多层螺旋CT初查漏诊肋骨骨折30例分析

目的 通过对胸部外伤初查CT漏诊肋骨骨折的病例分析,探讨轴位像和容积再现(VR)图像在肋骨骨折的诊断价值及其局限性.方法 搜集我院2016年7月至2019年10月初查CT漏诊的肋骨骨折30例(共39根),采用16层螺旋CT胸部扫描,层厚为5.0 mm或7.5 mm,由2位中级以上诊断医师对轴位像和VR图像采用双盲法分析...     

多层螺旋CT三维成像在急性肋骨骨折诊断中的应用

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT三维重组在急性肋骨骨折诊断中的价值。方法:利用GE Lightspeed 16多层螺旋CT机对胸部外伤患者在外伤后10d内进行多层螺旋CT肋骨扫描,并进行薄层重建,于工作站上进行VR、MIP三维图像重组,由2位医师对后处理图像进行观察,并与肋骨平片结果对照分析。结果:66例中总肋骨骨折数为200根,CT横断图像直接显示骨折线63例198根,检出率99%。三维容积重组图像显示骨折197根,检出率98.5%。其中2根三维重组图像显示而横断面图像未能显示,3根横断面显示而三维图像未能显示。肋软骨骨折1例1根。平片诊断骨折152根,检出率76%;可疑骨折6例12根,CT确诊10根,排除2例;平片未见骨折5例,CT扫描发现10根骨折;另有4例确诊10根,可疑5根,CT确诊16根骨折,排除3根骨折。结论:多层螺旋CT三维成像对肋骨骨折的检出率、诊断符合率明显高于普通肋骨平片,结合横断面CT图像可准确定位,发现合并症,是胸部外伤后常规肋骨平片的重要补充检查。     

"Buckle" rib fracture: an artifact following cardio-pulmonary resuscitation detected on postmortem CT

Buckle rib fractures are incomplete fractures involving the inner cortex alone, and are rarely detected on routine chest X-ray or at autopsy. The characteristics of these fractures have not been well evaluated in situ although they are commonly observed on postmortem CT images especially following CPR. The postmortem CT findings in 42 cases showing buckle rib fractures caused by CPR were reviewed. The cause of death in all cases was non-traumatic. The shape, number, location, and distribution of these buckle rib fractures and their relationship to other types of rib fractures were evaluated using a novel oblique axial multiplanar reconstruction technique. Almost all incomplete rib fractures associated with CPR are buckle rib fractures (90.5%). All rib fractures were distributed from the second to ninth ribs with over 95% being within the second to seventh ribs. Buckle rib fractures are dominant in the seventh to ninth ribs and the proportion of buckle rib fractures located in the vicinity of the costochondral junctions increases with the lower ribs. Over 97% of all CPR associated rib fractures are located in the anterior one third of the ribs based on a new measurement method utilizing oblique axial multiplanar reconstruction of the CT data. When recognition of incomplete or buckle rib fractures on postmortem CT is taken into account, detection of symmetry and continuity of rib fractures typically associated with CPR is improved compared with the detection of complete fractures alone. Recognition of buckle rib fractures and their characteristics on postmortem CT is of benefit to the forensic pathologist in evaluating the possibility of CPR and the differentiation of resuscitative artifact from forensically significant visceral injury observed at autopsy.     

Diagnostic maxillofacial coronal images reformatted from helically acquired thin-section axial CT data

OBJECTIVE. This study was undertaken to determine the sensitivity and specificity of coronal images reformatted from helical thin-section axial CT data obtained for the evaluation of maxillofacial fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Multiple fractures were created in nine cadaver heads by blunt trauma and were then evaluated using a late-generation helical CT scanner. Two neuroradiologists then independently evaluated the axial and reformatted coronal maxillofacial images. Subsequently, they reviewed the axial and direct coronal CT images, which were considered the criterion standard. RESULTS. A total of 87 fractures were identified. An experienced neuroradiologist failed to identify one displaced fracture and two nondisplaced fractures when evaluating the reformatted coronal and direct axial images for an overall sensitivity of 97%. A less experienced neuroradiologist failed to identify a total of five minimally displaced or nondisplaced fractures for an overall sensitivity of 94%. For each radiologist, no significant difference in the time required to interpret the direct versus the reformatted coronal images was seen. CONCLUSION. Interpretation of axial and reformatted coronal images resulted in accurate identification of displaced maxillofacial fractures in cadavers. This study suggests that the added cost and radiation exposure associated with incremental direct coronal CT may not be necessary for detection of clinically significant maxillofacial fractures and that further evaluation of this protocol in live trauma patients is warranted. However, because nondisplaced fractures were not routinely detected using reformatted coronal images, physical examination and clinical suspicion will still also remain necessary to determine the need for further imaging.     

