肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜治疗

目的:探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析2002年8月-2012年12月采用ERCP治疗8例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料,其中胆道狭窄5例(吻合口狭窄4例,肝内型胆道狭窄1例),胆瘘1例,胆石和胆泥形成2例.8例患者共行ERCP治疗21次,对胆道狭窄患者行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和内支架置放术等治疗;对胆瘘患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对结石患者行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流术及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果:ERCP手术成功率为100％ (21/21);4例吻合口狭窄、1例胆瘘和2例结石患者均治愈,1例肝内型胆道狭窄治疗未成功,建议再次肝移植;术后胆道感染的发生率为14.3％(3/21),胰腺炎发生率为19.0％ (4/21),经对症治疗后均痊愈.结论:ERCP是治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症微创、安全和有效的方法.     

ERCP和EST取石术治疗肝外胆管结石临床研究

目的 探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)和内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(EST)取石治疗肝外胆管结石的临床治疗经验和价值.方法 对45例肝外胆管结石病人行ERCP和EST取石术治疗,同时设立开腹手术肝外胆管探查取石治疗组为对照组.观察术后病情及并发症情况.结果 内镜治疗组有效率97.8%,开腹手术组有效率为90.9%(P>0.05).残余结石发生率:内镜组2.22%,开腹手术组20.00%(P<0.05).并发症发生率:内镜组4.44%,开腹手术组18.18%(P<0.05).结论 ERCP和EST取石术治疗肝外胆管结石优于开腹手术,是治疗肝外胆管结石安全、有效、简便的方法.     

内镜下十二指肠乳头气囊扩张术治疗胆管结石的临床研究

目的　探讨应用十二指肠乳头气囊扩张术 (EPBD)后进行胆管结石内镜治疗的有效性和安全性。方法　实施EPBD 42例 ,应用气囊将十二指肠乳头开口扩张至 8mm ,直接用取石网篮取石 ,当结石较大时先行机械碎石网碎石后再取石。术后鼻胆管引流 ,并造影复查。结果　 41例成功完成EPBD ,3 8例单次内镜治疗清除结石 ,3例行两次十二指肠镜下取石治疗 ,其中 1例再次内镜治疗时改为十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术 (EST)后取石。 9例附加机械碎石术。 41例中无出血、穿孔、重症胆管炎或重症胰腺炎发生 ,无术后胆管明显积气 ;10例出现高淀粉酶血症 ,72h内恢复。结论　EPBD后取石具有与EST后取石相近的成功率 ,出血风险低 ,胰腺炎发生率并不高 ,机械碎石比例较EST术后为高。主要适用于直径小于 10mm的肝外胆管结石 ,但对较大结石也可应用。     

ERCP诊治成人原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的临床研究

目的 :回顾性分析和评价内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在成人原位肝移植胆道并发症诊疗中的作用。方法:38例成人原位肝移植术后胆道并发症患者实施61次ERCP,根据ERCP结果实施内镜治疗。结果:60次ERCP成功,成功率为98.36%(60/61)。ERCP明确胆道并发症原因后实施内镜治疗。并发症发生的部位为:供体肝胆管、受体胆管、胆管吻合口及十二指肠乳头。其中单纯胆管炎性狭窄7例,胆管炎性狭窄伴肝内外胆管铸型、胆泥或胆石形成10例;单纯胆管吻合口狭窄3例,狭窄伴肝内外胆管铸型、胆泥或胆石形成2例;胆管吻合口瘘2例,供体胆管与受体胆管直径差异过大1例;受体胆管过长、扭曲3例,受体胆管轻度扩张1例;十二指肠乳头狭窄2例,Oddi括约肌功能失调3例;T管脱落1例;胆道出血1例;ERCP插管失败1例。该组供体肝胆管并发症发生率最高,为44.74%(17/38);其次为胆管吻合口并发症,为21.05%(8/38)。治疗方式:乳头括约肌切开(EST)24.59%(15/61),乳头柱状球囊扩张(EPBD)16.39%(10/61),EST+EPBD 13.12%(8/61),扩张器扩张胆管36.07%(22/61),鼻胆管引流(ENBD)52.46%(32/61),胆管支架引流(ERBD)32.79%(20/61),取胆管铸型、胆泥或结石19.67%(12/61),胆道冲洗24.59%(15/61)。结论:ERCP具有诊疗一体化优点,已成为成人原位肝移植术后胆道并发症微创治疗的主要方法和重要治疗手段。     

The utility of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in the treatment of choledocholithiasis

