多模式疼痛管理在创伤足踝外科无痛病房建设中的应用探讨

目的:探讨多模式疼痛管理在创伤足踝外科护理中的应用效果。方法:将90例急诊伤后24 h入院患者随机分为对照组30例,观察组60例。两组患者均采用规范化的疼痛宣教和疼痛评估模式。对照组采用非药物镇痛结合单一报告镇痛模式,评估过程中按照三阶梯用药原则进行疼痛处理;观察组采用多模式镇痛方案(非药物镇痛、预先镇痛、基础镇痛结合报告镇痛及残余痛处理模式),同时评估过程中按照三阶梯用药原则进行调整用药。并记录每例患者于术前及术后4 h、8 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h的疼痛评分,对在两种不同的疼痛管理治疗模式干预下患者疼痛评分的分值进行比较。结果:在术后4~12 h内疼痛评分有统计学差异(P0.05)。其他时间点无显著性差异(P0.05)。观察组患者疼痛评分平均值及疼痛主诉及追加镇痛药物次数较对照组低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:多模式镇痛管理方案可在围手术期平稳镇痛,减少临时性中重度疼痛主诉,及追加阿片类镇痛药物用量。     

规范化疼痛管理在先天性心脏病患儿外科术后疼痛中的应用

目的：探讨规范化疼痛管理在先天性心脏病（先心病）患儿外科术后疼痛管理中的应用效果。方法：选择2018年7月至10月先心病外科手术治疗患儿50例作为观察组，选择2018年2月至5月先心病外科手术治疗患儿51例作为对照组，对照组患儿采用常规护理，主诉疼痛时，护理人员遵医嘱给予镇痛药物，观察组在常规护理的基础上创建规范化疼痛管理模式。比较两组患儿术后24 h、72 h疼痛评分、患儿家属满意率。结果：观察组患儿术后24 h、72 h疼痛评分低于对照组（P＜0.05），家属满意率高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：规范化疼痛管理能有效缓解先心病患儿外科术后疼痛，提高患儿家属满意率。     

氯诺昔康超前镇痛在腹腔镜下胆囊切除术中的应用

目的观察非甾体类抗炎药氯诺昔康超前镇痛对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的镇痛效果。方法选择60例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,随机均分为A、B、C组,每组各20例。I组气管插管前20min静脉预先注射氯诺昔康16mg;Ⅱ组气管插管前20min静脉注射哌替啶75mg;Ⅲ组气管插管前20min静脉注射生理盐水2ml。观察患者术后30min,1、2、4、6、8、12h各时点的疼痛视觉模拟评分（VSA）,镇痛治疗的总体满意度及术后不良反应情况。结果A组（氯诺昔康组）VSA评分维持较低水平,4、6、8、12h的VSA评分明显低于B、C组,A组患者的总体满意度也显著高于B、C组（P〈0．05）,未见明显不良反应。结论氯诺昔康超前镇痛对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的术后镇痛效果确切,无明显不良反应,有推广应用价值。     

计划镇静与按需镇静对低肺功能肺癌术后气管插管患者的效果比较

目的 研究计划镇静与按需镇静对低肺功能肺癌术后气管插管患者的效果比较。方法 选取2017年5月～2020年5月我院收治的97例行手术治疗的肺癌患者,按简单随机化分组方法分为计划组49例和按需组48例。计划组术后采用计划镇静方式给予镇静药物,按需组术后采用按需镇静方式给予镇静药物,比较两组气管插管非计划性拔除率、谵妄发生率及首次气管插管拔除后2h血气指标。结果 计划组气管插管非计划性拔除率和谵妄发生率低于按需组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);计划组PO2、HCO3-、pH高于按需组,PCO2低于按需组,计划组各血气指标更趋于正常值,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 计划镇静可减少低肺功能肺癌术后气管插管患者非计划性拔除率和谵妄发生率,且对患者气管插管拔除2h血气指标改善程度高于按需镇静。     

