风湿性心脏病并发心源性恶液质的外科治疗

风湿性心脏病并发心源性恶病质（SOCC）患者由于病史长、心脏病变严重、营养不良、免疫功能低下、伴有多脏器功能损害等,外科治疗风险很大,手术的成功除手术技能外,更重要的是围术期的处理.根据文献诊断标准,1994年5月至2003年8月我们对30例此类患者施行外科手术治疗.     

肠内营养对老年肺心病心力衰竭患者心功能及炎性因子的影响

目的探讨肠内营养对老年肺源性心脏病(肺心病)心力衰竭(心衰)及肺心病合并心源性恶病质患者心功能及血清炎性因子的影响。方法以71例老年肺心病心衰患者为研究对象,其中包括30例肺心病合并心源性恶病质患者。将患者随机分为2组,2组在常规治疗心衰同时,A组自由饮食,B组给予肠内营养。治疗前后均检测各营养指标,用放免法测肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6),用心脏超声检测左室射血分数(LVEF)。结果 A组中,治疗后各营养指标改善不大,血清炎性因子水平及心功能有所改善,但治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组患者在治疗后各营养指标均有改善,炎性因子水平均有降低,心功能均有所改善,治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),尤其在心源性恶病质患者中改善更为明显(P<0.01)。结论老年肺心病心衰及合并心源性恶病质患者,在常规治疗心衰的同时重视肠内营养治疗,可以改善患者营养状况从而改善免疫功能,调节炎性因子水平,进一步改善患者心功能。     

风湿性心脏病并发缩窄性心包炎的外科治疗

目的:总结风湿性心脏病并发缩窄性心包炎患者施行瓣膜置换及心包剥除术外科治疗经验。方法:回顾性分析1992-06-2010-02期间对13例风湿性心脏病并发缩窄性心包炎患者施行瓣膜置换及心包剥除术的临床资料。结果:术后死亡1例,死亡原因为重度低心排血量,病死率7.69%。术后不同程度低心排血量6例,术后再次开胸止血1例。13例心包病理检查均为风湿性。随访3个月～8年,心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级10例,Ⅲ级2例。结论:对风湿性心脏病并发缩窄性心包炎患者,同期行瓣膜置换和心包剥除手术,积极有效的围术期处理能达到理想的治疗效果。     

老年心脏瓣膜置换术15例临床分析

1990年 1月到 2 0 0 0年 1月 ,我科为 15例老年心脏瓣膜病患者行人工瓣膜置换术 ,占同期心脏瓣膜置换术的 5 .0 % (15 /2 98) ,疗效满意 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1.1　 病例选择　本组患者男 9例 ,女 6例 ,年龄 6 0～ 6 5岁 ,体重 43.5～ 72 kg。风湿性心脏病 12例 ,其中二尖瓣交界闭式扩张术后 2例 ,退行性老年钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄 2例 ,先天性心脏病 1例。合并心力衰竭 8例 ,高血压病 7例 ,冠心病、心源性恶液质各 2例 ,糖尿病 1例。1.2 　 辅助检查　心电图示房颤 10例 ,心肌缺血 4例 ,室性期前收缩 2例。冠状动脉造影 5例 ,发现左前降…     

老年人心脏瓣膜置换术123例

目的 总结老年瓣膜病外科治疗结果.方法 回顾性分析123例诊断为瓣膜病,并行瓣膜置换手术的老年患者的临床资料,分析其疗效、并发症及影响手术早期死亡率的相关因素.结果 二尖瓣置换66例,主动脉瓣置换39例,二尖瓣+主动脉瓣置换15例,三尖瓣置换2例,Betall's术+二尖瓣置换1例,同期行其他手术共105例.早期死亡率8.9%(11/123),并发症出现率41.7%(50/123),晚期死亡3例,其中与心脏有关死亡1例,死于反复心力衰竭.随访6个月～14年,96例存活,失访13例,随访率88.1%(96/109).心源性恶液质、心胸比>0.7是影响手术早期死亡的高危因素.结论 老年瓣膜病患者病因复杂,手术死亡率和并发症发生率均高.     

