丙戊酸钠血浓度检测及临床应用

应用丙戊酸钠治疗各型癫痫１２２例,现就其剂量、血浓度、疗效、脑电图及副反应加以分析讨论。资料：男、女各６１例。发病年龄１１个月至７２岁,病程８个月至１１年。单纯失神发作２６例;全身强直阵挛发作（ＧＴＣ）６０例;ＧＴＣ合并失神发作１６例;不典型失神发...     

丙戊酸钠的应用进展

本文对丙戊酸钠的抗痫机制及用量进行了综述,详述了丙戊酸钠的临床应用,与卡马西平、苯妥英钠的相互作用及不良反应。     

癫痫治疗中丙戊酸钠与苯妥英钠或卡马西平的相互作用

丙戊酸钠与苯妥英钠或卡马西平合用治疗各型癫痫90例,丙戊酸钠使苯妥英钠和卡马西平血浓度下降;丙戊酸钠和卡马西平是强有力的肝酶诱导剂,使丙戊酸钠血浓度降低。抗痫药之间的相互作用错综复杂,临床上选择单一用药,尽量避免联合用药。     

丙戊酸钠联用利培酮继发丙戊酸钠相关性高血氨脑病1例

1 病例资料 36岁男性,因发作性意识丧失伴四肢抽搐24年余入院.多家医院确诊为难治性癫痫,长期服用卡马西平(早0.4 g,晚0.4 g)联合丙戊酸钠(valproate,VPA;早0.75 g,晚0.75 g)治疗,仍间断发作.入院体格检查:神志清楚,智力下降,认知功能基本正常,未发现明显神经系统阳性体征.     

丙戊酸钠负荷疗法治疗中风后癫痫的临床观察

脑中风后并发癫痫不仅能加重脑损伤,而且引起全身多系统病理异常,具有更大的危险性。为探求一种快速控制中风后癫痫的治疗办法,作者采用丙戊酸钠负荷疗法治疗中风后各型癫痫２４例。即于首次癫痫发作后立即给予负荷量１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ,维持量为负荷量的１／３,每８小时１次口服维持９次后改为２００ｍｇ,每日３次治疗。对照组首剂量及维持量均为负荷量的１／３,治疗方法同治疗组。两组治疗１个月,观察癫痫控制情况及药物副作用     

丙戊酸钠对成人癫痫患者认知功能的影响

目的了解丙戊酸钠对成人癫痫患者认知功能的影响。方法采用简易精神状态评定量表,分别于治疗前及治疗6个月、1年、2年、3年对74例接受丙戊酸钠治疗的成人癫痫患者认知功能进行评价,并选同期健康体检者85例作为对照组。结果癫痫组丙戊酸钠血药浓度均在正常浓度范围。简易精神状态评定量表评分：在干预前,癫痫组11项得分均低于对照组（P〈0.01）;在干预后6个月、1年、2年、3年,癫痫组11项得分均低于对照组（P〈0.05）;癫痫组自身与治疗前比较,11项得分均增高（P〈0.05）,但随时间延长无进一步改善趋势（P〉0.05）;癫痫组治疗前后原发性和继发性癫痫患者间比较无差异（P〉0.05）。结论成人癫痫患者存在认知功能下降,丙戊酸钠具有改善癫痫患者认知功能的作用。     

丙戊酸钠对男性癫痫患者生殖功能的影响

目的 探讨丙戊酸钠(VPA)对男性癫痫患者生殖功能的影响.方法 对32例应用VPA单药治疗≥6个月的男性癫痫患者(VPA组)及30名健康对照者(正常对照组)的血液性激素水平、精液质量进行检测;采用国际勃起功能指数量表简化版问卷(IIEF-5)评估两组已婚者的性功能评估,并进行比较.结果 与正常对照组比较,VPA组的生育率显著降低(P＜0.05),血液中黄体生成素、卵泡刺激素水平显著降低,泌乳素水平及生物活性雄激素/黄体生成素显著升高(均P＜0.01).两组间睾酮、雌二醇水平、生物活性雄激素/生物活性雌激素及精液浓度差异无统计学意义;VPA组总精子畸形率及头部、体部尾部精子畸形率显著高于正常对照组,总精子活动率、A级精子＜25％及A+B级精子＜50％的比率均显著低于正常对照组(均P ＜0.01);IIEF-5总分及问题l、2、3得分显著低于正常对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 VPA可损害男性癫痫患者的生殖功能.     

丙戊酸钠诱发的高血氨

丙戊酸钠（ｖａｌｐｒｏａｄｅ ｓｏｄｉｕｍ ＶＰＳ）可使病人引起血氨增高。 临床资料 ５例ＶＰＳ治疗的癫　病人,男女之比为４：１。年龄（３５±１２）岁。单用ＶＰＳ１例,联用两药２例,联用３药２例。抗 治疗时间２～３３年不等。所有病例既往均无肝肾病史。５例病人血     

卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗早期癫痫的效果观察

目的观察卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗早期癫痫的临床效果。方法选取我院神经内科2010-01—2012-06收治的早期癫痫患者90例,随机分成3组,每组30例,分别采取卡马西平单药治疗,丙戊酸钠单药治疗以及卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗;对所有患者在治疗开始后随访半年,比较3组有效率及不良反应。结果卡马西平组总有效率66.67%,丙戊酸钠组60.67%,联合用药组93.33%,联合用药组较其他2组整体有效率均明显增高(P0.05)。3组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与单药卡马西平或者丙戊酸钠用药治疗相比,卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗癫痫具有很好的效果,且不良反应发生率与单药治疗无明显差别,可作为癫痫临床治疗的常规方案。     