婴幼儿先天性心脏病快通道手术后喂养时机的研究

目的 探讨婴幼儿先天性心脏病实施快通道手术后喂养时机及其安全性。 方法 纳入 124 例先天性心脏病快通道手术后的患儿,随机分为两组。 实验组采用按需喂养方法,患儿拔除气管插管后,每 30 min 采用 Steward 苏醒评分对其进行评估,当评分 ≥4 分时,开始喂养。 对照组采用常规喂养方法,拔除气管插管后 4 h ,由责任护士采用Steward 苏醒评分对其进行评估,当评分 ≥4 分时开始喂养。 两组患儿的喂养内容及喂养量均一致。 记录两组喂养后不良事件的发生情况,并评估两组患儿拔管后 1 h 、 3 h 、 6 h 、 12 h 的舒适度。 结果 实验组喂养时间为拔除气管插管后（ 2.41±1.04 ） h ,显著早于对照组的 4 h （ P<0.05 ）,两组均未发生恶心、呕吐等胃肠道不良反应。 两组舒适度比较,差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05 ）。 结论 先天性心脏病快通道手术后,可以根据患儿的清醒程度尽早开始喂养,不会增加患儿术后与麻醉相关的胃肠道不适的发生。     

婴幼儿先心病术后呼吸机支持治疗

目的 利用呼吸机对婴幼儿先心病患儿进行术后支持治疗以提高外科治疗效果。方法 用呼吸机不同的机械通气方式对366例3岁以下婴幼儿先心病患儿进行术后支持治疗，促进其心肺功能的恢复。结果 本组366例3岁以下婴幼儿先心病患儿呼吸机支持时间最长32d，最强2.5h，平均14.2h；机械通气过程中并发呼吸道感染16例（4.4%)；再插管8例（2.2%)；术后近期死亡率12%（3.3%)。结论 婴幼儿先心病患儿术后呼吸的支持与管理有其自身的特点，抓住这些特点就可以使手术的死亡率与并发症的发生率进一步下降，从而获得满意的疗效。     

老年患者开胸术后自控镇痛泵开启时间对镇痛效果的影响

目的 探讨老年患者开胸肺叶切除术后自控镇痛泵的最佳开启时间.方法 将2008年1-12月67例行开胸肺叶切除的老年患者随机分为两组,分别在麻醉清醒后和拔除气管插管后开启自控镇痛泵,在麻醉清醒后、手术后12h、24h、48h分别对镇痛效果、呼吸循环功能、不良反应发生率等指标进行评估.结果 两组术后12h视觉模拟评分(VAS)和术后48h氧合指数差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),麻醉清醒后开启患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果优于拔除气管插管后开启组,两组呼吸机带机时间及不良反应发生率差异均无统计学意义.全部病例均未发生呼吸抑制.结论 行开胸肺叶切除术的老年患者,麻醉清最后,应尽早打开镇痛泵,消除对呼吸抑制的顾虑,充分发挥镇痛作用,有利于呼吸功能的恢复.     

婴幼儿心内直视术后呼吸道的管理

通过对246例低体重婴幼儿先心病术后的观察及护理,总结出一套适合婴幼儿呼吸道管理的方法及要点,并强调婴幼儿先心病术后呼吸机的管理、气管插管的管理、保持气道通畅、呼吸道的湿化及温化、拔管后呼吸道的护理、控制呼吸道感染、以及保持出入平衡的重要性。     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇超前镇痛用于小儿腹腔镜疝内环结扎术的临床研究

目的观察在小儿腹腔镜疝内环结扎术中,以超前镇痛模式应用酮咯酸氨丁三醇的镇痛效果。方法选择64例行腹腔镜疝内环结扎术的患儿,随机分为2组,各32例：试验组麻醉诱导前静脉给予酮咯酸氨丁三醇0.5 mg/kg,对照组麻醉诱导前不给予任何镇痛药物。术中采用气管插管静吸复合全身麻醉。统计术后30 min、1、2、4、6 h的疼痛评分和术后5、10、203、0 min及1 h的镇静评分,并观察不良反应的发生情况。结果试验组术后6 h内各时点疼痛评分均低于对照组,而2组术后1 h内各时点镇静评分无明显差异。试验组术后躁动发生率明显低于对照组。结论在小儿腹腔镜疝内环结扎术中,以超前镇痛模式应用酮咯酸氨丁三醇可以获得安全、有效的镇痛效果。     

