理及供肝胆汁分泌情况。结果 Ⅱ组受体成活率显著高于I组。I组术后胆红素显著高于术前，Ⅱ组手术前后胆红素无显著变化，I组术后胆红素显著高于Ⅱ组。I组供肝无或仅有少量胆汁分泌，肝细胞大片坏死；Ⅱ组供肝胆汁分泌和血供良好，肝细胞存活良好并有活跃的代偿性增生；I，Ⅱ组自体肝脏均大片坏死。结论 受体肝动脉结扎、门静脉缩窄能造成急性缺血性肝衰。辅助性异位部分肝移植可以治疗肝衰，效果良好。供肝必需建立良好的动脉血供。     

辅助性肝移植

辅助性肝移植指保留患者的肝脏或部分肝脏，将供体全肝或部分肝脏植入受体，使肝功能衰竭病人得到生命支持或使原肝缺失的代谢、解毒等功能得到代偿。辅助性肝移植基本上是和原位肝脏移植和异位肾移植同时提出。异位肝脏移植由于避免了切除病肝降低了手术难度，病人本身的肝脏仍可能发挥功能，在移植肝脏不能正常发挥功能时将起很大作用。     

The importance of orthotopic liver transplantation in acute hepatic failure

Selection of patients with acute hepatic failure for liver transplantation remains difficult, and there is no definite proof of a survival effect. We therefore did a retrospective study in 75 consecutive patients referred over a 12-year period. In two-thirds we identified a cause, mostly viruses or drugs. Patients were grouped by the Clichy and King's College criteria. In 20 there was no indication for transplantation. Of the 5 with autoimmune hepatitis, 3 died, significantly differing from the other 15 ( P = 0.009). The remaining 55 met our criteria, except 1. All 9 patients with absolute contraindications died. Of the 46 enlisted, 7 died without transplantation. One-year survival after transplantation was 69%, compared with 58% by "intention to treat." For patients enlisted, transplantation reduced mortality by 78% ( P = 0.069). The Clichy and King's College criteria reliably predict survival without transplantation, except in autoimmune hepatitis. Our study strongly suggests that transplantation improves survival.     

Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation in acute liver failure due to hepatitis B

Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation is an alternative therapeutic modality in acute liver failure, wherein the capacity of native liver to regenerate is preserved. A case of acute liver failure due to hepatitis B in an 18-year-old male patient treated with an auxiliary left lateral segment graft is described. There was no recurrence of hepatitis B in the auxiliary graft and the patient cleared the virus after 9 months whilst receiving lamivudine. Immunosuppression was withdrawn at 14 months, and the auxiliary graft atrophied secondary to hepatic arterial conduit thrombosis, possibly precipitated by immunosuppression withdrawal. The native liver regenerated completely, and the patient is well and off immunosuppressive and antiviral therapy 3 years after transplantation. Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation is an attractive treatment option in acute liver failure due to hepatitis B infection and allows a life free of long-term immunosuppression.     

大鼠原位辅助性部分肝移植

本研究旨在建立大鼠原位辅助性部分肝移（ａｕｘｉｌｉａｒｙｐａｒｔｉａｌｏｒｔｈｏｔｏｐｉｃｌｉｖｅｒｔｒａｓｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ,ＡＰＯＬＴ）模型,进一步推动肝移植的实验和临床研究。在半肝血流阻断下切除受体肝脏的７５％。然后将３０％的供肝移植于原位。作者成功地施行大鼠原位辅助性部分肝移植４０次。受体５天生存率为８７．５％。移植肝５天存活率为７５％。术后第５天移植肝重量增加一倍,肝细胞增生活跃,ＤＮＡ呈二倍体,ＤＮＡ合成期肝细胞占２２．６％±２．７５％明显高于正常肝细胞的１２．２２％±１．４８％（Ｐ＜０．００１）。作者认为,大鼠ＡＰＯＬＴ是一个较理想的动物模型。     

肝硬变肝功能衰竭患者行肝移植时术前准备的重要性

目的 探讨肝功能衰竭患者行同种原位肝移植（OLT）时术前准备的原则和方案。方法 回顾性比较分析7例因肝硬变肝功能衰竭行OLT和3例因非硬变性肝病行OLT术前凝血功能、一般状况、内环境状况、术中出血量与术后过程的关系。结果 7例肝硬变患者血小板计数均下降，凝血功能差，而例因非硬变性肝病者血小板下降不明显；7例肝硬变患者术前均进行了利尿和保肝支持治疗，而例因非硬变性肝病者除2例进行了保肝支持、输少量全血和人白蛋白外，未输注凝血因子和血浆，也未进行利尿治疗。术中7例肝硬变患者平均出血8455ml，除补充相应量的血以外，还平均输注人白蛋白88.5g和血浆957.1ml，但术比血白蛋白仅26.1g/L，术后48h内内环境紊乱较明显，术后1个月内5例发生真菌感染，3例发生腹腔内出血，而3例非硬变直病患者平均出血2660ml，术中仅输少人白蛋白，术毕血白蛋白30.7g/L，内环境紊乱不明显，术后1月内无感染和腹腔内出血发生。结论 肝硬变肝功能衰竭患者行肝移植术前完全纠正凝血功能障碍、低蛋白血症、贫血和内环境紊乱是保证手术和术后顺利的重要因素。     

Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation: treatment of acute liver failure in a new rat model

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Liver regeneration and functional interaction between native liver and graft after auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT) are not entirely understood and, therefore, require an experimental model simulating the clinical features of acute liver failure (ALF) and the surgical technique of APOLT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ALF was induced by subtotal hepatectomy in 50 Lewis rats (200-250 g). Sham operation (I), ALF without treatment (II), ALF with portocaval shunt for decreasing blood flow of the remnant liver (III), and ALF treated by APOLT (IV) were performed. The auxiliary graft represented a left donor liver lobe which was orthotopically implanted using a microsurgical technique including reconstruction of the graft artery and internal biliary drainage. Operative outcomes, serum chemistry and histopathological findings were examined up to the 14th day. RESULTS: ALF without treatment (groups II and III) led to a small droplet fatty degeneration in the hepatocytes and a significant increase of liver parameters until the death of the animals within the first two postoperative days ( P<0.05). After APOLT (group IV), 80% of the animals survived up to the 14th day, revealing significantly decreased liver parameters ( P<0.05), a well-perfused graft and an up to five times increased native liver size with normal architecture. CONCLUSION: This new rat model simulates the clinical features of an ALF treated by APOLT and is especially interesting for further basic research on the interaction between native liver and auxiliary graft after APOLT.     

肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭5例临床分析

目的总结肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的防治经验。方法回顾性分析5例肝移植受者术后早期发生急性肾功能衰竭临床资料,手术方式为改良背驮式肝移植术,其中4例术前即合并肾功能不全。结果5例术后早期急性肾功能衰竭患者3例通过调整免疫抑制方案和改善肾脏灌注及利尿治疗肾功能恢复;2例给予连续性肾脏替代治疗后肾功能恢复。结论肝移植术后免疫抑制剂的个体化应用,积极改善肾脏灌注,必要时选择血液透析治疗,有助于防治肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭。     

Auxiliary heterotopic partial liver transplantation in pigs with acute liver failure

Fulminant hepatic failure is usually fatal without liver transplantation; however, orthotopic liver transplantation is often difficult to perform due to the high risk of coagulopathy and the development of multiple organ failure. Auxiliary heterotopic partial liver transplantation (APLT), however, has the potential to provide an effective hepatic support system considering that the host liver is left in situ and the surgical procedure is less invasive. In this report, we describe the beneficial effects of performing 60% APLT on the hepatic function and survival of pigs with acute hepatic failure induced by hepatic artery ligation. The pigs were divided into a control group of nine animals (group 1) that had portal vein and hepatic artery ligation with a side-to-side portacaval shunt, and an APLT group of seven animals (group 2) that had portal vein and hepatic artery ligation with APLT. The two left lateral lobes of the donor liver were resected, reducing the liver weight to about 60%, and the graft was placed in the right subhepatic space. No deaths occurred intraoperatively. In group 1, eight pigs died of massive liver necrosis within 48 h and one died between 48 and 72 h (median surivival 23 h). In group 2, two pigs died within 72 h due to preservation or anesthetic problems, but five survived for more than 3 days (median survival 13.4 days), with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). One animal was killed 30 days after APLT and excellent graft function was demonstrated by the synthesis of clotting factors, ammonia detoxification, and glucohomeostasis. Moreover, evidence of hepatic regeneration was found in the transplanted livers. These results indicate that APLT provides metabolic support and improves survival in animals with induced acute liver failure.     

急诊肝移植治疗暴发性肝功能衰竭四例

目的总结暴发性肝功能衰竭实施紧急肝移植的经验。方法回顾性分析4例接受紧急肝移植的暴发性肝功能衰竭患者的临床资料。结果4例患者于术后12～48h神志恢复清醒,无手术并发症,术后有2例各发生急性排斥反应1次,经治疗逆转。4例患者均存活至今,肝功能良好,患者分别存活38、17、11及7个月,3例恢复工作。结论紧急肝移植是治疗暴发性肝功能衰竭的有效手段;围手术期的正确处理及手术时机的选择是提高紧急肝移植成功率的关键之一。