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (CBDE) was performed in 24 patients over a 23-month period. Fourteen of these patients were suspected preoperatively of harboring common bile duct (CBD) calculi. Of these, endoscopic sphincterotomy was unsuccessful in eight. Laparoscopic CBDE was performed either transcystically or via a choledochotomy. In all cases, completion cholangiography demonstrated that the CBD was free of stones. All patients were sent home with drains placed in their extrahepatic biliary system. Mean hospital stay was 2.7 days. There was no mortality. The overall morbidity rate was 29.1%. It included one trocar site infection (4.1%), four cases of mild postoperative amylasemia (16.6%), and two cases of retained stones (8.3%) seen in two patients on follow-up tube cholangiography that were successfully extracted percutaneously. The authors feel that laparoscopic CBDE is a safe and effective method of CBD stone removal that offers an alternative to preoperative ERCP and sphincterotomy.     

Percutaneous treatment of common bile duct lithiasis

STUDY AIM: Biliary lithiasis in the main bile duct (particularly retained stones) may be treated percutaneously obviating reoperation or endoscopic sphincterotomy. The aim of this study was to determine risks and pitfalls of this approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-two cases of biliary stones treated percutaneously between 1980 and 1998 were reported. Among them, 28 patients had already a biliary drainage and in 14, a drain was placed into the bile duct by transhepatic way or by punction of the intestinal loop of a bilio-jejunal anastomosis. The means to clear the bile ducts included percutaneous endoscopy and contact lithotripsy. Thirty patients had residual lithiasis (after a surgical intervention), 11 a new lithiasis above a bile duct stenosis and in 1 a bile duct lithiasis with a gallbladder lithiasis. RESULTS: Morbidity included four complications (9.5%--one severe) and no mortality. After 2.3 +/- 1 courses, desobstruction was complete in 33 cases (78.5%) and partial in one case (2.5%) allowing to optimize the patient for endoscopic sphincterotomy. Desobstruction failed in eight cases (19%), six patients were successfully treated by surgery and 2 by endoscopic sphincterotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous desobstruction of the bile ducts may be proposed as a priority in patients with a biliary drain in place and when endoscopic sphincterotomy is impossible or contraindicated. These manoeuvres have a definitive place in hepato-biliary surgery.     

Postoperative management of noniatrogenic traumatic bile duct injuries: role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic therapy for iatrogenic bile duct injuries is well established. Abdominal trauma-related biliary injuries, however, are complex in nature. The role of endoscopic therapy for these patients needs further evaluation. METHODS: A retrospective study investigated nine patients who had surgery for abdominal trauma (4 gunshot, 4 crush, and 1 stab injury), presented postoperatively with noniatrogenic biliary injuries, and underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP). RESULTS: The ERCP was successful for all the patients. Eight patients had significant bile leak at intra- or extra-hepatic sites, and one patient was discovered to have complete cutoff of the common hepatic duct. All bile leaks were treated successfully using biliary sphincterotomy with or without transpapillary stenting. No complications of ERCP were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In this case series, ERCP was found to be useful as a diagnostic and therapeutic method for managing noniatrogenic traumatic biliary injuries in patients who had undergone previous surgery for abdominal trauma. The ERCP results were similar to those for iatrogenic bile duct injuries.     

Treatment of postcholedochoduodenostomy symptoms

Upper abdominal symptoms after side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy (CDDY) may be attributed to stagnant bile, food and calculi pooling in the distal bile duct 'sump' with resultant biliary or pancreatic duct obstruction and sepsis. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) provides a means of draining this sump. The aim of this study was to assess outcome following endoscopic retrograde choledochopancreatography (ERCP) and ES in patients with post-CDDY symptoms. Eight such patients (M: F = 1:7) underwent ERCP between September 1981 and March 1987. Their median age was 60 years (range: 37-72 years) and the median period since CDDY was 11 years (range: 1-28 years). The median follow-up after ERCP was 18 months (range: 14-94 months). Presenting symptoms comprised postprandial (one) or intermittent (seven) abdominal pain, cholangitis (three), pancreatitis (one) and jaundice (one). ERCP revealed bile duct abnormalities in four, consisting of filling defects alone (two), anastomotic narrowing with filling defects (one) and sclerosing cholangitis. ES was performed in seven, of whom three (all with filling defects at ERCP) remain asymptomatic and three are significantly improved. One had recurrent pancreatitis for which a sphincteroplasty and pancreatic duct septectomy was performed. ES was not performed in one because of technical difficulties (there being no subsequent improvement). It is concluded that, in patients with post-CDDY biliary symptoms, endoscopic sphincterotomy relieves the symptoms by either producing drainage of the sump at the distal bile duct, or dividing a dysfunctioning sphincter of Oddi.     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy in the treatment of common bile duct benign lesions (experience with 100 cases)