婴幼儿心内直视术后气管插管的护理

目的:探讨婴幼儿心内直视术后气管插管护理方法。方法:对158例心内直视术后气管插管患儿加强护理,妥善固定气管插管,尽量采用不带气囊气管插管,保持呼吸道通畅,加强气道湿化和温化,预防肺部感染,掌握拔管指征。结果:本组均能顺利拔除气管插管,停呼吸机辅助呼吸。结论:正确、科学的护理是保证婴幼儿心内直视术后气管插管安全性,提高手术成功率的重要措施。     

家长参与的疼痛护理在先天性心脏病术后的应用

【】　目的　评价父母－护士共同参与的疼痛护理在先天性心脏病手术后期的应用。方法　随机抽取对照组患儿30例及实验组患儿30例, 用疼痛行为评估量表(FLACC) 评估两组患儿术后第2～7天的疼痛情况。对照组父母不参与疼痛评估,仅参与非药物性止痛措施,实验组父母参与疼痛评估和非药物性止痛措施。结果　　术后第2～4天,实验组患儿疼痛评分低于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义( P < 0.05);术后第5～7天疼痛评分两组比较差异无统计学意义( P > 0.05) 。结论　父母－护士共同参与的交互式疼痛护理能有效减轻先心病患儿术后疼痛。     

The Psychometric Properties of the FLACC Scale Used to Assess Procedural Pain

The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale is one of the most commonly and widely used behavioral observation pain scales. The aim of this study was to test the psychometric and practical properties of the FLACC scale to quantify procedural pain in infants and young children. Twenty-six clinicians independently applied the FLACC scale to segments of video collected from 100 children aged 6 to 42 months undergoing a procedure. Video segments were scored by 4 reviewers. Inter- and intrarater reliability coefficients were high (.92 and .87, respectively). Linear mixed modeling confirmed scale responsiveness (differences in difference between FLACC scores across phases for painful versus nonpainful procedures was 4.2, 95% confidence interval = 3.67-4.81). Sensitivity and specificity were 94.9% and 73.5%, respectively, at a cutoff of 2. However, the mean difference across phases for children with baseline scores >3 was much lower than for children with scores <3, P?=?.0001. Correlations between FLACC and Visual Analog Scale observer pain and distress were good (r?=?.74 and r?=?.89, respectively). This study supports the reliability and sensitivity of the FLACC scale for procedural pain assessment. However, the circumstances of procedures interfered with application of the scale and the findings question the capacity of the scale to differentiate between pain- and nonpain-related distress.

舒芬太尼用于小婴儿术后静脉自控镇痛的效果

目的：观察舒芬太尼用于小婴儿术后静脉自控镇痛（PCA）的效果。方法：129例择期腹部外科手术患儿,按年龄分为组Ⅰ（〈2岁）与组Ⅱ（〉2岁）,各组再随机分为2个亚组,分别应用吗啡（M组）或舒芬太尼（S组）进行术后PCA。随访并记录术后3d的FLACC（Face,Leg,Activity,Cry,Consolability）量表评分、面部表情评分、Ramesay评分、不良反应发生率及患儿与家长对术后镇痛的满意率。结果：FLACC评分与面部表情评分均随时间增长而递减。术后第1天FLACC评分SⅠ组〉SⅡ组、MⅠ组〉MⅡ组,面部表情评分MⅠ组〉MⅡ组、MⅠ组〉SⅠ组;幼儿术后Ramesay评分随时间增长而递减,第1天Ramesay评分MⅡ组〉MⅠ组。不良反应发生率SⅠ组〈SⅡ组、MⅠ组〈MⅡ组;所有家长的满意度相仿。结论：与用吗啡相比,小婴儿应用舒芬太尼进行术后PCA,可减少过度镇静的发生。但无论用吗啡或舒芬太尼,小婴儿术后第1天镇痛、镇静效果均比幼儿差,需要更安全和有效的术后镇痛方式。     

