胰肾联合移植围手术期麻醉管理策略

胰肾联合移植的患者病情复杂,合并症多,麻醉管理困难,因此术前评估尤为重要;根据病情选择不同麻醉方式、选择对肝肾功能影响较少的麻醉药物、提高术中移植器官的灌注压;控制围手术期血糖水平、重点防控术后移植物血栓和腹腔感染;如条件允许应实施术后镇痛,帮助患者平稳度过围麻醉期。     

肝肾胰联合移植的围手术期处理

目的总结肝胰肾联合移植围手术期处理的经验。方法报告肝、胰、肾一期联合移植治疗1例乙型肝炎后肝硬化、肝功能不全合并慢性肾功能不全伴慢性胰腺炎导致胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者的临床特点及治疗体会。对患者围手术期处理及相关资料进行回顾性分析。结果采用胰液空肠内引流及原位背驮式同期尸体肝、胰、肾联合移植。手术顺利，移植肝脏及胰腺功能1周内逐渐恢复，肾功能延迟恢复。术后第16天因移植肾血流下降，切除移植肾脏，于原移植部位行第2次肾移植，肾功能逐渐恢复正常。至2005年11月随访10个月，患者未发生排斥反应及明显感染，移植肝、胰、肾功能均正常，一般情况良好。结论肝胰肾联合移植技术安全，术后因各脏器对功能恢复所需内环境各不相同，矛盾较多，围手术期处理对患者的长期存活至关重要。     

胰腺癌的围手术期处理

胰腺癌有逐年增多之趋势。受其生物学行为及胰腺解剖学特点的影响 ,病变发展快 ,侵入范围广 ,加之缺乏早期诊断手段 ,致使临床胰腺癌手术切除率低。由于手术操作较复杂、涉及组织器官多 ,术后并发症多 ,死亡率也高。积极的围手术期处理 ,能减少术后并发症 ,及早发现并予以控制 ,从而降低手术死亡率。1.胰腺癌病人的手术条件随着医学科学技术发展 ,生命体征监测措施和支持治疗等方面的进步 ,病人手术的年龄限制已放宽。目前超过 70岁者并非手术禁忌。但需内环境稳定、重要器官功能 (心、肺、肝、肾 )基本正常 ,无明显营养不良。有贫血、低蛋…     

300例次肾移植围手术期处理

目的:总结肾脏移植围手术期处理经验。方法:回顾性分析300例次肾脏移植手术前后的临床资料。结果:由于重视术前准备、供受体配型、供肾保护、手术操作、免疫抑制剂合理应用等,300例肾脏移植获得了较满意结果。结论:围手术期处理恰当与否,直接影响移植肾脏近远期存活率。     

胰肾联合移植的麻醉处理

胰肾联合移植是治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(IDDM)伴终末期肾功能衰竭的首选方法。由于患者病情复杂,手术的特殊,麻醉处理也有一定的难度,本文通过综述近年来胰肾移植的麻醉进展,讨论胰肾联合移植的术前准备和评估,麻醉方法、麻醉药物的选择,以及术中胰肾功能的保护和呼吸循环的管理。     

糖尿病病人的围手术期处理

糖尿病（ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｉｔｕｓ，ＤＭ）是以高血糖为主要特征的全身代谢性疾病。约２％外科手术病人并存ＤＭ，４０岁以上者并存率更高。ＤＭ病人手术危险性较非ＤＭ病人明显增加，病死率增高２倍以上，其危险性与血糖升高程度、高血糖持续时间以及重要器官受累...     

糖尿病病人围手术期的处理

糖尿病是属于内科范畴的疾病，但在很多情况下与外科治疗关系密切。如发生重症软组织感染内科治疗无效的糖尿病足，糖尿病合并胆道结石、肠梗阻、溃疡病，内科治疗无效的消化道出血，以及重症外伤、骨折等都需要外科手术。而糖尿病本身常并存许多并发症和代谢紊乱是外科手...     

糖尿病病人围手术期的处理

目的 总结糖尿病病人围手术期的处理经验。方法 对２２０例并存在糖尿病的择期手术病人术前全部停用口服降糖药而采用胰岛素皮下注射,血糖控制在６￣１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,急诊手术者前血糖控制在１３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ以下。结果 急诊手术１２４例,死亡１６例;择期手术９４例,术中、术后未发生严重并发症。结论 掌握血糖水平及其围手术期处理原则,可使患者安全度过手术期。     

一例单肺移植围手术期的监护与处理

我院同兰州军区总医院合作于１９９６年１２月２５日为１例左侧结核性毁损肺并肺功能严重不全者行左胸膜全肺切除的同时施行了尸体供肺左肺移植，术后受者生存４３天。现将该例围手术期的监护与处理报告如下。一、临床资料患者为男性，５２岁。左侧结核性损毁肺伴咳血、脓...     

