急性等容血液稀释用于脑膜瘤手术的观察

目的 探讨急性等容血液稀释(ANHD)脑膜瘤手术中对减少输异体血量及术后Hb和Hct的影响。方法 择期脑膜瘤手术病人24例,随机分成对照组(Ⅰ组,n=12)和ANHD组(Ⅱ组,n=12),两组均采用气内全麻。Ⅱ组手术开始前进行血液稀释,比较两组病人围术期出血量、输异体血量和术后Hb、Hct变化。结果 两组病人围术期出血量接近,Ⅱ组有9例完全避免输异体血,余3例各输异体血200ml;Ⅰ组病人均输异体血,输血量400-800ml,显著多于Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。Ⅱ组术毕Hb及Hct与Ⅰ组对比下降(P<0.05),术后第1和第7天与Ⅰ组对比 无差异(P>0.05)。两组病人术中血流动力学基本稳定。结论 急性等容血液稀释可使脑膜瘤手术病人术中减少或不输异体血。     

急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压对腹主动脉瘤手术的血液保护作用

目的　探讨急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压对腹主动脉瘤手术的血液保护效应。方法　选择因腹主动脉瘤行腹主动脉置换术的患者 18例 ,随机分成 2组 ,即急性等容血液稀释 降压组 (T组 ,n =9例 ) ,对照组 (C组 ,n =9例 )。监测 2组的术中失血量、输异体血量、术毕血红蛋白 (Hb)以及红细胞压积 (Hct)的变化。结果　急性等容血液稀释 降压组 (T组 ) ,手术失血量 ( 162 7± 2 3 8)ml,输自体血 ( 5 0 0± 2 0 0 )ml ,输异体血量 ( 12 0 0± 2 5 3 )ml,术毕Hb( 85± 1.2 )g/L ,Hct( 2 7.5± 2 .1) %。对照组 (C组 ) ,手术失血量 ( 2 10 0± 2 67)ml,输异体血量 ( 1880± 3 0 2 )ml,术毕Hb( 90± 4.2 )g/L ,Hct( 2 9.1±3 .9) %。两组手术失血量及输异体血量 ,急性等容血液稀释 降压组 (T组 )明显小于对照组 (C组 ) (P <0 .0 1)。两组术毕Hb ,Hct比较 ,无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压对腹主动脉瘤手术的血液具有显著的保护效应。     

急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压对减少全髋关节置换术时异体输血的观察

目的：探讨急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压对全髋关节置换术时减少异体输血量的应用价值。方法：80例择期全髋关节置换术患者,按住院顺序编号,分为实验组和对照组各40例。实验组：急性等容血液稀释＋控制性降压;对照组：单纯急性等容血液稀释。结果：两组间Hb、Hct于术前、术后24h无显著性差异。与稀释前比较,两组血液稀释后、术毕的Hb、Hct值均明显降低,P〈0.01。实验组术中出血量（800±350）ml明显少于对照组（1642±737）ml（P〈0.05）。结论：急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压用于全髋关节置换术患者,可显著减少手术出血量,是适合基层医院的血液保护方法。     

急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压在10例颅内手术中的应用

目的:探讨急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压在颅内手术中的应用价值.方法:选择颅内手术患者(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ)20例, 患者随机分为两组.A(观察)组急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压;B(对照)组控制性降压组.分别记录两组患者在术中各时点的出血量、术毕液体出入量、凝血指标和输血量,及各时间点上的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、血氧饱和度(SpO2).结果:两组间Hb、Hct于术前、术后无显著性差异.与稀释前比较,A组血液稀释后的Hb、Hct值明显降低(P＜0.01).两组术中出血量无显著性差异(P﹥0.05).两组都不同程度输入库存血,组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论:急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压用于颅内手术患者,可显著减少术中输血量,基本达到在术中不输血或少输血,降低了术中的实际出血量,节约了血源,同时也相应的减少了输血的并发症.     