丙戊酸钠脑病

丙戊酸钠(VPA)脑病是一种少见的抗癫痫药物副反应,其典型表现为意识障碍、共济失调、扑翼样震颤、癫痫发作频率增加及EEG弥漫性慢波与癫痫样放电增多。VPA脑病的发病机制尚未明了,可能与VPA诱发高血氨症导致脑代谢与功能障碍有关。VPA脑病多数预后良好,停药后很快恢复正常。     

Linear Relationship between Plasma Concentration and Dosage of Sodium Valproate

Plasma valproate concentration was studied in 7 hospitalized nonepileptic patients who received sodium valproate at daily doses of up to 60 mg/kg. A linear relationship between dose and plasma concentration of valproate (r = 0.81--0.99) was found in each patient, although the slopes of the regression lines (reflecting clearance rates) varied twofold. This suggests that if the valproate plasma concentrations at two different doses are known and the clearance of valproate is not altered by concomitant administration of other drugs, it should be possible to predict the plasma valproate concentration that will result from further dose increments.     

Sodium Valproate, Serum Level and Clinical Effect in Epilepsy: A Controlled Study

Clinical effects at three different serum levels of sodium valproate (VPA) were compared in a triple-blind, multiple crossover trial comprising 13 epileptic inpatients. Patients were selected regardless of seizure type, and all were in concomitant antiepileptic treatment, which was kept constant throughout the study. A significant relationship between the decrease in number of seizures and increasing VPA serum level was demonstrated. The relationship between VPA dose and serum level was curvilinear. Statistical evaluation of patients by seizure type in relation to clinical effect of VPA was only possible for secondary generalized seizures. Between phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine and the different VPA serum levels no interactions could be demonstrated. Recorded side effects were always mild and transient. No obvious correlation between side effects and VPA serum level was established.     

Sodium Valproate: Monotherapy and Polytherapy

Summary: Of the 605 patients seen since 1973, 336 patients have been treated with sodium valproate (VPA) alone or in combination with drugs other than carbamazepine (CBZ). Of these 336, 240 have been on monotherapy, of whom 200 are seizure-free. Follow up has been longer than 3 years in 78%. Complete control of seizures has been achieved in more than 80% of patients with absence, myoclonic, and primary tonic-clonic seizures, in 72% of those with photosenstivie epilepsy including eyelid myoclonia, and in 47% of partial epilepsies, for which carbamazepine was the initial drug of choice. Only 21% of those with myoclonic astatic epilepsy have become free from seizures. At first VPA was given twice daily, but in recent years it was given once daily, as this was more effective. Reasons for failure of VPA therapy are given. Side effects in 436 patients (100 more patients were added for this assessment only) were uncommon, though where they did occur, weight increase was the most frequent. Platelets were reduced without clinical problems. There were no severe hepatic disorders. Serum levels were assessed in seizure-free patients, and the optimum level was between 60 and 120 mg/L (most patients received between 20 and 30 mg/kg). VPA was given during 30 pregnancies, and there was no evidence of teratogenicity on monotherapy. VPA is most effective in primary generalized epilepsy, especially if given as the sole antiepileptic drug. If the daily dose does not exceed 40 mg/kg or 2.5 g, it is singularly free from serious side effects.     

Sodium Valproate and Cognitive Function

The literature concerning the effects of sodium valproate on cognitive function was reviewed, including both volunteer and patient studies. Two were reported from the National Hospital—one a double-blind crossover investigation against placebo in volunteers, and the other in patients on monotherapy. It was concluded that sodium valproate has minimal adverse effects, although those that are seen are probably dose related. It has less of an effect on cognitive function than some of the other commonly used anticonvulsants.     

Effect of Sodium Valproate on Psychomotor Performance in Children as a Function of Dose, Fluctuations in Concentration, and Diagnosis

Forty-six children receiving sodium valproate monotherapy, and with well-controlled seizures, were tested three times, at weekly intervals in the morning, on an extensive battery of psychomotor tests. The first session was a practice session to minimize subsequent practice effects. On one of the remaining 2 test days, morning medication was delayed until after testing (low concentration condition), whereas sodium valproate was given before testing on the alternate session (high concentration day). The data were analyzed for the effects of diagnosis (partial vs. generalized epilepsy), dose (above or below 20 mg/kg/day), and time of medication (low and high drug concentration days). Four variables discriminated between the diagnostic groups, all favoring children with generalized epilepsy. Another four measures were significantly associated with dose, with those on lower doses performing at a superior level. Time of medication had virtually no effect on performance, however. The findings were related to previous diagnostic and dosage research. Although a deterioration in performance at higher doses appears to be consistent with other dosage research, the absence of an effect due to time of medication suggests that performance does not fluctuate between drug administrations.     

Sodium Valproate, Platelet Dysfunction, and Bleeding

The antiepileptic drug sodium valproate (VPA) can provoke a thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction, with or without hemorrhages. These unwanted side effects are probably infrequent or, at least, have little clinical importance except in patients undergoing surgery. Thromboelastography appears to be a reliable screening test. As hematological abnormalities are often dose related, VPA dosages greater than 40 mg/kg/day are not advised.