氟伐他汀对糖尿病肾病中脂蛋白(a)水平的影响

目的：探讨氟伐他汀对糖尿病肾病中脂蛋白（a)水平的影响及其肾脏保护作用。方法：分别以糖尿病大鼠模型和2型糖尿病肾病患为研究对象，观察氟伐他汀治疗6周后血浆中脂蛋白（a)水平，组织型纤溶酶原激活物及其抑制剂活性，大鼠肾脏病理学改变。结果：与对照组比较，氟伐他汀治疗6周后糖尿病肾病患和大鼠体内脂蛋白（a)，尿白蛋白水平均降低，患纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂活性下降，纤溶酶原激活物活性上升，大鼠肾脏组织光镜及电镜下病变明显减轻。结论：氟伐他汀能下调脂蛋白（a)，减轻肾脏肥大，具有肾脏保护作用。     

Apelin-APJ系统在1型糖尿病肾病大鼠发病中的作用

目的：探讨血管紧张素1型受体相关蛋白（putative receptor protein related to AT1,apelin-APJ）系统在糖尿病肾病发生中的作用及机制。方法：20只大鼠应用链脲佐菌素（STZ60mg/kg体重）构建1型糖尿病大鼠模型后随机分为三组,正常对照组（N）、糖尿病组（DN）、apelin干预组（T）。于应用apelin-13前、后4周,8周,12周测定三组大鼠24h尿微量白蛋白量、尿白蛋白/血肌酐指数;应用apelin-13前和12周时采血分别测定血肌酐（Scr）;应用ELISA法检测血清apelin-13水平;应用Western blot和免疫组化方法检测大鼠肾组织APJ受体和AngⅡ相关的1型受体（AT1R）的蛋白表达量。结果：与N组比较,DN组大鼠尿微量白蛋白、尿白蛋白/血肌酐指数显著升高（P〈0.01）,肾组织APJ受体的蛋白表达量显著下降（P〈0.01）,AT1R的表达量显著升高。与DN组比较,T组大鼠尿微量白蛋白、白蛋白/肌酐指数显著下降（P〈0.05）,肾组织APJ受体的蛋白表达量显著上升（P〈0.01）,AT1R的表达量显著下降。N组与T组大鼠尿微量白蛋白、白蛋白/肌酐指数、肾组织APJ受体和AT1R的蛋白表达量之间差异无统计学意义。结论：Apelin-APJ系统可能参与了糖尿病肾病的发病过程,其可能通过拮抗AngⅡ-AT1R的作用而对糖尿病大鼠肾脏起保护作用。     

2型糖尿病肾病中晚期病变大鼠模型的研究

目的：探索一种与人类2型糖尿病肾病（DN）中晚期病变类似的大鼠模型。方法：Wistar大鼠18只,随机分为假手术组和模型组。模型组大鼠行右侧肾切除术并以高脂饲料喂养12周后,进行腹腔葡萄糖耐量实验（IPGTT）及胰岛素耐量实验（ITT）,再以30 mg/kg的剂量腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）,持续观察24周。每4周检测体重,血糖和24 h尿蛋白水平。实验结束时取血检测血清总蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、尿素氮和肌酐水平,取肾组织观察病理形态学变化并进行半定量评分。结果：与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠IPGTT及ITT葡萄糖曲线下面积显著增加,动物血糖、胆固醇、三酰甘油、尿素氮及肌酐水平显著升高,白蛋白水平显著降低。模型组肾小球硬化指数与肾小管间质纤维化指数显著高于假手术组,表现出弥漫性肾小球硬化及重度的肾小管间质纤维化。结论：单侧肾切除合并高糖高脂饮食加小剂量STZ腹腔注射可以造成与人类2型DN中晚期病变类似的大鼠模型,其造模方法简单可靠,适合于DN的药效学研究。     

Ziltivekimab for Treatment of Anemia of Inflammation in Patients on Hemodialysis: Results from a Phase 1/2 Multicenter,Randomized, Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled Trial

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Intravenous Acetaminophen in Multimodal Pain Management for Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized,Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled Trial

Background

Although multimodal pain management including periarticular multidrug injection can provide excellent pain relief in the early postoperative period after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), rebounding pain remains an important challenge. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed to investigate the efficacy of adding intravenous acetaminophen to multimodal pain management for TKA.

Effect of Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Exclusively Breastfed Newborns: Prospective,Randomized, Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled Trial

