Competitive Flow in Vein Composite Grafts Based on the Left Internal Thoracic Artery: Early and 1-Year Angiographic Analyses

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Technical Considerations for Myocardial Protection during the Course of Coronary Artery Bypass Reoperation: The Impact of Functioning Saphenous Vein and Internal Mammary Artery Grafts

New technical challenges involving the delivery of cardioplegia during the course of coronary artery bypass operation continue to be presented to the surgeon. Functioning saphenous grafts at reoperation that are at risk for distal embolization, are managed by altering the standard cardioplegia delivery techniques. Management of patent internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts depends upon the status of the native circulation and coronary collateral. The reoperation may be performed with a fibrillating heart, standard cardioplegia with a clamped mammary graft, or cardioplegia delivered during simultaneous circulatory arrest. Myocardial temperature measurements, during the course of more complex operations, are useful in choosing the appropriate technique for myocardial protection.     

Long-term Outcome of Femoral Above-knee Popliteal Artery Bypass Using Autologous Saphenous Vein Versus Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Grafts

Despite a recent flurry of publications on preferred techniques for femoral above-knee popliteal artery bypass, controversy persists over the use of autologous saphenous vein and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts. The purpose of this study was to compare our long-term results using these two bypass materials. In a series of 474 infrainguinal bypasses performed between January 1993 and December 1998, we performed a total of 75 femoral above-knee popliteal artery bypass using an autologous saphenous vein graft in 48 cases (64%) and an ePTFE graft in 27 cases (36%). Prosthetic grafts were used by choice in 17 cases and by necessity due to the absence of useable vein in 10 cases. There were 55 men and 18 women with a mean age of 70 years. The indication for bypass was lower extremity arterial occlusive disease at stage II in 17 cases (22.7%), stage III in 9 cases (12%), and stage IV in 36 cases (48%); subacute ischemia in 8 cases (10.7%); and femoropopliteal aneurysm in 5 cases (6.7%). Preoperative arteriography demonstrated three patent leg arteries in 15.5% of cases, two patent leg arteries in 43.5%, and one patent leg artery in 41%. There was no significance difference between the vein graft and ePTFE graft groups with regard to indications and arteriographic findings. No patient died during the immediate postoperative period. The mean duration of follow-up was 25.5 months (range, 3 to 108 months). The primary patency rate at 4 years was 82.2 ± 8% for venous bypass vs. 80.6 ± 11.8% for ePTFE bypass (p = 0.42). The secondary patency rate at 4 years was 84.7 ± 7.4% for vein bypasses and 79.5 ± 12% for ePTFE bypasses (p = 0.26). In our experience, there was no statistically significant difference in long-term outcome of femoral above-knee popliteal artery bypass using autologous vein grafts or prosthetic ePTFE grafts. Presented at the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Société de Chirurgie Vasculaire de Langue Française, May 29-31, 2002, Liege, Belgium.     

128-Slice CT in the Assessment of Saphenous Vein Grafts at Redo Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Abstract   Reoperations for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are increasing. The general rule of replacing all saphenous vein grafts older than five years of age at the time of reoperation is still an object of discussion. We report here the clinical usefulness of the new 128-slice computed tomographic scan to detect or rule out coronary artery disease in a 79-year-old patient who had undergone CABG 22 years before.     

Prosthetic Reinforcement of Varicose Saphenous Vein Grafts for Infrainguinal Bypass

Use of varicose saphenous veins for infrainguinal bypass is often contraindicated because of the risk of immediate rupture or long-term aneurysm. In this report we describe four cases in which prosthetic reinforcement allowed successful femoropopliteal bypass grafting using highly varicose saphenous veins while preserving normal endothelium. No thrombosis or any other complication was observed after a mean follow-up of 41 months.     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后大隐静脉序贯桥与单支桥中期通畅率的比较

目的比较非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB）后大隐静脉序贯桥与单支桥的中期通畅率,评价序贯吻合技术在OPCAB的应用效果。方法回顾性分析2005年6月至2009年3月中国人民解放军总医院398例冠心病患者分别采用大隐静脉序贯桥和单支桥行OPCAB的临床资料,其中男301例,女97例;年龄53～82岁（63.6±10.3岁）。患者于术后3个月～5年（19.8±23.6个月）行64层螺旋CT血管造影（64-MSCTA）检查,共有448支大隐静脉桥上的714个远端吻合口接受评估,分别比较血管桥血流、血管桥及吻合口的通畅率,并分析不同位置对吻合口通畅率的影响。结果大隐静脉双支序贯桥（37.11±16.70ml/min vs.25.15±14.24ml/min,P=0.042）和3支序贯桥（37.56±19.58ml/min vs.25.15±14.24ml/min,P=0.048）的近段血流速度均显著高于单支桥。序贯桥总吻合口通畅率高于单支桥（95.1%vs.90.1%,P=0.013）。序贯桥中间吻合口通畅率分别高于序贯桥远端吻合口（97.0%vs.93.1%,P=0.002）和单支桥远端吻合口（97.0%vs.90.1%,P=0.041）。序贯桥远端吻合口通畅率与单支桥比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.253）;不同吻合方式下各冠状动脉系统（左前降支系统、右冠状动脉系统和回旋支系统）间差异无统计学意义,序贯桥吻合口在右冠状动脉系统的通畅率高于单支桥吻合口（P=0.008）。结论 OPCAB术后大隐静脉序贯桥的中期通畅率较单支桥更满意,序贯吻合时应尽量选择条件较好的靶血管作为序贯桥的最远端血管,条件较差的血管放在序贯桥的中间     

