白藜芦醇对惊厥持续状态大鼠海马Toll样受体4、核因子-κB、Caspase-3表达的影响

目的观察大鼠惊厥持续状态(SC)后脑组织海马中Toll样受体4(TLR4)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)和半胱氨酸门冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)的表达及神经细胞凋亡的变化,并探讨白藜芦醇(Res)对三者的影响。方法 106只SD大鼠随机分为对照组(A)、SE组(B)和白藜芦醇干预组(C),其中B组再随机分为B1~B4组(分别于惊厥后4h、24h、48h和72h处死),B组和C组采用氯化锂-匹罗卡品法制作大鼠SC模型,C组在大鼠惊厥终止后30min,给予30 mg/kg白藜芦醇腹腔注射,每天1次,连用3d,于惊厥后72 h处死。免疫组织化学法检测海马TLR4、NF-κB/p65蛋白的表达变化;RT-PCR技术检测海马TLR4、Caspase-3 mRNA表达的动态改变;TUNEL法检测神经细胞凋亡数的变化。结果免疫组织化学显示,B组各时间点TLR4蛋白的表达均明显高于A组(P0.05),并随时间延长明显增高;C组TLR4蛋白表达较B4组显著降低(P0.01)。B组可见NF-кB/p65蛋白在胞核内有不同程度表达,与A组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。C组与B4组比较,NF-κB/p65蛋白表达水平明显降低(P0.01)。RT-PCR显示,B组各时间点TLR4、Caspase-3 mRNA的表达均较A组高(P0.05),且随时间延长逐步升高,惊厥后72h达高峰;C组海马TLR4、Caspase-3mRNA的表达明显低于B4组(P0.05)。B组在惊厥24h后海马CA1区TUNEL阳性细胞数已显著高于A组(P0.01),72h达高峰,而C组TUNEL阳性细胞数较B4组显著下降(P0.01)。结论 SC后大鼠海马TLR4、NF-κB/p65和Caspase-3的表达增强。白藜芦醇可下调匹罗卡品致惊厥持续状态大鼠海马TLR4、NF-κB/p65和Caspase-3的表达,并使神经细胞凋亡减少;提示白藜芦醇对SC引起的脑损伤可能有保护作用。     

熊果酸通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路以及Caspase-3蛋白的表达对慢阻塞疾病大鼠的影响

目的探究熊果酸(UA)通过Toll样受体//核转录因子κB(TLR4/NF-κB)通路对慢阻塞疾病(COPD大鼠Caspase-3蛋白表达的影响。方法 SD大鼠随机分为对照组、COPD组、COPD+UA组和COPD+EVP4593组。通过烟雾暴露+脂多糖建立COPD模型。比较各组大鼠肺功能、肺组织苏木精-伊红(HE)染色情况。检测和比较各组大鼠血清炎性因子和TLR4、NF-κB p65和Caspase-3蛋白表达水平。结果建模后COPD组大鼠的FEV0.3%/FVC和MMEF均显著低于对照组(P0.01),的COPD+UA组和COPD+EVP4593组FEV0.3%/FVC和MMEF显著高于COPD组(P0.01)。COPD组肺泡结构紊乱,肺泡间隙明显增厚,肺组织浸润大量炎症细胞,间质出血出现充血和出血改变。COPD组和COPD+EVP4593组的肺泡结构较正常,炎症浸润很少。COPD组的血清炎性因子显著升高(P0.01),COPD+UA组和COPD+EVP4593组的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平显著低于COPD组(P0.01)。COPD组的TLR4、NF-κB p65和Caspase-3蛋白水平显著升高,COPD+UA组和COPD+EVP4593组的TLR4、NF-κB p65和Caspase-3蛋白水平显著低于COPD组(P0.01)。结论 UA可能通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路,减少炎性因子的表达和Caspase-3蛋白的水平,减少COPD大鼠肺损伤,保护肺功能。     

牛蒡子苷元抑制TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB信号通路对哮喘模型大鼠气道重塑和Th1/Th2免疫平衡的影响北大核心CSCD