二尖瓣闭式扩张术后瓣膜置换术临床分析

目的总结二尖瓣闭式扩张术后瓣膜置换术的经验及提高治疗效果的措施.方法分析上海长海医院自2001年8月至2002年7月二尖瓣闭式扩张术后瓣膜置换术34例,二尖瓣闭式扩张术至瓣膜置换术间隔平均时间为4～29(12.5±6.73)年.其中,二尖瓣置换术2例(5.9%),二尖瓣置换 三尖瓣成形术16例(47.1%),二尖瓣置换 主动脉瓣置换术2例(5.9%),二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣置换 三尖瓣成形术14例(41.2%).并与同期风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术患者有关临床资料对照分析.结果二尖瓣闭式扩张术后瓣膜置换术患者与同期风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术患者在性别、年龄、心功能、手术方式、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间以及手术后早期死亡率等方面比较差异无统计学意义.结论对二尖瓣闭式扩张术后复发或病情加重的患者应尽早行瓣膜置换,加强围手术期合理治疗、有限分离心包粘连、术后加强血流动力学监测、注意心功能支持及呼吸支持等措施,可进一步提高手术效果.     

肝肿瘤患者术后并发急性肾功能衰竭的原因及护理分析

目的分析肝肿瘤患者术后并发急性肾功能衰竭的原因及护理对策。方法回顾性分析2014年9月-2015年9月期间在本院接受肝肿瘤手术治疗后发生急性肾功能衰竭的12例患者,分析急性肾功能衰竭发生的原因,明确临床诊断的方式。结果 6例患者手术中或者手术后大出血、低血容性休克而引发急性肾功能衰竭,2例患者由于术后感染和吻合口瘘引发急性肾功能衰竭,4例患者术后肝功能异常,存在大量腹腔积液,造成急性肾功能衰竭。12例患者中,死亡3例,死亡率为25%。结论急性肾功能衰竭是肝肿瘤患者术后严重的并发症状之一,病死率较高,需要加强对患者病情的密切监护,通过综合性的护理干预,降低肝肿瘤患者术后并发急性肾功能衰竭的发生几率及死亡率。     

射频消融迷宫术治疗心房颤动疗效观察

目的 :探讨直视下射频消融迷宫术治疗心房颤动 (房颤 )的效果。方法 :选取 136例风湿性心脏病并发房颤患者 ,在体外循环心内直视下行射频消融迷宫术 ,同时行瓣膜替换术 ;另选取 18例患者 (包括风湿性心脏病并发房颤 13例 ,先天性心脏病并发房颤 5例 )在体外循环心内直视下行单纯右心房射频消融术 ,同时行瓣膜替换及其他心内畸形矫治。结果 :无手术死亡。射频消融迷宫术组有 112例恢复了窦性心律 ,占 82 .4 %;单纯右心房射频消融术组 11例恢复了窦性心律 ,占 6 1.1%。结论 :射频消融迷宫术治疗房颤成功率高 ,方法简单 ,效果满意 ,危险性小。     

心脏移植术后肾功能衰竭的围手术期处理(附2例报告)

目的报告2例原位心脏移植术后肾功能衰竭的发生及治疗经过,探讨其围手术期处理的初步经验和要点.方法我院自2000年12月一2002年12月共对4例终末期心脏病患者施行同种异体原位心脏移植术,4例均为男性,采用标准原位心脏移植术,术后应用三联免疫治疗的方法抗排异.结果4例患者均获得手术成功,术后未发现超急性排斥反应或急性排斥反应,2例术后1周左右并发急性肾功能衰竭,应用床边连续肾脏替代(CRRT)治疗后,1例存活22d,1例完全康复,随访半年患者心功能恢复Ⅰ～Ⅱ级(NYHA),生活质量良好.结论心脏移植手术后肾功能损害较常见,围手术期的肾功能保护非常重要,如符合手术指征,及早手术治疗是抢救成功的关键.     

风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动术中射频消融治疗的临床研究

目的:评价心内直视下射频消融(RFA)治疗风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动(AF)的手术疗效。方法:2003年8月至2004年4月,60例风湿性心脏病合并AF患者,其中男性25例(41.7%),女性35例(58.3%),年龄25～72岁,平均(50.77±1.43)岁,AF病史为1～240个月,平均(47.18±1.43)个月。心功能(NYHA)分级Ⅱ级16例,Ⅲ级39例,Ⅳ级5例,手术方式为二尖瓣或和主动脉瓣膜手术,同期三尖瓣成形22例、冠状动脉旁路移植术5例、左心房血栓清除12例,术中对AF进行RFA手术。结果:全组体外循环时间(112.58±28.31)min、平均心肌阻断时间(71.18±22.22)min,RFA手术时间平均(17.88±0.59)min。术后当日心律:窦性心律46例76.7%(4660),AF心律4例6.7%(460),结性和起搏心律患者AF转为窦性,为结性心律10例15.6%(1060);术后随访率83.3%(5060),平均随访(12.58±0.32)个月,术后远期76%(3850)保持窦性心律。结论:术中RFA术对风湿性心脏病合并AF患者是简单、有效的治疗方法,无明显增加体外循环与阻断时间。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.