自体输血等综合节血措施在体外循环心脏手术中的应用

目的 通过将自体输血等多种节血措施综合应用于体外循环心脏直视手术,观察不用或少用异体库血进行心脏手术的效果.方法 对30例进行体外循环心脏手术患者(实验组)术中采用综合节血措施,包括术前及体外循环转机前采集自体血贮存以术后回输;回输剩余机血;术前、术中应用药物保护血液提高凝血功能等.同期选择30例异体输血的心脏手术患者作为对照组,比较两组间血小板计数(PLT)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞比积(HCT)、异体输血量及术后纵隔引流量等差异.结果 实验组与对照组相比,术后PLT、Hb、HCT差异均无统计学显著性(P＞0.05),而术后引流量、异体输血量实验组明显少于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 心脏直视手术采用自体输血等多种综合节血措施,能明显减少手术出血,少输或不输异体血,很大程度上避免了异体输血可能引起的传播疾病及并发症,减轻患者的精神和经济负担.     

急性等容性血液稀释与控制性降压在脊柱手术中的应用

目的探讨急性等容性血液稀释(ANHD) 控制性降压(CH)用于脊柱手术中对减少输异体血量及术后Hb和Hct的影响.方法择期脊柱手术患者100例,随机分成ANHD CH组,(Ⅰ组n=50)和对照组(Ⅱ组n=50),两组均采用气管内插管全麻,Ⅰ组术前进行急性等容血液稀释手术结束前回输自体血,术中采用CH将平均动脉压控制在110～80/70～50mmHg,并记录围术期二组的MAP、HR、CVP的变化.Ⅱ组按常规处理.于术前、术中(ANHD后)、术毕、术后第1天和术后第3天分别测定红细胞比容(Hct)、血红蛋白(Hb)的变化,并比较两组患者围术期出血量,尿量和补液输异体血的差异.结果手术时间组Ⅰ明显短于组Ⅱ,组Ⅰ有8例各输浓缩红血球2u,其余42例未输血,组Ⅱ患者在术中均输入异体血400～1200mL,术毕,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的Hb、Hct均明显低于术前(P＜0.01),并且Ⅰ组低于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05),术后第1天,术后第3天,两组患者的Hb、Hct显著低于术前.但两组比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 ANHD结合控制性降压,可安全用于脊柱手术,可明显减少或避免输注异体血.     

两种血液稀释方法在心肺转流术中的比较

目的:通过观察急性等容血液稀释(ANH)和急性高容血液稀释(AHH)后心肺转流(CPB)期间凝血功能的变化,术中、术后输血量和术后24 h引流量,探讨在CPB下心内直视手术中血液保护方法。方法:选取CPB下行冠状动脉旁路移植手术病人40例,ANH组20例,AHH组20例,ANH组在诱导后自中心静脉采血,手术结束前回输体内。两组病人用血液回收机回收的术中出血,术中或术毕将洗涤后的红细胞均回输体内。所有病人在麻醉诱导后(T1)、CPB停机鱼精蛋白中和后10 min(T2)和手术结束时(T3)采集中心静脉血测定全血激活凝固时间(gbACT)、凝血速率(CR)、血小板功能(PF)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板计数(PLT)、血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib),并记录术中、术后用血量和24 h引流量。结果:两组病人血常规检测,ANH组Hb在T2时刻低于AHH组(P0.01),T1、T3时点两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);PLT两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。常规凝血功能监测,ANH组PT值在T2、T3点比AHH组延长(P0.05),APTT、TT、Fib两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。sonoclot血小板功能实验检测,gbACT、CR、FP两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ANH组输悬浮红细胞和血浆量均少于AHH组(P0.05),ANH组术后24 h引流量少于AHH组(P0.05)。结论:急性等容血液稀释不影响凝血功能,可达到减少用血的目的,且效果优于急性高容血液稀释。     