目的研究牛蒡子苷元抑制Toll样受体4(TLR4)/肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子-6(TRAF6)/核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路对哮喘模型大鼠气道重塑和Th1/Th2免疫平衡的影响。方法构建急性哮喘大鼠模型,随机分为5组(每组12只模型大鼠):模型组、牛蒡子苷元低、高剂量组、脂多糖(LPS,TLR4激活剂)组、牛蒡子苷元+LPS组,以12只Wistar正常大鼠作为对照组。分组处理后,观察各组大鼠哮喘症状并做评分、分类计数各组大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中炎症细胞、检测各组大鼠肺组织病理变化、血清IgE水平、BALF和血清中白细胞介素(IL)-4、干扰素γ(IFN-γ)水平、IFN-γ/IL-4及肺组织TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠肺组织产生严重病理损伤,哮喘症状评分、WAt/Pbm、WAm/Pbm、BALF中巨噬细胞及淋巴细胞计数、血清IgE水平、BALF与血清中IL-4水平、肺组织TLR4、TRAF6表达及p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65升高(P<0.05),BALF与血清中Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ水平、IFN-γ/IL-4降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,各牛蒡子苷元处理组中模型鼠的上述改变均被扭转,且高剂量牛蒡子苷元作用更强;LPS组大鼠各指标变化与牛蒡子苷元处理组相反,另外LPS可逆转高剂量牛蒡子苷元对大鼠各指标的作用。结论牛蒡子苷元可通过抑制TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB信号激活而阻止哮喘大鼠气道炎症,促使Th1/Th2免疫平衡向Th1转移,改善大鼠气道重塑和肺损伤。     

右美托咪定通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路促进佐剂性膝骨关节炎大鼠成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞凋亡

目的:观察右美托咪定(DEX)对佐剂性膝骨关节炎(KOA)大鼠成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞(FLS)凋亡的影响,并探讨Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路在其中的作用。方法:SD大鼠右侧前、后膝关节处注射弗氏完全佐剂(FCA)建立KOA模型,建模成功大鼠随机分为模型组、DEX组和DEX+TLR4激活剂组,每组10只,另取10只大鼠设为对照组(将FCA注射液换为生理盐水)。DEX组鞘内注射100μL/kg DEX,DEX+TLR4激活剂组在DEX组基础上鞘内注射500μg/kg脂多糖(LPS),对照组和模型组相同部位注射等体积生理盐水,每天1次,连续28 d。以KOA评估值和膝关节直径评价KOA情况;苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察大鼠膝关节滑膜组织形态;末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP原位切口末端标记(TUNEL)染色检测膝关节滑膜组织细胞凋亡情况。各组大鼠FLS分离培养后,CCK-8法检测FLS活力;annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒检测FLS凋亡情况;Western blot法检测FLS中TLR4、NF-κB p65、caspase-3和cleaved caspase-3蛋白水平。结果:建模后,与对照组相比,模型组、DEX组和DEX+TLR4激活剂组KOA评估值和膝关节直径显著升高(P0.05)。给药后,模型组出现大量炎症细胞浸润现象,纤维组织和滑膜细胞增生明显,呈重度滑膜炎现象;DEX组呈轻度滑膜炎现象;DEX+TLR4激活剂组呈中度滑膜炎现象。与对照组相比,模型组KOA评估值和膝关节直径显著增大(P0.05);与模型组相比,DEX组KOA评估值和膝关节直径显著减小(P0.05),膝关节滑膜组织细胞凋亡指数显著升高(P0.05);与DEX组相比,DEX+TLR4激活剂组KOA评估值和膝关节直径显著增大(P0.05),膝关节滑膜组织细胞凋亡指数显著降低(P0.05)。分离培养的细胞均呈纺锤形,血管细胞黏附分子1(VCAM-1)呈阳性表达,即培养细胞为FLS。与对照组相比,模型组FLS活力、FLS中TLR4蛋白水平及核内NF-κB p65蛋白水平显著升高(P0.05),核外NF-κB p65蛋白水平显著降低(P0.05);与模型组相比,DEX组FLS活力、FLS中TLR4蛋白水平及核内NF-κB p65蛋白水平显著降低(P0.05),FLS凋亡率、cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3及核外NF-κB p65蛋白水平显著升高(P0.05);与DEX组相比,DEX+TLR4激活剂组FLS活力、FLS中TLR4蛋白水平及核内NF-κB p65蛋白水平显著升高(P0.05),凋亡率、cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3及核外NF-κB p65蛋白水平显著降低(P0.05)。结论:DEX能够抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路蛋白表达,促进KOA大鼠FLS凋亡,实现对KOA大鼠的保护。     