64层螺旋CT后处理技术对肋骨骨折的诊断价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT容积扫描及后处理技术在诊断肋骨骨折中的临床应用及价值。方法临床高度怀疑肋骨骨折的100例胸部外伤患者,行64层螺旋CT容积扫描,比较轴位扫描图像与后处理图像对肋骨骨折的检出率。结果 100例患者中,CT轴位图像诊断肋骨骨折96例426处;后处理图像诊断肋骨骨折99例588处;2周后复查CT图像确诊肋骨骨折100例600处。以患者2周后复查CT图像为标准,CT轴位图像诊断肋骨骨折数量的检出率为71%;后处理图像诊断肋骨骨折数量的检出率为98%。结论 64层螺旋CT后处理技术能够多层面显示肋骨结构,对肋骨骨折的检出率明显高于CT轴位扫描图像,且具有定位容易和骨折显示明确等优势。     

Reformatted images improve the detection rate of acute traumatic subdural hematomas on brain CT compared with axial images alone

Subdural hematomas (SDHs) comprise a significant percentage of missed intracranial hemorrhage on axial brain CT. SDH detection rates could be improved with the addition of reformatted images. Though performed at some centers, the potential additional diagnostic sensitivity of reformatted images has not yet been investigated. The purpose of our study is to determine if the addition of coronal and sagittal reformatted images to an axial brain CT increases the sensitivity and specificity for detection of acute traumatic SDH. We retrospectively reviewed consecutive brain CTs acquired for acute trauma that contained new SDHs. An equivalent number of normal brain CTs served as control. Paired sets of images were created for each case: (1) axial images only (“axial only”) and (2) axial, coronal, sagittal images (“reformat added”). Three readers interpreted both the axial only and companion reformat added for each case, separated by 1 month. Reading times and SDH detection rates were compared. One hundred SDH and 100 negative examinations were collected. Sensitivity and specificity for the axial-only scans were 75.7 and 94.3 %, respectively, compared with 88.3 and 98.3 % for reformat added. There was a 24.3 % false negative (missed SDH) rate with axial-only scans versus 11.7 % with reformat added (p = <0.001). Median reader interpretation times were longer with the addition of reformatted images (125 versus 89 s), but this difference was not significant (p = 0.23). The addition of coronal and sagittal images in trauma brain CT resulted in improved sensitivity and specificity as well as a reduction in SDH false negatives by greater than 50 %. Reformatted images substantially reduce the number of missed SDHs compared with axial images alone.     

Fracture detection in the cervical spine with multidetector CT: 1-mm versus 3-mm axial images

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Multidetector CT imaging of the cervical spine performed with submillimeter collimation allows for the production of excellent quality multiplanar reformations and reconstructed axial images at any chosen section thickness. Currently there is no consensus on what images need to be reviewed for accurate diagnosis of cervical spine fractures. Our study assesses whether 1-mm axial images provide any diagnostic advantage over 3-mm images in detection of cervical spine fractures when read in conjunction with multiplanar reformations.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dataset consisted 50 cases of CT of the cervical spine and included 25 consecutive cases of cervical spine fractures and 25 matched normal CTs. Axial images were reconstructed at 1- and 3-mm thicknesses, and the sagittal and coronal reformations between 2- and 3-mm thicknesses. Four radiologists reviewed all 50 of the cases twice, once at 1 mm and once at 3 mm. Reads were separated by 3 months.RESULTS: There were 39 fractures in total, consisting of 29 clinically significant and 10 insignificant fractures. Thirty-three fractures were missed in 400 reads. Twenty-one misses were at 3 mm (sensitivity, 86%), and 12 misses at 1 mm (sensitivity, 92%; P = .228). Ten of 33 misses were of clinically significant fractures, 6 misses at 1 mm and 4 at 3 mm (P = .52). Twenty-three of 33 misses were of clinically insignificant fractures, 6 at 1 mm and 17 at 3 mm (P = .006).CONCLUSION: For detection of clinically important fractures, there is no significant difference between 1- and 3-mm axial images when read in conjunction with multiplanar reformations.