护理干预对学龄期儿童肱骨髁上骨折术后疼痛的影响

目的了解护理干预对学龄期患儿肱骨髁上骨折术后疼痛的影响。方法将68例肱骨髁上骨折学龄期患儿分成实验组和对照组各34例。实验组患儿分别于术前0～3h,术后12h内,12～24h,〉24～48h采取针对性护理干预,对照组给予常规护理。采用视觉类比量表（VAS）、儿童手术后疼痛行为量表（FLACC）,对两组患儿疼痛程度进行评估比较。结果手术前和术后12h,两组患儿对疼痛的感受和评估,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;术后12—24h实验组患儿VAS量表评分为（2．10±1．12）分,低于对照组（3．85±0．65）分,差异有统计学意义（Z=7．88,P〈0．01）;实验组患儿FLACC量表评分为（6．555±1．12）分,低于对照组（7．85±1．14）分,差异有统计学意义（Z=4．743,P〈0．01）;术后〉24—48h两组患儿VAS、FLACC量表评分比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论对学龄期骨折手术患儿实施适当护理干预措施,在骨折手术12h后能够有效减少其疼痛感受程度,增加患儿的舒适度,有利于术后康复。     

Validation of the COMFORT Behavior Scale and the FLACC Scale for Pain Assessment in Chinese Children after Cardiac Surgery

Appropriate pain assessment plays a key role in understanding the pain status of critically ill children. However, the utility of the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) scale and the COMFORT Behavior (COMFORT-B) scale have not been extensively explored for children after cardiac surgery in China. A repeated-observation study was conducted to evaluate the concurrent validity and the sensitivity and specificity of the COMFORT-B and FLACC scales for pain assessment after cardiac surgery in 0–7-year-old patients. Patients were assessed with the observational visual analog scale (VASobs), FLACC scale, and COMFORT-B scale simultaneously at 18 fixed time periods for 3 days. Correlations among pain assessments were computed to calculate concurrent validity. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses identified the FLACC and COMFORT-B scores that could best discriminate pain and no pain based on the VASobs. Multiple regression analyses were performed with FLACC and COMFORT-B pain scores as dependent variables and disease-related treatment characteristics as predictor variables for conducting the analysis. A total of 170 children (98 boys and 72 girls) were included. Significantly positive correlations, ranging from 0.31 to 0.86, were found among the COMFORT-B, FLACC, and VASobs pain assessment instruments. The COMFORT-B and the FLACC scores for children assessed to be in pain (i.e., VASobs ≥4), were significantly higher than scores for children not in pain (VASobs <4). COMFORT-B showed good sensitivity (86%) and specificity (83%) with a cutoff point of 13. FLACC showed excellent sensitivity (98%) and good specificity (88%) for a cutoff point of 2. The COMFORT-B and FLACC scales seem to be useful tools in pain assessment for Chinese children at postcardiac surgery stages, but the study identified that this group of children demonstrated a lower cutoff point for pain than originally set for these two instruments.     

Clinical validation of FLACC: preverbal patient pain scale

PURPOSE: To test the validity of the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) pain assessment tool by measuring changes in scores in response to analgesics. METHOD: METHODS: Pediatric nurses used the FLACC scale to assess pain in 147 children under 3 years of age who were hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), surgical/trauma unit, hematology/oncology unit, or infant unit. FLACC is an observational tool for quantifying pain behaviors. Facial expression, leg movement, activity, cry, and consolability are each scored 0-2, for a total FLACC score of 0-10. The FLACC measurements were done pre-analgesia, at predicted onset of analgesia, and at predicted peak analgesia. FINDINGS: Pre-analgesia FLACC scores were significantly higher than post-analgesic scores and significantly higher for patients who received opioids than patients who received non-opioids. Peak analgesia FLACC scores across analgesia groups were not significantly different and reflect effective pain relief for patients regardless of analgesic choice. CONCLUSIONS: The FLACC pain assessment tool is appropriate for preverbal children in pain from surgery, trauma, cancer, or other disease processes. The results support pediatric nurses' clinical judgment to determine analgesic choice rather than providing distinct FLACC scores to guide analgesic selection.     