控制性降压联合急性等容血液稀释用于脑膜瘤手术的研究

目的 :观察控制性降压联合急性等容血液稀释 (AIVH )用于脑膜瘤手术的安全性及对减少输异体血量的影响。方法 :择期开颅脑膜瘤切除术病人 3 0例 ,随机分成对照组 (Ⅰ组 ) ,AIVH组 (Ⅱ组 ) ,AIVH +控制性降压组 (Ⅲ组 )。三组均采用气管插管静脉全麻。Ⅱ、Ⅲ组于气管插管后手术前完成AIVH ,Ⅲ组于手术开始时行控制性降压 ,观察记录三组病人术中出血量、输异体血量、输液量、血流动力学及术后Hb、Hct的变化。结果 :Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的出血量相近 ,分别为(684± 160 )ml和 (692± 166)ml ,明显多于Ⅲ组 (4 11± 15 2 )ml(P <0 0 1) ;Ⅰ组每例均输异体血 ,平均为 (4 94± 160 )ml,Ⅱ组 6例未输异体血 ,4例输异体血 2 0 0～ 40 0ml ,平均 (13 2± 5 8)ml,Ⅲ组则所有病例均避免输异体血 ,三组间比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ;Ⅰ组输液量为 (3 13 8± 412 )ml,明显少于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的 (3 746± 44 6)ml、(3 668± 3 80 )ml(P <0 0 1) ;术毕三组病人Hb、Hct均显著低于术前 (P <0 0 5 ) ,Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组相近 ,均明显高于Ⅱ组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;三组病人术中血流动力学基本平稳。结论 :控制性降压联合急性等容血液稀释可安全应用于脑膜瘤手术 ,并能减少或避免术中输异体血     

老年人手术中应用高容血液稀释的临床研究

目的探讨术前急性高容血液稀释对老年手术患者术中凝血功能和输异体血比率的影响。方法选择48例骨科手术患者随机分为常规输液组(L组)和急性高容血液稀释组(H组)各24例。均选用硬膜外麻醉,术中连续监测平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(SpO_2)、心电图(ECG)、中心静脉压(CVP)和尿量,并记录术中输血量和输液量,测定2患者术前(T_0)、血液稀释后(T_1)、术后(T_2)、术后24 h(T_3)和术后3 d(T_4)的凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分激活凝血活酶时间(APTT)、血小板计数(PLT)和纤维蛋白原(FIB)以及血红蛋白(Hb)和红细胞压积(Hct)。结果 H组血液稀释后,CVP明显增高,Hct和Hb显著下降(P<0.05),PT延长(P<0.05),APTT、FIB无明显变化,PLT降低(P<0.05),并于3 d后逐渐恢复。而L组Hct、Hb显著下降(P<0.05),余指标与术前比较无明显变化(P>0.05)。术中L组输异体血9例(37.5%),H组2例(8.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论急性高容血液稀释不影响老年人术中凝血功能,并能够降低输血率,起到了血液保护的作用。     

急性等容血液稀释用于肝叶切除术的临床研究

目的 :探讨急性等容血液稀释 ( ANHD)用于肝叶切除术中对减少输异体血量及术后 Hb和 Hct的影响。方法 :择期肝叶切除术患者 40例 ,随机分成稀释组 ( 组 ,n=2 0 )和对照组 ( 组 ,n=2 0 ) ,两组皆采用气管内插管全麻。 组术前进行急性等容血液稀释 ,手术结束前回输自体血 , 组按常规处理。于术前、术中 ( ANHD后 )、术毕、术后第 1天和术后第 7天分别测定血红蛋白 ( Hb)、红细胞比容 ( Hct)变化 ,并比较两组患者围术期出血量、尿量和补液输异体血量的差异。结果 :两组患者围术期出血量接近 , 组有 1 3例完全避免输异体血 ,余 7例各输异体血 2 0 0 ml; 组每例患者均输异体血 ,输血量 480± 1 80 ml,显著多于 组 ( P<0 .0 1 )。两组输液量差异有统计学意义 ( P<0 .0 5 )。Hb、Hct 组血液稀释后较术前均显著降低 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ,术毕 组和 组的 Hb、Hct均显著低于术前 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ,并且 组明显低于 组 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,术后第 1天、术后第 7天两组患者的 Hb、Hct仍显著低于术前 ,但两组比较无显著性差异 ( P>0 .0 5 )。结论 :急性等容血液稀释可使肝叶切除术患者少输或不输异体血 ,是一种安全有效、节约血源的方法。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.