口服缬沙坦对维持性血液透析患者心功能的保护作用

目的探讨口服缬沙坦对尿毒症维持性血液透析患者心功能保护作用以及应用安全性。方法选择我院慢性肾功能不全尿毒症68例,随机分为对照组（常规治疗组）与观察组（缬沙坦治疗组）,经6个月规律血液透析治疗后,使用彩色多普勒心脏超声检查左室结构和功能,同时检测血清钾含量以及血肌酐。结果经6个月降血压及血液透析治疗后,两组收缩压、舒张压、血清钾及血肌酐水平与治疗前比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,但组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。与透析前比较,两组左心室舒张末期内径和左室重量指数透析治疗6个月后均有明显减少（P〈0.05）;但对照组室间隔厚度（IVST）、左室后壁舒张末期厚度（LVPWT）和最大血流速度比（E/A）透析前后比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,观察组透析6个月后IVST、LVPWT明显降低,E/A值显著升高,与透析前及对照组透析后比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论口服缬沙坦对维持性血液透析患者心功能具有保护作用,且服用安全。     

左卡尼丁治疗血液透析患者慢性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的观察左卡尼丁治疗尿毒症维持性血液透析患者慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效。方法选择我院86例慢性肾功能不全（尿毒症期）合并慢性心力衰竭、心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级患者,随机分为对照组与观察组。2组均正规血液透析。对照组应用现代心力衰竭治疗模式治疗,治疗组应用现代心力衰竭治疗模式加用左卡尼丁（1 g静脉注射,每周3次,连用3个月）治疗。经3个月规律血液透析治疗后,重新评定心功能分级,并使用彩色多普勒心脏超声检查左室结构和功能。结果 2组心功能分级与治疗前比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,但组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,2组左心室舒张末期内径均有明显减少（P〈0.05）;但对照组室间隔厚度（IVST）、左室后壁舒张末期厚度（LVPwT）和最大血流速度比（E/A）治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,观察组治疗后IVST、LVPwT明显降低,E/A值显著升高,与治疗前及对照组治疗后比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论左卡尼丁可改善维持性血液透析患者的心功能,安全有效。     

3种血液净化方式对透析患者左室舒张期功能的影响

目的评价并比较不同血液净化方式(血液吸附、血液透析滤过、血液透析)对肾功能衰竭患者透析后左室舒张功能的影响。方法将309例需要血液净化治疗的透析患者随机分为A组、B组、C组各103例。分别采取血液吸附联合血液透析、血液透析和血液透析滤过治疗,10个月后,对3组患者的心脏左室结构与功能指标变化进行统计学对比。结果治疗前3组心脏左室结构变化指标LVDd、LVPWT、IVST、LAD差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗10个月后,3组患者LAD明显增大(P<0.05),LVDd明显缩短(P<0.05);LVDd指标中A组与C组明显优于B组(P<0.05),而A组与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);LAD组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。3组治疗前后LVPWT和IVST差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗前3组心功能E/A、LVEF水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后E/A、LVEF较治疗前有显著变化(P<0.05)。A组与C组明显优于B组(P<0.05),而A组与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论血液吸附、血液透析滤过及血液透析均能在临床上改善心功能,但是血液吸附和血液透析过滤能更好的维持内环境,优于血液透析技术。     

缬沙坦治疗老年肥胖高血压患者的临床疗效

目的探讨缬沙坦治疗老年肥胖高血压患者的临床疗效。方法选取2013年2月—2014年2月某院收治的老年肥胖高血压患者91例,随机分为治疗组46例与对照组45例。对照组患者予以氨氯地平治疗,治疗组患者予以缬沙坦治疗。观察两组患者治疗前后24h血压〔24h收缩压(SBP)、24h舒张压(DBP)〕、心功能指标〔舒张期室间隔厚度(IVST)、左室舒张末内径(LVDd)、舒张期左心室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左室重量指数(LVMI)〕、肾功能指标〔24h尿微量清蛋白(UAE)、血清肌酐(Scr)、血清尿素氮(BUN)〕、临床疗效及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗前后两组患者24h SBP、24h DBP比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组患者治疗后24h SBP、24h DBP低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗前两组患者IVST、LVDd、LVPWT、LVMI比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后治疗组患者IVST、LVDd、LVPWT、LVMI低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗前两组患者UAE、Scr、BUN比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后治疗组患者UAE低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论缬沙坦治疗老年肥胖高血压患者的临床疗效显著,可降低患者血压,改善患者心功能和肾功能,且不良反应少。     

缬沙坦治疗对血液透析患者尿毒症心肌病的影响

目的观察缬沙坦对血液透析患者尿毒症心肌病的影响。方法将维持性血液透析合并尿毒症心肌病患者36例随机分为缬沙坦组19例及对照组17例,分别于透析治疗前、透析3个月后行心脏彩色多普勒检查,测量常规指标左室舒张末径(LVEDD)、收缩功能(EF)及舒张功能(E/A);同时于治疗前后测量血压(BP)、血肌酐(CRE)、甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)、红细胞(RBC)及血红蛋白(HGB)。结果治疗前后2组患者CRE、i PTH、HGB、RBC水平均无显著性变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后缬沙坦组患者收缩压、舒张压均明显低于治疗前及对照组(P<0.05),而对照组治疗前后收缩压及舒张压均无明显改变,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组治疗前后LVEDD、EF及E/A均无明显改变,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而缬沙坦组治疗后LVEDD明显减小,EF明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但E/A无显著性差异(P>0.05)。缬沙坦组与对照组治疗后比较,LVEDD及EF均有明显改变,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论缬沙坦有减少尿毒症血液透析患者LVEDD、提高EF,改善心功能的作用。     