Validity of Parent Ratings as Proxy Measures of Pain in Children with Cognitive Impairment

Parent-assigned pain scores have been used as proxy measures of pain for children, such as those with cognitive impairment (CI), who cannot self-report. However, the accuracy of parent-assigned pain ratings for children with CI has not been studied. This study evaluated the construct and criterion validity of parental pain scores of children with CI. Fifty-two children aged 4 to 19 years with CI and their parents/guardians were included in this observational study. Children were observed and assessed for pain by parents using the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) observational tool and the 0 to 10 Numbers Scale, and simultaneously by nurses using the FLACC. Children who were cognitively able scored pain using simplified scales. Parent scores decreased after analgesic administration (6.4 +/- 2.5 vs. 3.1 +/- 2.3; p = .004), supporting their construct validity. Parents' FLACC and Numbers ratings correlated well with nurse ratings (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.78 [confidence interval = 0.63-0.87] and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.73 [confidence interval = 0.59-0.83], respectively). The parents' coded Numbers ratings correlated moderately with their child's ratings (rho = 0.57; p = .05) and agreed in 20% to 100% of cases (kappa = 0.388). There was better overall agreement between parents' FLACC scores and child ratings (33%-67% agreement; kappa = 0.43). The parent underestimated the child's pain with FLACC ratings in only one case (8%), but overestimated pain in three cases (25%). This study suggests that parents of children with CI provide reasonable estimates of their child's pain, particularly when using a structured pain tool. Parents may, however, tend to overestimate their child's pain during the early postoperative period.     

右美托嘧啶在甲状腺手术全麻拔管期间的应用

目的：探讨甲状腺手术患者在全麻拔管期间应用右美托嘧啶（dexmedetomidine,DEX）对血流动力学、呼吸和疼痛的影响。方法：60例患者行甲状腺手术,随机分为右美托嘧啶组（A组）：术毕前10min按0.5μg/kg计算浓度为2μg/mL右美托嘧啶溶液量,用微泵10min静脉注射完毕;对照组（C组）：术毕前10min抽取与按0.5μg/kg计算2μg/mL右美托嘧啶溶液所需量等量的0.9%氯化钠液在10min内微泵静脉注射完毕。观察并记录：基础值（T1）、右美托嘧啶或0.9%氯化钠液输注前（T2）、输注后（T3）、拔管过程中（T4）、拔管后1min（T5）、拔管后15min（T6）患者心率、血压、脉氧饱和度;记录苏醒时间和拔管时间、拔管时躁动评分、呛咳评分、拔管后患者Ramsay镇静评分和疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）;记录药物输注后至患者离开麻醉恢复室之间所发生的不良反应。结果：右美托嘧啶组在药物输注完毕、拔管过程中及拔管后1min后血压和心率与对照组相比降低（P〈0.05）,拔管时躁动评分、呛咳评分及疼痛模拟评分均低于对照组（P〈0.05）。右美托嘧啶组心动过缓和低血压发生率高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：甲状腺手术患者在全麻苏醒拔管之前应用右美托嘧啶微泵注射,能使患者处于舒适的镇静状态,保持循环稳定及充分镇痛,同时不明显延长术后苏醒时间和拔管时间。     

Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management for neuropathic pain: a multicentre randomised controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome

Patients with neuropathic pain secondary to failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) typically experience persistent pain, disability, and reduced quality of life. We hypothesised that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an effective therapy in addition to conventional medical management (CMM) in this patient population. We randomised 100 FBSS patients with predominant leg pain of neuropathic radicular origin to receive spinal cord stimulation plus conventional medical management (SCS group) or conventional medical management alone (CMM group) for at least 6 months. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving 50% or more pain relief in the legs. Secondary outcomes were improvement in back and leg pain, health-related quality of life, functional capacity, use of pain medication and non-drug pain treatment, level of patient satisfaction, and incidence of complications and adverse effects. Crossover after the 6-months visit was permitted, and all patients were followed up to 1 year. In the intention-to-treat analysis at 6 months, 24 SCS patients (48%) and 4 CMM patients (9%) (p<0.001) achieved the primary outcome. Compared with the CMM group, the SCS group experienced improved leg and back pain relief, quality of life, and functional capacity, as well as greater treatment satisfaction (p相似文献   

Knowledge and management of infants' pain by mothers in Ile Ife, Nigeria

Mothers' knowledge and management of pain in infants were assessed in this study. A total of 130 mothers from two health centres in Ile Ife, Southwest, Nigeria were selected by systematic sampling method. Only 3.8% indicated that neonates experience pain. Malaria (46.2%) was the major cause of pain identified. Analgesic/antimalarials (56.9%) and breastfeeding (16.9%) are used in pain relief. To improve the quality of life of infants, mothers must be educated on the assessment, early detection and management of pain.