The authors present the experience of the first 100 endoscopic sphincterotomy performed in Caritas Hospital, Surgery Department between 1997 and 2000 for CBD benign lesions treatment. The patients to whom we performed this procedure had a biliary syndrome associated mostly to obstructive jaundice of unknown etiology previously diagnosed echographically or by ERCP. The etiology was in 72% of the cases represented by migrated, residual or primary common bile duct stones. The aim of the procedure was the removal of the stones. We performed endoscopic sphincterotomy either before or after laparoscopic or open surgery. The morbidity was 8% and the related mortality was 0%. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is an efficient procedure for the treatment of the benign obstruction of the common bile duct and not only. Our results were similar to those published by other authors.     

腹腔镜、胆管镜、扩张导管、T管支架捆绑引流治疗胆结石、乳头部梗阻52例

目的探讨腹腔镜、胆管镜、扩张导管(逐级扩张导管、球囊导管)、T管支架捆绑引流(LCDTS)治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石及十二指肠乳头部梗阻或狭窄的应用体会。 方法回顾性分析1999年11月至2017年9月期间,符合入选标准的52例患者的临床资料。 结果腹腔镜下行胆囊切除术和胆总管探查取石术52例。逐级导管扩张乳头并留置T形管＋塑料胆管支架75.1%(39/52),逐级导管联合球囊导管扩张乳头并留置T形管＋塑料胆管支架11.5%(6/52),因逐级导管扩张乳头不成功而中转为腹腔镜术中内镜乳头切开术并留置T形管＋塑料胆管支架9.6%(5/52),因塑料胆管支架放置失败而中转为T管引流术3.8%(2/52)。术后残石1例(1.9%),胆汁漏1例(1.9%),经T管瘘道拔支架失败2例(3.8%)。无肠穿孔、胆管穿孔、大出血、急性胰腺炎等并发症,无死亡患者。术后总并发症发生率为7.7%(4/52)。 结论从本研究初步研究发现,只要病例选择合适,LCDTS治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石及十二指肠乳头部梗阻或狭窄是可行、有效和安全的。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前超声内镜检查胆总管必要性的探讨

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）术前超声内镜（endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS）检查胆总管的临床价值。方法 对25例术前经腹超声检查诊断胆囊结石,胆总管内径〉0.7 cm可疑胆总管梗阻的患者进行EUS检查,并与手术结果或内镜十二指肠乳头切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）取石结果进行比较。结果 EUS对于胆总管病变诊断的敏感性、准确性和阴性预测值[100%（17/17）、92%（23/25）、100%（6/6）]均优于经腹超声[35%（6/17）、56%（14/25）、42%（8/19）]（P=0.000,0.008,0.020）。结论EUS对胆总管病变诊断优于经腹超声检查,可作为术前常规检查,特别是当胆总管内径〉1.0 cm时,EUS应作为术前必检项目。     

The Role of Endoscopic Procedures in the Management of Postcholecystectomy and Posttraumatic Biliary Leak

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an important tool in the evaluation of the biliary system. It not only diagnoses the site of biliary leak following bile duct injury, but it also acts as a therapeutic modality to allow interventional pro-cedures such as sphincterotomy, nasobiliary drainage, or stent placement to be performed. The present study was carried out to evaluate the role of endoscopic management of biliary leak, following either liver trauma or cholecystectomy. Of a total 21 patients with bile leak following liver trauma and biliary surgery, 20 were managed by various endoscopic procedures. In the postcholecystectomy group, ERCP revealed a cystic duct leak in 9 patients and common bile duct injury in 6 patients. These complications were managed by sphincterotomy alone in 2 patients, by nasobiliary drainage alone in 4 patients, by sphincterotomy and nasobiliary drainage in 8 patients, and by sphincterotomy and stent placement in 1 patient. Posttraumatic biliary fistula was successfully managed by performing sphincterotomy followed by the placement of nasobiliary drainage in all of five patients who had suffered trauma injury. Received: August 2, 1999 / Accepted: July 25, 2000     