Long-term Follow-up of Saphenous Vein, Internal Jugular Vein, and Knitted Dacron Patches for Carotid Artery Endarterectomy

To determine whether choice of material used for patch closure following carotid artery endarterectomy (CAE) influences rates of early or late restenosis, stroke, and death, 274 consecutive CAEs were retrospectively reviewed. Saphenous vein (SV) was used in 159 (58.0%) procedures; everted, double-thickness jugular vein (JV) was used in 25 (9.1%); and knitted Dacron (KD) was used in 90 (32.9%). Primary closure was not used in this series. There were four perioperative strokes: two (1.3%) in SV, one (4%) in JV, and one (1.1%) in KD (NS). Follow-up was obtained on 263 (96%) operated arteries (mean 41.5 months). Duplex scan results were available for 236 (89.7%) of these arteries (mean follow-up time 33.7 months). There were three (2%) late strokes in SV and two (2.2%) in KD (NS). In long-term follow-up, one patient (0.7%) in SV and two (2.4%) in KD developed > 80% stenosis (NS). One patient (0.7%) in SV, one (5.3%) in JV, and one (1.2%) in KD had total occlusion of the operated vessel (NS). Three procedures (2.2%) in SV, 1 (5.3%) in JV, and 7 (8.5%) in KD demonstrated moderate stenosis (50-79%) (NS). Three-year follow-up shows that choice of patch material does not affect early or late stroke rate, stroke-related death rate, rate of high-grade (> 80%) restenosis, or rate of total occlusion. There is a higher incidence of moderate stenosis in KD. Although our results and a review of the literature do not indicate that these patients are at increased risk for symptoms or progression of stenosis, they should be followed by duplex scanning to ensure that this is the case.     

血管外支架预防猪大隐静脉移植血管再狭窄的实验研究

目的以猪大隐静脉-颈总动脉旁路移植动物模型为基础,观察涤纶血管外支架支持预防静脉移植血管内、中膜增生的作用。方法将10只25~30kg普通长白猪行双侧大隐静脉-颈总动脉旁路移植术(端侧吻合),一侧静脉移植血管放置涤纶外支架(实验组),另一侧作为对照(对照组)。术后35d取出移植血管进行组织学和免疫组织化学检测。结果对照组静脉移植血管内膜增生较实验组明显增加(0.4872±0.0706mm vs.0.2259±0.0553mm,P<0.01);对照组中膜增生亦较实验组增加(0.6246±0.0859mm vs.0.4201±0.0615mm,P<0.01);对照组内膜面积是实验组的2倍,中膜面积是实验组的近1.5倍。实验组内膜及中膜内侧区域增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)阳性细胞显著减少,PCNA从7.98%±4.06%减少至3.35%±0.95%(P<0.01),PDGF从9.47%±5.35%减少至2.67%±0.97%(P<0.01)。结论非限制性涤纶血管外支架可以显著抑制大隐静脉移植血管新内膜及中膜增生,可能预防大隐静脉移植血管的再狭窄。     

Expression of Vascular Adhesion Molecules in Saphenous Vein Coronary Bypass Grafts

Background. Adhesion of blood elements to the endothelium is an important step in the development of vein graft disease. This study examines the expression of vascular adhesion molecules on explanted saphenous vein bypass grafts.

Methods. Immunocytochemical staining was performed using explanted saphenous vein grafts from 28 patients. Antibodies against the endothelial markers CD31, von Willebrand factor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin were used.

Results. Staining for CD31 and von Willebrand factor demonstrated the presence of endothelial cells in the lumen and the vasa vasorum. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was variable between grafts, whereas vascular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin were almost always absent on the luminal endothelium. In contrast, the endothelium of the vasa vasorum stained positively for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular adhesion molecule-1, and was also seen on nonendothelial cells within the vessel wall. Expression of these adhesion molecules did not vary with the severity of vein graft disease.

Conclusions. This study highlights the blood vessels in the adventitia as possible sites for the adhesion and migration of cells into the vessel wall.