充分血液透析对尿毒症患者左心室结构和功能的影响

目的 探讨充分血液透析对尿毒症患者左心室结构和功能的影响.方法 45例尿毒症血液透析患者,在接受血液透析治疗前和治疗后第12个月时分别接受彩色多普勒超声心动图检测,测定室间隔厚度(IVST)、左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左室舒张末期内径(LVIDd),计算左室质量指数(LVMI);测定舒张早期充盈峰速度E峰(E)和舒张晚期充盈峰速度A峰(A),计算E/A比值,并测左室射血分数(LVEF).结果 45例尿毒症患者治疗前LVMI(153.8±29.5)g/m2、LVEF(48.8±8.3)%、E/A(0.83±0.25);充分血液透析后LVMI(113.9±25.8)g/m2、LVEF(57.7±10.6)%、E/A(1.17～0.22),超声心动图提示左室结构及功能改善.结论 尿毒症血液透析患者多伴有左心室肥厚及功能障碍,充分透析可得到有效改善.     

沙库巴曲缬沙坦联合血液透析对慢性肾衰并心衰患者外周血清钾与BNP的影响

目的 分析沙库巴曲缬沙坦联合血液透析对慢性肾功能衰竭并心力衰竭患者外周血清钾、脑钠肽（BNP）水平及其他指标的影响。方法选择医院2019年10月1日～2021年6月1日诊治的慢性肾功能衰竭并心力衰竭患者62例,采用计算机随机数表法将其分成对照组和联合组,例数均为31例。对照组患者接受长期血液透析治疗,联合组患者接受沙库巴曲缬沙坦及血液透析治疗。比较两组患者血清钾、脑钠肽（BNP）水平、肾功能指标、心功能指标、不良反应。结果 治疗前两组患者血清钾、BNP水平差异比较无统计学意义（P> 0.05）,治疗后联合组患者血清钾、BNP水平低于对照组（P <0.05）。治疗前两组患者血肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）水平差异比较无统计学意义（P> 0.05）,治疗后联合组患者SCr、BUN水平低于对照组（P <0.05）。治疗前两组患者左室舒张末期内径（LVEDd）、左室后壁舒张期厚度（LVPWd）、左室射血的分数（LVEF）值差异比较无统计学意义（P> 0.05）,治疗后联合组患者LVEDd(50.58±2.16)mm、LVPWd(1.05±0.15)mm低于对照组...     

左旋氨氯地平联合比索洛尔治疗老年高血压性肥厚型心肌病28例疗效观察

目的 观察苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平联合比索洛尔治疗老年高血压性肥厚型心肌病(HHCME ) 的疗效.方法 HHCME患者28例给予苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平和比索洛尔治疗.每月记录肱动脉血压及心率情况,分别于治疗前及治疗后6个月、12个月行超声心动图测量左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、舒张末期左心室后壁厚度( LVPWT)、室间隔厚度( IVST )、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、心脏指数(CI).采用Deve reux公式计算左心室重量指数(LVMI).结果 治疗后6个月和12个月血压、心率、LVEDD、LVESD、LVPWT、IVST、CI及 LVMI均较治疗前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01); LVEF较治疗前改善不明显,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).治疗期间未出现严重不良反应.结论 左旋氨氯地平联合比索洛尔治疗HHCME能平稳控制血压及心室率,有效逆转左室心肌重构,改善左室舒张功能,且不良反应少,值得临床推广应用.     

缬沙坦对维持性血液透析尿毒症患者微炎症状态的影响

目的：探讨缬沙坦在维持性血液透析尿毒症患者治疗中对患者微炎症状态的影响.方法：70例行维持性血液透析的尿毒症患者随机分为两组各35例,缬沙坦组患者在透析同时口服缬沙坦治疗,对照组患者仅行透析治疗.治疗前,治疗后8周、16周时抽取两组患者静脉血检查C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）等指标水平,并作对比.结果：治疗前,两组血清CRP、IL-6水平差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.治疗后8周、16周,缬沙坦组CRP、IL-6水平均明显下降（P＜0.05）,且16周时更低于8周（P＜0.05）;对照组三个时段CRP、IL-6水平比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.缬沙坦组治疗后8周、16周CRP、IL-6水平明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论：尿毒症患者透析同时辅以缬沙坦治疗,对于进一步改善微炎症状态具有积极的作用.     

缬沙坦联合左旋氨氯地平治疗高血压合并左室肥厚的临床观察

目的探讨缬沙坦联合左旋氨氯地平对高血压合并左室肥厚患者的血压及心室肥厚的影响及作用机制。方法 160例原发性高血压合并左心室肥厚患者,随机分成两组。A组予以缬沙坦联合左旋氨氯地平治疗,B组只用左旋氨氯地平治疗。两组均在给药前和给药6个月后分别监测收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、左心室舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVST)、左心室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVDd)及左心室重量指数(LVMI)。结果治疗6个月后,两组SBP、DBP,IVST、LVPWT、LVDd、LVMI明显低于治疗前,且A组优于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论缬沙坦和左旋氯地平联合用药具有协同作用,不仅能很好的控制高血压,而且能够逆转左心室肥厚。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.