经内镜乳头括约肌小口切开并放置塑料支架分期治疗巨大或多发胆总管结石

【摘要】目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）Ⅰ期先行乳头括约肌小口切开并放置塑料支架解除梗阻,一月后再Ⅱ期取石,分期治疗巨大或多发胆总管结石的临床应用的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2015年12月在我科住院首次行ERCP治疗的72例直径≥20mm或结石数量≥3粒的胆总管结石患者,分为观察组（一期ERCP放置支架,1月后二期取石,n=36）;对照组（一期治疗组,n=36）。观察和比较两组病例术后结石清除率,ERCP后胰腺炎（PEP）、重症胰腺炎发生,术后出血、胆道感染发生情况。结果在术后结石清除率方面观察组34例（94.4%）与对照组31例（91.2%）,比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;观察组ERCP术后胰腺炎1例,对照组有8例（P<0.05）;观察组无重症胰腺炎发生,对照组发生2例;观察组1例发生术后出血,对照组则有6例发生（P<0.05）;观察组没有发生术后胆道感染,对照组发生5例（P<0.05）。结论内镜下乳头括约肌小切开并放置塑料支架分期取石术治疗巨大或多发胆总管结石是安全、有效、可行的。     

LC术前及术后联合应用ERCP和EST的体会

目的探讨行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)和内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST)在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)术前、术后的应用体会。方法回顾性分析选择性进行LC术前、术后ERCP及内镜治疗102例(包括EST,ENBD和网篮取石术等)的经验体会。结果术前行ERCP94例中,胆管显影89例,显影率94.6%,发现胆总管结石41例,乳头炎性狭窄21例,阳性发现率约65%,取石38例,成功率92.6%;术后行ERCP8例,胆管均显影,术后阳性发现8例,阳性率100%。其中2例胆漏、3例胆总管残石、3例乳头炎性狭窄,内镜治疗成功100%。对胆总管结石,无论术前、术后,内镜取石治疗成功率93%。ERCP并发症3例(2.8%)1例乳头出血,2例高淀粉酶血症,均用非手术治疗痊愈。结论ERCP和EST的应用是当前LC手术前、后诊断和治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的最佳手段,对提高LC的成功率和减少LC的并发症,降低胆总管结石开腹手术的比率,均具有重要的作用。     

Changes in biliary bacteria after endoscopic cholangiography and sphincterotomy.

This prospective study consisted of 32 patients. In each patient, bile was collected during two separate endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ERCP) to study changes in biliary bacteriology and cytology. The mean interval between ERCPs was 20 months (15-29 months). Twenty-three patients had gallstones in the gallbladder, bile ducts, or both. Nineteen of them had bactibilia compared to none of the 9 patients with normal ERCP (P less than 0.001). Fifteen patients had normal bile ducts in ERCP (Group 1). Four of these patients (27%) had bactibilia initially and 9 (60%) at follow-up (P = 0.069). Seventeen patients had bile duct stones and underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy (Group II). Fifteen of these patients (88%) had bactibilia initially, and 15 (88%) also had bactibilia at follow-up. Initially, anaerobic bacteria were detected in 37 per cent of Group I patients with bactibilia and in 50 per cent of Group II patients with bactibilia. At follow-up, the bile in Group I patients infrequently (11%) contained anaerobes, whereas in Group II patients anaerobes predominated (67%; P less than 0.011). Clear correlation between the biliary cytology and bacteriology could not be observed. The authors conclude that ERCP may result in increased incidence of long-term bactibilia and suggest that contamination occurred during ERCP. The bactibilia associated with bile duct stones does not subside after endoscopic treatment of the common duct stones.     

内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的疗效评价

目的　探讨内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的临床效果。方法　将 3 6例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者分成两组治疗 ,其中 2 0例于 2 4h内行逆行胰胆管造影术 (ERCP )、内镜下乳头括约肌切开 (EST )后用网篮取石或碎石网篮碎石后气囊取石术及内镜下鼻胆管引流术 (内镜治疗组 ) ;另 16例行保守或急诊外科手术治疗 (对照组 )。结果　内镜组治疗的成功率为 95 .2 4% ,未发生与内镜操作有关的严重并发症 ,与对照组相比 ,内镜组术后腹痛缓解时间、住院时间明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,术后第 2天血及尿淀粉酶明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,第 3天降低更为明显 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　内镜治疗直接针对胆源性胰腺炎的发病原因 ,解除胆胰管开口的梗阻 ,通畅了胆胰液的引流 ,降低胆胰管内压 ,可有效治疗胆源性胰腺炎 ,该方法微创、安全、有效 ,是治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的理想方法。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影在肝移植后胆系并发症诊断和治疗中的作用