Multidetector CT imaging of the cervical spine performed with submillimeter collimation allows for the production of excellent quality multiplanar reformations and reconstructed axial images at any chosen section thickness. The large image dataset and the ability to reconstruct a vast number of images leads to issues with data storage and time needed to review the examination. Currently there is no consensus on what images need to be reviewed for accurate diagnosis of cervical spine fractures. The standard in our institution is to read 1-mm axial images with sagittal and coronal reformations. The purpose of our study was to assess whether 1-mm axial images provide any diagnostic advantage over 3-mm images in the detection of cervical spine fractures when read in conjunction with multiplanar reformations, thereby providing objective data in the formulation of guidelines for the assessment of cervical spine CTs.     

螺旋 CT 容积扫描方法诊断胸廓骨及肋骨骨折的价值探讨

目的：探讨螺旋CT容积扫描诊断胸廓骨骨折的临床价值。方法笔者回顾性分析2011年1月～2014年6月拟诊断为胸廓骨及肋骨骨折患者80例的临床资料,男性49例,女性31例;年龄22～76岁,平均（40．2±2．3）岁。均具有完整X线片、3D图像和CT轴位扫描图像资料,并对X线、3D图像和CT轴位扫描图像的诊断结果进行对比分析。结果排除可疑骨折,以CT轴位扫描图像作为金标准,X线诊断的灵敏度为61．54％,特异度为66．67％;3D容积重建（ VR）诊断的灵敏度为98．59％,特异度为87．50％。结论螺旋CT可快速确诊胸廓骨及肋骨骨折,容积扫描中的容积再现法（ VR）、最大密度投影法（ MIP）和多平面重组法（ MPR）技术能较好显示细微骨折,在解剖空间结构上有较强优势。     

Spectrum and detection of musculoskeletal findings on trauma-related CT torso examinations

This study aims (1) to evaluate the spectrum of musculoskeletal (MSK) findings detected on trauma-related torso CT exams performed in the emergency department and (2) to identify the findings of high clinical importance that are underreported. Following IRB approval, two fellowship-trained MSK radiologists independently reviewed 200 consecutive trauma CT torso examinations performed at a level 1 trauma center, focusing on MSK findings. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Findings were categorized as of high, moderate, or low clinical importance based on criteria established with an orthopedic trauma surgeon. Findings evident on only one series (scout, axial, or sagittal/coronal reformations) were documented. The consensus reading was compared to the final report. Unreported findings of high clinical importance were entered into our departmental QA system. Eighty-two percent (164/200) of the studies had at least one MSK finding. There were 433 total findings of varying importance and the overall detection rate was 61 % (266/433). The detection rate for high importance findings was 80 % (177/221) with the majority representing acute fractures (99 %). For findings of high clinical importance, the lowest detection rates were for fractures of the sternum, proximal humerus, and forearm. Of the high severity findings, 6.3 % (14/221) were detected only on sagittal or coronal reformatted or scout images. Twenty percent of musculoskeletal findings of high clinical importance on trauma-related CT torso exams were not reported. Fractures of the sternum, proximal humerus, and forearm were the most commonly missed fractures and review of scout and multiplanar reformations can increase detection.     

64层螺旋CT在肋骨骨折诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT各种后处理技术在肋骨骨折诊断中的应用价值。方法对108例胸部外伤患者先行胸部正位及双斜位DR检查,再行64层螺旋CT容积扫描,将全部数据传送到随机工作站,采取多平面重建（MPR）、曲面重建（CPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）及容积再现（VR）等后处理技术,了解有无骨折及骨折情况,并对各项检查结果对比分析。结果MPR或CPR对隐匿性骨折,细小骨折,尤其是不全骨折显示较好;MIP对肋软骨骨折显示较好;VR对有重叠。移位的骨折显示好,定位准确;各种方法联合应用可显著提高肋骨骨折诊断正确率。结论64层螺旋CT后处理技术对胸部外伤肋骨骨折诊断有重要的临床价值。     

16层螺旋CT多模式重组在肋骨骨折诊断中的应用

目的探讨16层螺旋CT多模式重组技术对于肋骨骨折的诊断价值。方法对72例临床诊断为肋骨骨折的胸部外伤患者进行16层螺旋CT容积扫描,并进行回顾性薄层重建,于ADW4.1工作站上进行MPR、MIP及VR等后处理重建,由2位有经验的放射科医师对后处理图像进行观察,并与肋骨平片结果对照分析。结果72例中螺旋CT检查共发现肋骨骨折217处,肋软骨骨折7处,MSCT多模式成像可清晰地显示出骨折的位置、数量及断端移位情况,同时CT扫描还发现其他合并伤。各种后处理图像中,VR在显示骨折的空间关系上有优势,MPR在显示肋骨微小骨折上效果较好,MIP为肋软骨骨折的最佳成像技术,而轴位像是诊断的基础;X线检查共发现肋骨骨折169处,肋软骨骨折0处。结论16层螺旋CT多模式重组对肋骨、肋软骨骨折的诊断,明显优于常规X线平片,但在诊断肋骨骨折时各种重建技术必须结合应用。     