芍药苷对大鼠脊髓损伤的神经保护机制

目的研究芍药苷对大鼠脊髓损伤(SCI)的神经保护机制。方法将大鼠随机分成对照组(假手术)、模型组(Allen’s打击法制备SCI模型)、治疗组1(术后每天腹腔注射芍药苷30 mg/kg)、治疗组2(芍药苷60 mg/kg),每组16只。手术当天为第1天,分别在第0、1、4、7、14天时采用BBB评分法对大鼠后肢运动功能进行测试。第4天和第14天每组分别处死8只大鼠,q PCR检测受损脊髓中TLR4和NF-κB p65 m RNA的表达;酶联免疫吸附实验测定检测受损脊髓中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的表达;Western blot检测TLR4、NF-κB p65、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)、环氧酶2(COX-2)、Bcl-2和Caspase-3蛋白的表达。结果与对照组相比,模型组BBB评分明显降低(P0.05);与模型组相比,治疗组评分升高(P0.05),且治疗组2中评分较高。在第4天时,与对照组相比,模型组中TLR4、NF-κB p65、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、i NOS、COX-2和Caspase-3的表达均增加(P0.05),Bcl-2的表达降低(P0.05);与模型组相比,治疗组中TLR4、NF-κB p65、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、i NOS、COX-2和Caspase-3的表达均降低(P0.05),Bcl-2的表达升高(P0.05),这些变化均呈现剂量依赖性。第14天时,IL-1β、i NOS、COX-2、Caspase-3和Bcl-2的变化趋势与第4天时相同,但是各组中TLR4、NF-κB p65、IL-6和TNF-α表达均变化不大。结论芍药苷在大鼠脊髓损伤中的神经保护功能可能与TLR4/NF-κB信号通路介导的抗炎和抗凋亡作用相关。     

大豆皂苷缓解骨关节炎模型大鼠软骨损伤和关节炎症的机制北大核心CSCD

目的探究大豆皂苷缓解骨关节炎模型大鼠软骨损伤和关节炎症的可能机制。方法SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、大豆皂苷低剂量组(20 mg·kg^(-1))、大豆皂苷中剂量组(40 mg·kg^(-1))、大豆皂苷高剂量组(80 mg·kg^(-1))和双醋瑞因组(54 mg·kg^(-1)),每组15只;切断前交叉韧带的方式构建骨性关节炎模型。HE和番红氧固绿染色观察关节滑膜组织病理损伤并进行Mankin's评分和OARSI评分,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6水平,Western blot检测丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)、转录因子核因子κB(NF-κB)、NOD样受体家族蛋白3(NLRP3)、凋亡相关微粒蛋白(ASC)、半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1(Caspase-1)蛋白表达。结果与模型组比较,大豆皂苷(中、高)剂量组和双醋瑞因组大鼠软骨组织表面较光滑,Mankin's、OARSI评分降低,血清及关节液中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平降低,p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65、NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1表达降低(P<0.05),且具有剂量效应(P<0.05)。结论大豆皂苷可缓解骨关节炎大鼠软骨组织损伤及关节炎症损伤,其机制可能与抑制MAPK/NF-κB信号通路和NLRP3炎症小体活化有关。     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇抑制膝骨关节炎模型大鼠炎性反应

