中结肠动脉变异一例

<正>一般情况下,中结肠动脉起自肠系膜上动脉,在胰下缘附近,偏右侧进入横结肠系膜,近结肠肝区时分为左右2支,分布于横结肠,并分别与左右结肠动脉吻合。而本例中结肠动脉过早分支,且存在起源于肠系膜上动脉的副中结肠动脉,比较少见,现报道如下。本例副中结肠动脉起自肠系膜上动脉的上壁,向横结肠左曲走行,发出时外径为1.52 mm,行经98.82 mm分为左右2支,外径分别为1.88 mm,1.52 m。中结肠动脉在副中结肠动脉下方     

肝总动脉合并胰动脉变异一例

笔者在解剖一成年女性尸体时发现,肝总动脉及其分支和胰动脉同时存在变异.为积累国人血管解剖学变异的数据,现报道如下. 该标本的肝总动脉发自肠系膜上动脉,行向右,除了分为肝固有动脉和胃十二指肠动脉外,在距起始处5.68 mm的左侧壁还发出中结肠动脉(外径2.14 mm),向左横行进入横结肠系膜,最终与右结肠动脉、回结肠动脉...     

左结肠动脉发自肠系膜上动脉变异一例

一般情况下,左结肠动脉单独或与乙状结肠动脉共干发自肠系膜下动脉.我们在解剖一具老年男性尸体时,未见肠系膜下动脉发出分支到降结肠.而在清理肠系膜上动脉的分支时,发现有一动脉在胰腺下缘处自肠系膜上动脉(直径7.86mm)发出.发出后,经腹膜壁层的后方横行向左,至降结肠附近分为升、降2支.升支与中结肠动脉的左支吻合,降支与和乙状结肠动脉的升支吻合.该动脉起始处外径3.18mm,全长14.30cm.     

肝总动脉合并胰动脉变异一例*

笔者在临床工作中,发现一男性患者脾动脉起自肠系膜上动脉,现报道如下. 患者术前动脉血管三维重建提示,脾动脉起自肠系膜上动脉.可见腹腔干自腹主动脉(外径20.32 mm)发出后分为2支,即肝总动脉(外径3.41 mm)与胃左动脉(外径1.82 mm).距离腹腔干5.61 mm处,肠系膜上动脉(起始主干外径6.11 mm)以45°角起自腹主动脉,向前下行经16.23 mm分为上、下2支,上支为脾动脉(外径5.20 mm)供应脾及部分胃的血供,下支为肠系膜上动脉延续(外径4.98 mm),供应小肠、部分结肠以及胰头的血供,两者夹角为117°.     

肝动脉的应用解剖

在 6 3例成尸上观察了肝动脉的起源和行程 ,腹腔干及主要分支外径和腹腔干至肠系膜上动脉间的距离。结果肝右、左动脉 ,肝固有动脉 ,肝总动脉和腹腔干外径分别为 3.1± 0 .5 ,2 .8± 0 .3,4.0± 0 .12 ,5 .3± 0 .2 2和 7.4± 0 .4mm ;正常型肝动脉占 5 0 .79% (32例 ) ;Hiatt 、 型分别占 19.0 5 % (12例 )和 6 .34% (4例 ) ;腹腔干至肠系膜上动脉间距离为 7.4± 0 .33 mm。讨论了肝动脉变异及其临床意义。     

肝总动脉和肠系膜上动脉共干一例

<正>笔者在解剖1成年女尸中,发现其肝总动脉发自肠系膜上动脉,腹腔干为胃脾动脉干型。为积累资料及提供临床医生参考,现报道如下。该例腹主动脉平第12胸椎高度穿出膈肌主动脉裂孔处自其前壁发出胃脾动脉干,外径3.84 mm,干长10.16 mm。在胰颈上方分出脾动脉和胃左动脉2条分支,以后的分支及走行均属正常。距离胃脾动脉干下方8.80 mm,自腹主动脉右前壁发出肝总动脉和肠系膜上动脉共干,外径5.92 mm,干长9.94 mm。并于胰颈后方再分出肠系膜上动脉(外径5.18 mm)和肝总动脉     

回盲部的解剖学观测

为补充国人体质调查资料,本文对福尔马林固定的成尸61例(男44,女17)和童尸8例(其中度量项目得自成尸)的回盲部进行了选择性观测。结果如下:一、回结肠动脉结肠支与回肠支的供血范围外结肠始段由回结肠动脉的结肠支供血,结肠支与右结肠动脉降支之间形成弓形吻合,其间较细处为分界标志进行测量,得结肠支供应升结肠始段的长度为75.6±3.1mm(35.0～125.0),(均值±标准误,最小值-最大值),其中长50.0～110.0mm者较多,共54例,占88.5±4.1%;回肠末段由回结肠动脉的回肠支供血,回肠支与肠系膜上动脉回肠动脉在回肠末段形成     

回盲部的解剖学观测

本文对69例尸体的回盲部作了系统观测,并对回结肠动脉进行了分型。回结肠动脉结肠支和回肠支分布于相应肠管的平均长度分别为75.6±3.1mm和85.4±4.3mm。以回结肠动脉的分布范围为依据,并从发生的角度考虑,本文认为回盲部的组成应包括回肠末段、盲肠、阑尾和升结肠始段4部。阑尾根部以麦氏点为准,有5种方位。其中正对麦氏点者,仅14例(20.2+4.8%),作者认为以一个范围描述阑尾的根部体表投影较为合理。     

腹腔干肠系膜上动脉共干伴其它动脉变异一例

1 腹腔干与肠系膜上动脉共干伴其它动脉变异较少见,我们在尸体解剖中发现一例.老年男性尸体,腹内脏器未见明显异常.在第一腰椎上缘水平由腹主动脉前壁发出一外径12mm的动脉干,此干向左下行约25mm后分成两支,其中一支延续为肠系膜上动脉,起始部外径9mm.另一支起始部外径10mm,在肝胃韧带及肝十二指肠韧带内向右上行约17mm后又分成两支:一支为脾动脉,起始部外径8mm;另一支为肝总动脉,起始处外径7mm,分出后沿胆总管左侧上行,距起始部10mm处,在其上缘发出胃右动脉.与胃右动脉相对处在肝总动脉下缘发出一极短的动脉干,此干发出后立即分成胰十二指肠上动脉和胃网膜右动脉,二者均经十二指肠上部后方下降.胃左动脉在腹腔肠系膜上动脉干起点上方约9mm处直接起自主动脉前壁,起始部外径3mm.另外此标本左肾动脉为两支.     

肝总动脉起始、分支与腹腔干分支变异一例

2010年5月在解剖1具约70岁女性尸体标本时发现腹腔干分支与肝总动脉起始部变异,现报道如下.肝总动脉由肠系膜上动脉后壁距其根部49.35mm处发出,起始部外径5.96mm,行向右上经胰颈、胰头、十二指肠上部后方入肝十二指肠韧带.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.