Routine isotropic computed tomography scanning of chest: value of coronal and sagittal reformations

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the usefulness of coronal and sagittal reformations from isotropic chest computed tomography (CT) examinations. METHODS: A total of 30 chest CT examinations were reconstructed into 2 sets of axial source images: 0.9-mm slice width with 0.45-mm reconstruction interval (isotropic) and 4-mm slices with 3-mm reconstruction interval. The isotropic dataset was reformatted into coronal and sagittal stacks with 4-mm slices. Three readers reviewed the image sets with 4-mm slice widths. Coronal and sagittal reformations were compared at the same sitting to axial images for depiction of anatomy and disease in the aorta, pulmonary arteries, hilar regions, mediastinum, lung parenchyma, pleura, diaphragm, thoracic spine, ribs, and trachea. A 5-point scale was used to determine whether nonaxial reformations showed anatomy and disease significantly better, somewhat better, same, somewhat worse or significantly worse than equivalent thickness axial source images. A 3-point scale was used to score if nonaxial image sets showed no, some, or significant additional information compared with the axial plane regarding the main diagnosis. RESULTS: There was better visualization of the hilar regions, diaphragm, spine, and trachea on the coronal reformations compared with source axial images (P < 0.05). Sagittal reformations scored better than axial source images for aorta, pleura, diaphragm, spine, and ribs (P < 0.05). The coronal and sagittal series showed significant additional information in 11% and 9% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Radiologists should consider the use of one or both of coronal and sagittal planes in addition to the axial series in routine interpretation of chest CT.     

64层螺旋CT后处理技术对不确定性肋骨骨折的诊断价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT后处理技术对不确定性肋骨骨折的诊断价值。方法回顾分析64层螺旋CT容积扫描胸部外伤患者386例,筛选出26例患者,共32处不确定性肋骨骨折,将原始图像导入工作站进行多种后处理,包括薄层多平面重组、薄层曲面重组、表面遮盖、容积再现,进行诊断分析。结果薄层曲面重组发现肋骨骨折30处,排除2处,薄层多平面重组发现肋骨骨折30处,排除2处,表面遮盖发现骨折16处,容积再现发现骨折23处。表面遮盖、容积再现在显示骨折的空间解剖结构上有优势,薄层多平面重组、薄层曲面重组在显示肋骨骨折微细的变化上效果良好。结论薄层多平面重组、薄层曲面重组对不确定性肋骨骨折的显示较表面遮盖和容积再现图像更明确。薄层多平面重组、薄层曲面重组结合表面遮盖、容积再现三维重组图像对不确定性肋骨骨折的具体部位能准确定位。     

45例窦口鼻道复合体骨折CT诊断分析

目的：分析窦口鼻道复合体骨折的CT表现特征，以提高诊断水平。材料和方法：对371例颌面部外伤病人行螺旋CT横断位扫描，扫描后行冠状位重建（MPR）处理，对冠状位重建图像进行诊断和分析。结果：检出45例病人有窦口鼻道复合体骨折。其中单纯型骨折11例（24．44％），复合型骨折34例（75．56％），错位性骨折14例（31．11％），粉碎性骨折31例（68．89％）；10例（22．22％）为双侧窦口鼻道复合体骨折，35例（77．78％）为单侧骨折。45例病人均合并颌面部其他部位骨折。所有病例均可在螺旋CT冠状位重建（MPR）图像中显示。结论：窦口鼻道复合体骨折以单侧复合型骨折最多见，骨折类型多为粉碎性。螺旋CT冠状位重建（MPR）图像能清楚显示窦口鼻道复合体骨折及窦口鼻道的阻塞情况，对于指导手术治疗及评价预后具有重要的临床价值。     

146例胸部创伤的X线平片与CT检查的对比分析

目的探讨X线平片在胸部创伤中的地位。方法对我院1995～1998年因胸部创伤采用X线平片和CT检查的146例进行对照分析。结果肋骨骨折104例,X线平片发现99例、CT发现101例、共同发现96例占92.31%;肺挫伤73例,X线平片发现46例、CT发现71例,液气胸57例,X线平片发现47例、CT发现56例。结论X线平片仍应是胸外伤首诊的主要检查方法,简便、快捷、经济、准确。     