Metabolic outcomes and renal function after simultaneous kidney/pancreas transplantation compared with kidney transplantation alone for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

In this study, we aimed to compare the metabolic outcomes, renal function, and survival outcomes of simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) and kidney transplantation alone (KTA) among end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with ESKD and T2DM who underwent KTA (n = 85) or SPK (n = 71) in a transplant center were retrospectively reviewed. Metabolic profiles, renal function, and survival outcomes were assessed repeatedly at different follow-up time points. Propensity score procedures were applied to enhance between-group comparability. The levels of renal and metabolic outcomes between SPK and KTA over time were examined and analyzed using mixed-model repeated-measures approaches. The median follow-up period was 1.8 years. Compared with KTA, SPK resulted in superior metabolic outcomes and renal function, with lower levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; P = 0.0055), fasting blood glucose (P < 0.001), triglyceride (P = 0.015), cholesterol (P = 0.0134), low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.0161), and higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; P < 0.001). SPK provided better metabolic outcomes and renal function. The survival outcomes of the recipients and grafts were comparable between the two groups.     

胰肾联合移植的排斥反应

目的　探讨胰肾联合移植术后的排斥反应。方法　对我院施行的 3例胰肾联合移植的病人 ,采用FK5 0 6 MMF Perid Zenapax四联免疫治疗方案 ,通过床边彩超及Cr、BUN、血糖等来监测移植物的排斥反应。对排斥反应采用激素冲击疗法 ,对激素不敏感者采用OKT3治疗。结果　3例患者中有 2例出现排斥反应 ,其发生率达 6 6 % ;在出现排斥反应时 ,首先表现为低热、全身不适 ,尿量减少 ,血Cr、BUN升高 ,彩超示移植物血流阻抗升高 ,之后才是血糖升高。结论　胰肾联合移植中 ,排斥反应与多种因素有关 ,移植肾对移植胰具有保护作用 ,肾脏可以作为监测胰腺排异的窗口 ,彩超检查可以作为筛选移植物排异反应的手段。     

Combined pancreas and kidney transplantation improves survival in patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy

The purpose of this study was to find out whether prolonged normoglycemia, as achieved by a successful pancreas transplantation, can improve survival in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A retrospective analysis of actual 10-yr patient survival rates was done for all renal graft recipients who were given transplants more than 10 yr ago but within the cyclosporin era (i.e. 1981-1988). The actual 10-yr patient survival rate in non-diabetic renal graft recipients was 72%, In recipients of pancreas and kidney grafts and with prolonged function of the pancreas graft, the survival rate was 60%, whereas in patients subjected to simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation, but where the pancreatic grafts failed within 2 yr, the survival rate was 33%. In diabetic recipients of kidney transplants alone, the survival rate was 37%. The patient survival rate was substantially higher in non-diabetic patients and patients with functioning pancreas grafts compared with diabetic patients with kidney transplants alone or with failed pancreas grafts. We speculate that the decrease in mortality was due to the beneficial effect of long-term normoglycemia on diabetic late complications.     

Macrovascular disease after simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcome of simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) with focus on cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in relation to graft function. From January 1985 through 1999, 87 SPK were performed in the unit. Sixty recipients were males, median age at diabetes onset 13 yr (1-40) and age at transplantation 39 yr (29-54). No case was lost to follow-up. Morbidity and mortality during median 8 yr of follow-up (range 1-15 yr) were recorded. Major macrovascular disease (MVD) was defined as myocardial infarction or sudden death (AMI), stroke or peripheral gangrene requiring amputation of leg, foot or fingers. At the evaluation, 26 of 87 patients (30%) had died, 19 after loss of the pancreas graft and 20 after loss of the kidney. MVD was the dominant cause of death. Non-lethal MVD had previously been recorded in 62%. Of the 61 patients alive, 22 had lost their pancreas graft and 12 the concomitant kidney. MVD had occurred in 32%. Whereas 89% of the concomitant kidneys functioned when the pancreas graft did so, only 37% of the kidneys functioned if the pancreas had been lost, p < 0.0001. The mortality rate was significantly higher among patients who lost both grafts (16/26) than in those who lost only the pancreas graft (3/15), p = 0.01. Progressive MVD is a major clinical problem for SPK transplant patients, particularly if the kidney fails.     