目的探究酮咯酸氨丁三醇(KT)对膝骨关节炎(KOA)模型大鼠炎性疼痛的影响,并从Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)炎性通路初步探究其作用机制。方法取大鼠,用随机数字表法分为:对照组、模型组、KT低(1 mg/kg)、高(4 mg/kg)剂量组、TAK-242组(TLR4拮抗剂,1 mg/kg);除对照组外,其余各组均用改良Hulth法复制大鼠右膝KOA模型;肌肉注射KT 1次/d,经尾静脉注射TAK-2422次/周。观察大鼠膝关节肿胀程度、活动状况,对自发疼痛行为步态评分及检测热痛阈值;取滑膜组织,HE及Masson染色检测组织病理形态变化及纤维组织增生状况;ELISA检测滑膜组织炎性因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平;Western blot检测神经突蛋白(neuritin)及通路蛋白TLR4、NF-κB及p-NF-κB、骨桥蛋白(OPN)、整合素金属蛋白酶4(ADAM4)蛋白表达。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠关节肿胀、疼痛、滑膜炎性损伤及纤维组织增生等KOA病理症状严重,滑膜IL-1β、TNF-α水平及疼痛指标neuritin表达升高、TLR4/NF-κB p65通路及相关蛋白OPN、ADAM4表达升高(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,KT低、高剂量组及TAK-242组大鼠KOA疼痛、滑膜炎性反应等病理症状缓解,TLR4/NF-κB p65通路及相关蛋白表达降低(P<0.05)。结论KT可缓解KOA模型大鼠滑膜炎性反应及疼痛症状,其缓解作用可能与阻断TLR4/NF-κB通路激活有关。     

通心络对脑缺血再灌注大鼠TLR4 和NF-κB 表达的影响

目的:探究通心络对脑缺血再灌注大鼠Toll样受体4(TLR4)和核转录因子(NF-κB)表达的影响。方法:采用线栓法构建脑缺血再灌注(I/R)大鼠模型,将50只SD大鼠随机分为5组,分别为假手术组(Sham)、模型组(I/R)、通心络低剂量组(0.5 g/kg)、通心络高剂量组(2 g/kg)和尼莫地平组(2 mg/kg),每组10只;观察各组大鼠神经功能症状、脑梗死体积和病理组织学变化;采用TUNEL法检测脑组织中细胞凋亡情况,ELISA法检测血清中IL-6、IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的含量,Western blot法检测脑组织中含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3(Caspase-3)、TLR4及NF-κB p65的表达。结果:与Sham组相比,I/R组大鼠神经行为学评分、脑梗死体积、脑组织细胞凋亡数、血清IL-6、IL-1β及TNF-α水平、脑组织中Caspase-3、TLR4及NF-κB p65的表达显著升高(P0.05);给予通心络处理后,大鼠神经行为学评分、脑梗死体积、脑组织细胞凋亡数、血清IL-6、IL-1β及TNF-α水平、脑组织中Caspase-3、TLR4及NF-κB p65的表达显著下降,并呈剂量依赖性(P0.05)。结论:通心络对脑缺血再灌注大鼠能产生保护作用,减少脑组织细胞的凋亡,可能与下调TLR4、NF-κB的表达有关。     

栀子苷通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路减轻睡眠剥夺大鼠认知功能障碍

目的:探究栀子苷(Gen)对睡眠剥夺大鼠Toll样受体4/核因子κB(TLR4/NF-κB)信号通路及认知功能障碍的影响。方法:120只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照(NC)组、模型(M)组、Gen低剂量(Gen-L,5 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))、Gen中剂量(Gen-M,10 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))、Gen高剂量(Gen-H,20 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))组和Gen-H+LPS(0.4 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),尾静脉注射)组,每组20只,干预7 d后,M组、Gen-L、Gen-M、Gen-H组和Gen-H+LPS组采用改良小平台水环境法制备大鼠剥夺睡眠模型。检测Morris水迷宫实验的逃避潜伏期及Y迷宫实验的行为正确率;HE染色检测大脑海马区神经元形态变化;ELISA检测各组大鼠血清S100B和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)表达水平,以及海马白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平;RT-qPCR检测海马TLR4及NF-κB p65 mRNA水平;Western blot检测海马TLR4及NF-κB p65蛋白表达量。结果:与NC组比较,M组大鼠逃避潜伏期,血清S100B和NSE表达水平,海马IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量,以及TLR4和NF-κB p65 mRNA和蛋白表达量均显著增加(P0.01),行为正确率显著降低(P0.01);与M组比较,Gen-L、Gen-M和Gen-H组大鼠逃避潜伏期,海马IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量,以及TLR4和NF-κB p65 mRNA和蛋白表达量依次降低(P0.01),行为正确率依次增加(P0.01);与Gen-H组比较,Gen-H+LPS组大鼠逃避潜伏期,血清S100B和NSE表达水平,海马IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量,以及TLR4和NF-κB p65 mRNA和蛋白表达量均显著增加(P0.01),行为正确率显著降低(P0.01)。结论:栀子苷可能通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB p65信号通路减轻海马炎症反应从而改善睡眠剥夺大鼠认知功能。     