Exclusively breastfed infants are at a high risk of vitamin D deficiency. Few studies have evaluated the effects of vitamin D supplementation. Hence, we conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of oral vitamin D3 400 IU/d supplementation in exclusively breastfed newborns. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in pregnant women and their newborns were evaluated. Breastfed newborns were randomized to one of two regimens at age 10 days. One group received vitamin D3 supplementation at a dose of 400 IU/d (vD-400 group), whereas the placebo group received a liquid product without vitamin D3. Outcomes were assessed at 4 months of age. A total of 92 pregnant women and their infants were enrolled, and the data of 72 infants (37 in the vD-400 group and 35 in the placebo group) who completed the study at 4 months of age were assessed. The results showed severe vitamin D deficiency in 15.2% of mothers before delivery, while 54.3% had vitamin D deficiency. Moreover, 15.2% of newborns presented with severe vitamin D deficiency at birth, while 52.2% had vitamin D deficiency. Maternal vitamin D levels were significantly correlated with infant vitamin D levels at birth (r = 0.816, p < 0.001). At 4 months of age, weight, head circumference, serum 25(OH)D, phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone levels significantly differed between the vD-400 and placebo groups. However, the body length and bone mineral density of the two groups did not differ significantly. Regardless of vitamin D supplementation, participants with severe vitamin D deficiency had significantly higher intact parathyroid hormone levels and lower bone mineral content. In conclusion, among exclusively breastfed infants, oral supplementation with vitamin D3 at a dose of 400 IU/d from age 10 days increased 25(OH)D concentrations at 4 months of age, but it did not affect bone mineralization. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).     

Vascular Cryografts Offer Better Biomechanical Properties in Chronically Hemodialyzed Patients: Role of Cryograft Type,Arterial Pathway,and Diabetic Nephropathy as Matching Determinants

This study aimed to characterize the following: (i) in chronically hemodialyzed subjects (CHDSs), with and without diabetic nephropathy (DN), and in healthy subjects (non‐CHDSs) different arterial pathways stiffness to determine potential pathology‐dependent, etiology‐ and/or pathway‐dependent differences; and (ii) the biomechanical mismatch (BM) between arteries from non‐CHDSs or CHDSs (with and without DN) and arterial cryografts, venous cryografts, and synthetic prosthesis to determine arterial pathway, pathology, and/or etiology‐related differences in the substitute of election in terms of BM. Carotid–femoral and carotid–brachial pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured in 30 non‐CHDSs and 71 CHDSs (11 with DN). In addition, PWV was measured in arterial (elastic and muscular) and venous cryografts and in expanded polytetrafluorethylene prosthesis. The arterial pathways regional differences and the subjects' arterial pathways‐substitutes BM were calculated. Arterial stiffness levels and regional differences were higher in CHDS than in non‐CHDS. Among CHDS, those with DN showed higher stiffness in the aorto–femoral pathway and larger regional differences. Cryografts showed always the least BM. Non‐CHDS and CHDS differed in the cryograft of election. In CHDS, the BM was related with the cryograft type, arterial pathway, and renal disease etiology. The BM could be minimized, selecting the most adequate cryograft type, taking into account the recipient specific characteristic (i.e., arterial pathway and renal disease etiology).     

氯沙坦钾对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾组织p-JAK2、p-STAT3及VEGF表达的影响

目的：探讨氯沙坦钾对糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）大鼠肾组织 p - JAK2、p - STAT3及 VEGF 表达的影响。方法：健康雄性 SD 大鼠30只随机分为正常对照组（C 组）、DN 模型组（DN 组）、氯沙坦钾组（L 组）。采用单次腹腔内注射链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）法建立 DN 大鼠模型,周期12周。实验12周末检测大鼠血糖、Scr、BUN、24 h 尿蛋白定量;光镜及电镜下观察大鼠肾组织病理改变;采用免疫组化方法检测大鼠肾组织 p - JAK2、p - STAT3、VEGF 表达。结果：实验12周末,模型组大鼠血糖、Scr、BUN、24 h 尿蛋白定量均高于对照组（P ﹤0．05）,肾组织中 p - JAK2、p - STAT3、VEGF 表达均高于对照组（P ﹤0．05）;氯沙坦钾组大鼠 Scr、BUN、24 h 尿蛋白定量均低于模型组（P ﹤0．05）,肾组织 p - JAK2、p -STAT3、VEGF 表达均低于模型组（P ﹤0．05）。结论：氯沙坦钾可能部分通过调控 p - JAK2、p - STAT3及 VEGF 的表达而发挥肾脏保护作用。     

泽黄颗粒对糖尿病大鼠肾脏和尿液AQP2表达的调节效应

目的：探讨肾脏和尿液AQP2的表达与糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠水液代谢异常关系及泽黄颗粒防治DN效应机制。方法：用高脂高糖饲料加小剂量STZ诱导DM大鼠模型,随机分为糖尿病模型组（DM组）、泽黄颗粒治疗组（Z组）和格列吡嗪对照组（G组）,正常对照组（N组）。于实验第12周末检测BG、HbA1c、Ccr、UAER及血液流变学指标;观察肾组织病理改变;运用Western-Blot、Real-Time PCR法检测肾脏AQP2蛋白及mRNA表达变化,并检测尿液内AQP2浓度的变化。结果：与DM组相比,Z组大鼠BG、HbA1c、UAER、全血黏度、血浆黏度、肾脏AQP2蛋白、AQP2 mRNA表达和尿液内AQP2浓度均明显下降（P〈0.05）,Ccr明显升高（P〈0.01）。与G组相比,Z组大鼠全血黏度、TG、TC水平明显降低（P〈0.05）。结论：泽黄颗粒可下调糖尿病大鼠肾脏和尿液AQP2的表达,这可能是其调节水液代谢的机制和防治DN的基础。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者外周血CD28/CTLA4共刺激分子的表达及其意义