Rescue therapy with tacrolimus in simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation

Abstract Tacrolimus has been effective both in primary and rescue therapy following steroid and OKT3-resistant acute rejection in liver and kidney transplantation. Due to the effects of tacrolimus on glucose metabolism, there has been concern about its use in simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation. We report on the results of six patients (three female, three male, age 35.2 ± 7.3 years) converted from cyclosporin A to tacrolimus following simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation in steroid-resistant acute rejection. Tacrolimus was induced 2.8 ± 1.7 months (range 1–4.8 months) after transplantation; follow-up was 3–18 months. Following conversion, creatinine levels declined in all patients [3.5 ± 1.2 mg/dl before conversion, 3.0 ± 1.9 mg/dl ( n = 6) at three months, 1.4 ± 0.1 mg/dl at 1 year (n = 3)]. Before conversion, fasting blood glucose levels averaged 154 ± 33 mg/dl, with three patients receiving insulin. Three months later no patient required insulin, the mean glucose level being 107 ± 23 mg/dl ( n = 6); at 1 year it was 92 ± 9 mg/dl ( n - 3). One patient lost his pancreatic graft after 4 months due to a mycotic aneurysm. We conclude that conversion to tacrolimus is a safe and effective treatment in cases of steroid-resistant rejections following pancreas/kidney transplantation.     

Urodynamic testing predicts long-term urological complications following simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation

INTRODUCTION: Combined pancreas-kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with type I diabetes mellitus associated with chronic renal failure. The introduction of the bladder drainage technique constituted a marked improvement of the surgical technique with a reduction of life-threatening complications. However, drainage of pancreatic secretions via the urinary bladder causes urological complications leading, in some cases, to cystoenteric conversion. We retrospectively analysed whether pre-operative urodynamic findings may predict the subsequent development of urological complications and influence the choice of exocrine secretion drainage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1987 to 1997, 39 bladder-drained simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantations were performed in 16 men and 23 women with a mean age of 38.5 yr. All patients underwent a complete urological assessment prior to surgery, including medical history, physical examination, urethrocystography and urodynamic assessment. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients are alive with a mean follow-up of 62 +/- 8 months. In 60% of cases, both kidney and pancreas remain functional. Seven patients experienced recurrent lower urinary tract infections. Six patients suffered from chemical urethritis (four men and two women) and six suffered from recurrent haematuria (blood transfusions were required in two patients). One patient had incrusted stones at the site of duodenal staples. Urological complications were mostly observed in the 22 patients (79%) with abnormal urodynamic characteristics (Relative risk: 5.1). Intravenous Somatostatin failed to definitively cure these complications in most cases. Seven patients (17%) (five with urethritis, two with haematuria) required cystoenteric conversion. Two patients developed post-operative ileal fistula, one cutaneous and one into the bladder. All urinary symptoms resolved in these seven patients. CONCLUSION: The frequency of specific urinary complications is high (28%) in bladder-drained simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation patients. These complications are statistically more frequent in the case of an abnormal pre-transplant urodynamic assessment.     

Rescue therapy with tacrolimus in simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation

Tacrolimus has been effective both in primary and rescue therapy following steroid and OKT3-resistant acute rejection in liver and kidney transplantation. Due to the effects of tacrolimus on glucose metabolism, there has been concern about its use in simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation. We report on the results of six patients (three female, three male, age 35.2 ± 7.3 years) converted from cyclosporin A to tacrolimus following simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation in steroid-resistant acute rejection. Tacrolimus was induced 2.8 ± 1.7 months (range 1–4.8 months) after transplantation; follow-up was 3–18 months. Following conversion, creatinine levels declined in all patients [3.5 ± 1.2 mg/dl before conversion, 3.0 ± 1.9 mg/dl (n = 6) at three months, 1.4 ± 0.1 mg/dl at 1 year (n = 3)]. Before conversion, fasting blood glucose levels averaged 154 ± 33 mg/dl, with three patients receiving insulin. Three months later no patient required insulin, the mean glucose level being 107 ± 23 mg/dl (n = 6); at 1 year it was 92 ± 9 mg/dl (n = 3). One patient lost his pancreatic graft after 4 months due to a mycotic aneurysm. We conclude that conversion to tacrolimus is a safe and effective treatment in cases of steroid-resistant rejections following pancreas/kidney transplantation.     