64层螺旋CT在肋骨骨折诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT及其后重建技术在肋骨骨折诊断中的临床应用价值。方法：对35例临床怀疑肋骨骨折而常规X线平片显示阴性的病例,应用64层螺旋CT扫描并行薄层重建及曲面重组观察。结果：应用64层螺旋CT及其后重建技术,35例胸部外伤患者共确诊98处肋骨骨折。结论：临床怀疑肋骨骨折而常规X线平片显示阴性的病例,应用64层螺旋CT扫描并行薄层重建及曲面重组观察,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Rib fractures in athletes

Rib fractures are the most common serious injury of the chest. They occur most commonly in the middle and lower ribs with blunt trauma, and also with direct force to a small area of the chest wall and violent muscle contractions. Diagnosis is generally not difficult. The athlete should have a chest x-ray to confirm the diagnosis. Differential diagnosis includes severe rib contusion, costochondral separations, muscle strains and pneumothorax. If no internal problems exist, treatment consists of ice, NSAIDs, analgesics and a rib belt or tape. Healing should be well on its way before a return to sports. Fractures of the first 4 ribs or the last 2 ribs, multiple fractures and flail segments are less benign than other fractures, and may result in injury to surrounding structures. First rib and floating rib fractures are uniquely athletic fractures; they are avulsion fractures caused by a sudden vigorous contraction in different directions of pull.     

Evaluation of multiplanar reconstruction in CT recognition of lumbar disk disease

Axial computed tomographic (CT) images were compared with sagittal and coronal reformations and myelograms in 60 patients to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of multiplanar reconstructions for the recognition of lumbar disk disease. The axial CT scans were most sensitive and specific. The sagittal scans were helpful in evaluating the neural foramina, the size of the disk bulge into the spinal canal, especially at L5-S1, and patients with spondylolisthesis. The coronal images were the least informative, although they contributed to the evaluation of lumbar nerve roots. The myelograms and the sagittal images were equally useful in the detection of herniated disk, but axial scans were superior to either. It was concluded that reformatted sagittal and coronal images are not required if all axial images are normal. However, when uncertainty exists or complex anatomy is being evaluated, reformatted images may be helpful, particularly for reassurance.     

Subtle pathology detection with multidetector row coronal and sagittal CT reformations in acute head trauma

We sought to analyze retrospectively the advantages of coronal and sagittal reformations obtained with multidetector row computed tomography (CT) in patients with acute head trauma. Multidetector 16-section CT was performed in 200 patients (110 male and 90 female; age range, 3–87 years; mean age, 45 years) with acute head trauma. Scans were performed sequentially, and axial 5-mm-thick slices were obtained from base of skull to vertex. The source data set was reformatted in coronal and sagittal planes, with 2-mm-thick sections at 2-mm intervals. Images were analyzed retrospectively by two independent, blinded readers. The final diagnosis was determined by clinical follow-up. CT imaging abnormalities were detected in 55 out of 200 patients who were scanned for head trauma. Acute traumatic intracranial abnormality was detected on axial scans in 45 patients. Subtle findings were confirmed on coronal and sagittal CT reformations in ten cases, and these were undetected initially on axial CT. Coronal and sagittal reformations confirmed subtle findings in 18.2% (10/55) of the cases (P = 0.001). Indeterminate neuroimaging findings confirmed by coronal and sagittal CT head reformations include tentorial and interhemispheric fissure subdural hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and inferior frontal and temporal lobe contusions. Coronal and sagittal CT head reformations improve the sensitivity and diagnostic confidence in the clinical setting of acute trauma. Overall, coronal and sagittal reformations improved diagnostic confidence and interobserver agreement over axial images alone for visualization of normal structures and in the diagnosis of acute abnormality.     

鼻骨骨折的CT检查与诊断

目的:改善CT扫描技术以提高鼻骨骨折的CT诊断正确率.材料和方法:对60例临床和CT诊断的鼻骨骨折病人和40例正常志愿者的HRCT横断位和改良冠状位扫描图像进行回顾性分析.结果:对照组CT改良冠状位显示鼻骨孔35对,优于横断面扫描(显示20对);60例鼻骨骨折中改良冠状位扫描检出鼻骨骨折58例(96.7%),高于横断位检出(42例,70%),但鼻区并发症检出(17例)明显低于横断位(46例).结论:改良冠状位HRCT扫描可以提高鼻骨骨折检出率,结合横断位则更好,并可以提高鼻区并发症的检出率.