目的：评价内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在肝移植术后胆系并发症诊治中的临床价值。方法：11例肝移植术后并发胆系并发症，其中吻合口狭窄4例，吻合口及供肝肝总管均狭窄2例，胆漏2例，多发性硬化性胆管炎样狭窄2例，移植肝胆总管与受者胆总管分离1例，分别行ERCP检查及治疗。结果：4例吻合口狭窄者，放置胆管塑料支架，2例吻合口和供肝肝总管均狭窄者放置Wallstenl，金属支架，上述6例近期黄疸均消退；2例胆漏者中，1例放置胆道塑料内支架，另1例行乳头括约肌切开术，均于2周内胆漏愈合；2例移植肝多发性硬化性胆管炎样狭窄者，1例行乳头括约肌切开后取出少量坏死胆管上皮样组织，另1例未行内镜治疗；1例移植肝胆总管与受者胆总管分离者再次手术行胆管吻合术。结论：内镜逆行胰胆管造影可用于肝移植术后的常见胆系并发症的诊断与治疗，可获得较好的近期疗效。     

腹腔镜、内镜在Mirizzi综合征I型患者中的应用(附11例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜、内镜等微创技术在Mirizzi综合征(MS)Csendes I型患者"个体化诊疗"中的应用。 方法纳入成都中医药大学附属医院2013年11月至2015年12月施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的患者900余例,进行回顾性分析。对病史中有黄疸、生化检查提示血胆红素升高和超声检查提示胆囊结石且肝总管或胆总管直径大于0.8 cm的患者,术前全部进行MRCP及ERCP,发现符合MS的患者24例,占同期LC患者的2.7%(24/900)。将其中Csendes I型11例纳入本研究,分析其临床特征及诊治特点。 结果11例Csendes I型患者中,Csendes Ia型6例,3例合并继发性胆总管结石,其中2例发生急性胆管炎;Csendes Ib型5例,2例合并继发性胆总管结石,其中1例发生急性胆管炎。所有患者行ERCP时一并清除胆总管内取石,留置ENBD管引流胆道,以改善肝功能。11例患者在ERCP后3～7 d成功施行了LC,仅1例Ia型患者胆囊管结石嵌顿,于LC中中转开腹,经胆囊管行胆道镜下的碎石取石。 结论怀疑MS的患者应行MRCP和ERCP,采用Csendes(1989,2008)标准进行准确分型,以便对肝外胆道的受损程度进行评估、合理抉择治疗策略。Csendes Ia型和Ib型患者均可行LC,但术中应利用胆道镜进行胆囊管探查及碎石取石,尽可能避免胆道探查,以防止医源性胆管狭窄。     

"三镜"联合一次麻醉序贯治疗肝外胆管结石

目的同顾性评估腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜(三镜)联合,一次麻醉序贯治疗肝外胆管结石和胆源性急性胰腺炎(ABP)的可行性.方法总结112例肝外胆管结石(其中23例ABP)治疗经验,对术式选择、操作要点、胆漏防治、注意事项等做分析.结果102例成功,10例中转开腹手术.其中16例内镜胰胆管造影(ERCP)+腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)、胆总管切开、胆道镜取石、T管引流(LCTD),18例ERCP+LC、胆道镜经胆囊管胆总管取石;22例内镜乳头括约肌切开(EST)取石未完成或禁忌,继续LC、胆总管切开、胆道镜取石、一期缝合;46例鼻胆管引流(ENBD)+LC、胆总管切开、胆道镜取石、一期缝合.内镜治疗时间平均35 min,腹腔镜手术时间平均110 min,术后住院平均6.5 d.无手术死亡,ERCP和EST并发症9例,其中6例急性胰腺炎,2例十二指肠乳头部出血,1例十二指肠穿孔.胆总管一期缝合术后胆漏11例,腹腔引流治愈.拔T管后胆漏2例,再次腹腔镜下置管引流治愈.随访1～3年,B超或MRCP检查无胆管狭窄;胆总管残石和再发结石各3例,EST取石治愈.结论一次麻醉"三镜"序贯治疗肝外胆管结石和ABP,手术环节衔接更为合理,无内镜治疗的恐惧感,能从严掌握EST适应证和减少并发症,提高微创手术成功率等.一旦遇有解剖不清、出血、结石未取净或胆管狭窄等,及时改变术式.     

逆行胰胆管造影在肝移植中的应用

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在诊断和治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症中的应用。方法对本院肝移植术后出现胆道并发症的16例患者进行ERCP检查,并根据情况分别行鼻胆管引流(ENBD)和/或内镜下乳头切开取石(EST)等治疗。结果ERCP确诊16例肝移植术后胆道并发症,发生率为9.47%,其中胆道结石6例,胆道狭窄3例,吻合口漏2例,胆道结石伴左肝管狭窄1例,吻合口胆漏伴胆道结石3例,1例示供受体胆管比例不一致,供体胆管相对狭窄,所有患者都得到有效治疗。结论内镜下ERCP是诊断和治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的一种安全而有效的手段,可作为非手术治疗中的首选。