Influence of mild obesity on outcome of simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation

The influence of body mass index (BMI) on outcome of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK) has not been well described. We retrospectively reviewed 88 consecutive primary SPKs performed at our institution between March 15, 1995 and August 28, 2001. All patients received antibody induction and maintenance immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids. Systemicenteric implantation was performed in all patients. Primary end points were patient, pancreas, and kidney survival. Secondary end points were rates of anastomotic leakage, pancreas thrombosis, major infection, rejection, repeat laparotomy, and length of hospital stay. Values are shown as mean ± standard deviation, range, or percentage. Fifty-two patients (59.1%) were nonobese with a BMI ≦24.9 (mean 21.7 ± 2.2, range 15.4 to 24.9). Thirty-six patients were mild to moderately obese with a BMI ≧25 (mean 27.7 ± 2.2, range 25 to 35.1). Distribution of recipient age, sex, and ethnicity was similar between groups. Kidney and pancreas preservation times were similar between nonobese and obese patients. One-, three-, and five-year actuarial patient (nonobese: 95%, 95%, 95% vs. obese: 95%, 95%, 89%), kidney graft (nonobese: 91%, 91%, 87% vs. obese: 97%, 91%, 85%), and pancreas graft (nonobese: 78%, 78%, 73% vs. obese: 70%, 62%, 62%) survival were comparable between nonobese and obese (P = NS). The mean rates of pancreas thrombosis, major infection, pancreas rejection, kidney rejection, relaparotomy, and length of hospital stay were similar in the two groups. The overall duodenojejunal anastomotic leakage rate was 8%. Obese patients had a 17% incidence of leakage (6 of 36) compared to a 2% incidence of leakage in nonobese patients (P = 0.012). Six of seven leaks occurred in obese patients. Mean BMI in the seven patients with a leak (27 ± 1.9) was significantly higher than in patients who did not develop a leak (24 ± 3.7; P = 0.05). Although obesity had no effect on patient or graft survival, it was associated with a significantly higher leakage rate. There should therefore be a higher degree of suspicion for the presence of duodenojejunal anastomotic leaks in obese SPK recipients. Presented at the American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association Congress, Miami, Florida, February 28, 2003.     

Outcomes of simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation in African-American recipients: a case-control study

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that African-American (AA) ethnicity is a risk factor for rejection and graft loss after kidney transplantation. However, little data is available regarding outcomes after simultaneous kidney pancreas transplantation (SKPT) in AA recipients. The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of SKPT in AA patients to matched Caucasian patients as controls. METHODS: From January 1996 to September 1999, we performed 79 SKPTs, including 10 in AA recipients. Ten Caucasian controls were selected and matched for age, gender, weight, timing and technique of transplantation, and immunosuppressive regimen. Clinical outcomes were collected and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The two groups were well matched for donor and recipient demographic, immunologic and transplant characteristics, including 2 patients in each group with type 2 diabetes. All patients received tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and steroids, and about half in each group received antibody induction therapy. Patient survival was 100% in both groups with a mean follow-up of 18 months (range 6 47). Kidney and pancreas graft survival rates were both 80% in the AA and 100% in the Caucasian groups, respectively (p = 0.14). All but one kidney (in the AA group) and all pancreas grafts experienced immediate function. There were two immunologic kidney and two immunologic pancreas graft losses in the AA group. No grafts were lost due to technical problems. The mean length of initial hospital stay was 16 d in the AA group compared to 10 d in the Caucasian group (p = 0.07). The AA group had a slight increase in the number of readmissions (mean 2.2 AA vs. 1.6 Caucasian, p = 0.08). The incidence of biopsy-proven pancreas acute rejection was significantly higher in the AA group (50%) compared to the Caucasian group (10%) (p = 0.05). The incidence of either kidney or pancreas acute rejection was also higher in the AA group (60% AA vs. 20% Caucasian, p = 0.06). TAC levels were comparable at specific times after transplantation, al-though there was a trend toward higher doses of TAC in the AA group to achieve therapeutic levels. The incidences of relaparotomy (30% AA vs. 20% Caucasian) and major infection (40% AA vs. 60% Caucasian) were similar between groups. Renal and pancreas allograft functions were comparable between groups at specific times after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that SKPT in AA recipients may be associated with a higher incidence of rejection and immunologic graft loss compared to matched Caucasian controls.