肾移植术后并发重症肺部感染的原因与护理

目的探讨肾移植术后并发重症肺部感染的原因与护理。方法回顾性分析29例肾移植术后并发重症肺部感染患者的临床资料。结果29例重症肺部感染患者中17例（58．6％）救治成功，12例（41．4％）因合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征抢救无效死亡。结论重症肺部感染是肾移植受者术后近期死亡的主要原因之一；果断减少或停用免疫抑制剂、早期联合用药抗感染治疗、制定个体化护理措施、积极配合医师的诊断与治疗等对患者的成功救治至关重要。     

脑卒中合并重症肺部感染临床治疗观察

目的探讨脑卒中并发肺部感染的临床治疗方法。方法对29例脑卒中后重症肺部感染患者采用床旁纤支镜下支气管-肺泡灌洗治疗。结果本组29例经纤支镜下支气管-肺泡灌洗治疗2周，总有效率达96．55％（28／29）。无不良反应发生，未见肝、肾功能及心电图异常。结论经纤支镜灌洗吸痰是一种治疗脑卒中并发重症肺部感染安全有效的方法。     

纤维支气管镜在胸部外伤及术后并发重症肺部感染抢救中的作用

纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)广泛用于呼吸系统疾病的诊疗中。目前在抢救胸部外伤、胸腹部术后并发危重肺部感染者中作用倍受重视，较早行镜下吸痰治疗可取得满意效果。现将我院用纤支镜抢救在胸部外伤及术后并发重症肺部感染29例患者情况报告如下：     

肾移植术后的肺部感染特点

为提高肾移植后肺部感染的诊断治愈率，选取本院1999—01／2004-12收治的82例肾移植患者术后并发肺部感染的临床资料进行回顾性分析。82例肾移植术后肺部感染患者中，单纯细菌感染32例，真菌感染3例，巨细胞病毒感染13例，卡氏肺孢子虫感染12例，混合感染14例，病原不清8例。其中26例（31．7％）发展成重症肺部感染。治愈63例（76．8％），19例死亡（23.2％）。肺部感染是肾移植术后的一种严重的并发症，早期诊断并及时予以抗细菌、抗病毒、抗真菌、抗原虫治疗，同时调整免疫抑制方案，加强对症及支持治疗，有利于提高其治愈率。     

71例肾移植受者术后肺部感染的诊治体会

目的探讨肾移植术后肺部感染发病特点、诊治及预防措施。方法回顾性分析71例肾移植术后肺部感染患者临床资料。结果71例患者中肺部感染发生于肾移植术后〈4个月54例（76．06％）,4-6个月12例（16．9％）,〉6个月5例（7．04％）。临床表现均有发热,23例为固定时间发热,52例感胸闷,19例迅速进展出现急性呼吸紧迫综合征（ARDS）,3例死亡。混合感染者36例,细菌感染16例,巨细胞病毒（HCMV）感染13例,结核感染2例,肺孢子虫感染1例,不明原因3例。结论肾移植后肺部感染多为细菌为主的混合感染,病情进展迅速而危重,早期就诊,针对病原体合理抗菌治疗,及时调整免疫治疗方案和加强综合治疗是治疗成功的关键。     

肾移植术后肺部感染致急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征的诊治体会

【目的】进一步提高肾移植术后肺部感染致急性肺损伤(ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者(ARDS)的临床诊疗水平。【方法】回顾性分析总结20例肾移植术后肺部感染致ALI/ARDS患者的临床资料及诊治情况。【结果】16例患者找到病原体28株,4例未找到确切的病原体;20例患者中,16例(80%)治愈,2例死亡,2例病情严重患者因经济困难自动出院;其中6例通过高流量面罩吸氧后缺氧情况改善,8例行无创机械通气治愈,2例行有创机械通气治愈。【结论】正确应用机械通气治疗对于提高肾移植术后肺部感染致ALI/ARDS患者的治愈率有特殊重要的作用。     

肾移植术后重症肺部感染致急性呼吸窘迫综合征18例报告

目的：探讨肾移植术后重症肺部感染致急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的临床特点和诊断与治疗。方法：对本院2002年1月-2006年4月收治的18例重症肺部感染致ARDS患者的临床资料进行分析。结果：18例患者中，治愈8例（44．5％），死亡10例（55．6％）。结论：肾移植术后重症肺部感染病情发展迅速，发展为ARDS后治疗难度加大，预后差，早期诊治、注重自身抵抗力的提高、合理及时调整免疫抑制方案及使用激素是救治成功的关键。     

纤维支气管镜下微波联合局部注药治疗在支气管结核中的应用

目的：探讨应用纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）介入微波并局部注药治疗支气管结核的疗效。方法：将46例支气管结核患者随机分为治疗组和对照组；治疗组22例强化期采用纤支镜介入微波并局部注药加全身化疗，对照组24例只进行全身化疗。结果：22例共进行136人次治疗，治疗成功率100％，症状改善率为95．4％，痰菌阴转率83．3％，纤支镜下病灶吸收率86．4％，胸部CT所见病灶吸收率85．7％，与对照组相比有显著性差异（P＜0．01）；无1例发生气胸、出血、结核播散、肺部继发性感染等并发症；治疗组远期疗效也较对照组有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：该疗法效果显著，明显优于单纯全身化疗组，另一种安全、有效、易行的治疗支气管结核的综合性方法，能减少手术及各种并发症的发生。     

肾移植术后不明病原体感染导致急性肺损伤的治疗策略

目的：探讨肾移植术后不明病原体感染导致急性肺损伤的临床特征及初始治疗策略。方法：分析20例肾移植术后不明病原体感染导致急性肺损伤患者的临床资料。予患者免疫抑制剂减量、抗感染联合中等剂量（1．5～2mg／（kg·d）的糖皮质激素综合治疗。对治疗前后的氧合指数、肺部影像学动态变化、移植肾功能进行比较。结果：20例患者住外科重症监护室的中位天数为7（5．25～8．5）d，总住院天数17．5（10．25～28．25）d。18例（90％）患者治愈出院，2例患者治疗无效病死。20例患者氧合指数的中位数从治疗前的219mmHg上升至300mmHg（P〈0．05）。患者的维持性免疫抑制剂减量后未见急性排斥反应发生。血肌酐中位数从治疗前的119μmol／L下降至90μmol／L（P〈0．05）。结论：免疫抑制剂减量、抗感染联合中等剂量的糖皮质激素综合治疗作为不明病原体感染导致急性肺损伤的初始治疗临床疗效良好。     

经纤维支气管镜床边灌注治疗开颅术后严重肺部感染76例

目的 评价纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗对开颅术后严重肺部感染的治疗价值。方法 对76例开颅术后并重症肺部感染患者床边应用便携式纤支镜行吸痰和灌洗术，同时取痰培养根据药敏结果选择抗生素治疗。结果 61例显效，15例有效，有效率达100％。痰菌培养76例，68例阳性，阳性率89．5％，无明显并发症发生。结论 对开颅术后重症肺部感染患者尽早经纤支镜灌洗吸痰，明确病原菌及指导抗生素选用，可明显改善肺通气功能，促进脑损害的康复，提高治愈率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.