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)肾病患者外周血T细胞亚群、共刺激分子CD 28及细胞毒T淋巴细胞抗原(CTLA)4的表达及其临床意义。方法:选取2015年07月~2018年06月至我科室和内分泌科治疗的患者,根据尿微量清蛋白排泄率(UAER)将其分为DM组(T2DM无肾病,n=42)和DN组(T2DM合并肾病,n=40),同时选取健康人群40例作为对照(NC组)。采用流式细胞技术测定两组患者外周血T淋巴细胞上CD4、CD8的表达,并用流式细胞技术测定CD4^+、CD8^+T淋巴细胞表面CD28、CTLA4分子的表达。结果:三组外周血CD4^+和CD4^+/CD8^+按NC组-DM组-DN组顺序均呈显著递增趋势(P<0.01),CD3^+、CD8^+按照顺序呈显著递减趋势(P<0.01),且各组间差异明显(P<0.01);三组外周血CD4^+CD28^+、CD8^+CD28^+ T细胞按NC组-DM组-DN组顺序均呈显著递增趋势(P<0.01),CD4^+CTLA4+及CD8^+CTLA4+T细胞按照顺序呈显著递减趋势(P<0.01),且各组间差异明显(P<0.01)。结论:T2DM患者T细胞亚群失衡,其中合并肾病患者表达失衡更为严重,提示糖尿病肾病患者存在自身免疫调节异常。同时T2DM合并肾病患者外周血CD28和CTLA4表达也显著异于正常对照,提示共刺激分子可能参与了T2DM合并肾病的免疫功能紊乱。     

藕节对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾组织JAK2/STAT3及凋亡因子表达的影响

也页目的：探讨藕节对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾组织p-JAK2、p-STAT3及凋亡因子Bcl-2、Bax表达的影响。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠60只,随机选取10只为正常组（ N组）,其余采用单次腹腔注射链尿佐菌素（ STZ,45 mg/kg）制作DN模型,造模成功后随机分为糖尿病肾病组（DN）、藕节小剂量组（RL,1.5 g·kg-1·d-1）、中剂量组（RM,3.0 g·kg-1·d-1）、大剂量组（RH,6.0 g·kg-1·d-1）及氯沙坦钾组（LP,30 mg·kg-1·d-1）,均采用灌胃给药,N组和DN组给予等量蒸馏水。12周后检测大鼠生化指标;HE、Masson染色及电镜观察肾脏病理改变;免疫组化法测定p-JAK2、p-STAT3、Bcl-2及Bax在肾组织表达情况;原位末端标记法（ TUNEL）检测肾组织细胞凋亡情况。结果：实验12周末,与N组比较,DN组大鼠肾小球肥大、系膜基质增多、细胞凋亡明显,BUN、Scr、24 h尿蛋白定量明显升高（P〈0.05）,肾组织Bax、p-JAK2、p-STAT3表达明显上调,Bcl-2表达下调（P〈0.05）;与DN组比较,藕节中、高剂量组肾脏病理改变减轻、细胞凋亡减少,24 h尿蛋白定量较DN组明显降低（P〈0.05）,但降尿蛋白作用弱于氯沙坦钾组,同时肾组织Bax、p-JAK2、p-STAT3表达下调,Bcl-2表达上调（P〈0.05）。结论：藕节可能通过上调Bcl-2在肾组织的表达,下调Bax、p-JAK2、p-STAT3的表达,从而减少尿蛋白,延缓DN进展。     

Effect of Pentoxifylline on Renal Function and Urinary Albumin Excretion in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease: The PREDIAN Trial

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of ESRD. We conducted an open-label, prospective, randomized trial to determine whether pentoxifylline (PTF), which reduces albuminuria, in addition to renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade, can slow progression of renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and stages 3–4 CKD. Participants were assigned to receive PTF (1200 mg/d) (n=82) or to a control group (n=87) for 2 years. All patients received similar doses of RAS inhibitors. At study end, eGFR had decreased by a mean±SEM of 2.1±0.4 ml/min per 1.73 m² in the PTF group compared with 6.5±0.4 ml/min per 1.73 m² in the control group, with a between-group difference of 4.3 ml/min per 1.73 m² (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.1 to 5.5 ml/min per 1.73 m²; P<0.001) in favor of PTF. The proportion of patients with a rate of eGFR decline greater than the median rate of decline (0.16 ml/min per 1.73 m² per month) was lower in the PTF group than in the control group (33.3% versus 68.2%; P<0.001). Percentage change in urinary albumin excretion was 5.7% (95% CI, −0.3% to 11.1%) in the control group and −14.9% (95% CI, −20.4% to −9.4%) in the PTF group (P=0.001). Urine TNF-α decreased from a median 16 ng/g (interquartile range, 11–20.1 ng/g) to 14.3 ng/g (interquartile range, 9.2–18.4 ng/g) in the PTF group (P<0.01), with no changes in the control group. In this population, addition of PTF to RAS inhibitors resulted in a smaller decrease in eGFR and a greater reduction of residual albuminuria.