亚低温治疗对脑出血大鼠TLR4/NF-κB介导的神经炎症反应的影响

目的:研究亚低温治疗对脑出血后大鼠Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)介导的神经炎症反应的影响。方法:60只成年SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、脑出血模型组(ICH组)和亚低温治疗组(n=20)。采用自体血注入法复制大鼠脑出血模型,并给予亚低温干预。应用Berdson评分标准对各组大鼠进行神经功能评分,放射免疫法检测肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)、白介素1β(interleukin-1beta,IL-1β)的含量;免疫组织化学法及免疫印迹法检测TLR4、NF-κB的蛋白表达情况。结果:与Sham组比,模型组大鼠神经功能评分明显增加(P0.05),TNF-α和IL-1β的含量明显升高(P0.05),血肿周围脑组织TLR4和NF-κB的表达显著上调(P0.05)。与模型组相比,亚低温治疗组大鼠神经功能评分显著减少(P0.05),TNF-α和IL-1β的含量明显降低(P0.05),TLR4和NF-κB蛋白的表达量显著下调(P0.05)。结论:亚低温治疗能通过调控TLR4/NF-κB表达,减轻大鼠脑出血后血肿周围脑组织的炎症反应,具有一定的神经保护作用。     

黄芪甲苷通过toll样受体4/核因子κB通路介导辐射所致肾损伤的防护作用

目的 探讨黄芪甲苷(AS-Ⅳ)是否通过toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子κB(NF-KB)介导的信号通路对辐射诱导肾脏损伤起到保护作用.方法 将小鼠分为正常对照组、DMSO溶剂组、辐射组(IR)、IR+AS-Ⅳ20 mg/kg组和IR+AS-Ⅳ 40 mg/kg组.小鼠给予AS-Ⅳ腹腔注射1个月后,以8Gy的60Co...     

Immunomodulatory role of recombinant human erythropoietin in acute kidney injury induced by crush syndrome via inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages

Abstract

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate whether recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) plays an immunomodulatory function by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Materials and methods: C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with rHuEPO and, half an hour later, with 50% glycerol at the dose of 7.5?ml/kg to induce crush syndrome (CS)-acute kidney injury (AKI). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, serum creatinine (Scr), and creatine kinase (CK) were measured. The kidney tissues were analyzed by HE staining, and macrophage infiltration was detected by immunohistochemistry. Double immunofluorescence staining, RT-qPCR, and western blotting were conducted to analyze TLR4/NF-κB p65 expression. Ferrous myoglobin was co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells to mimic crush injury and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 were measured.

Results: In vivo study results revealed that rHuEPO ameliorated renal function, tissue damage, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and macrophage infiltration in the kidneys. The protein and mRNA expression levels of genes involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in CS-induced AKI mice were upregulated (p?<?.05). Meanwhile, the expression levels of TLR4, NF-κB p65, and proinflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells were downregulated in CS-AKI mice injected with rHuEPO (p?<?.05).

Conclusions: Our results demonstrated the immunomodulatory capacity of rHuEPO and confirmed that rHuEPO exerts protective effects against CS-induced AKI by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages. Therefore, our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of rHuEPO in improving the prognosis of CS-AKI patients.     

绿茶多酚通过抑制TLR4通路减轻蛛网膜下腔出血大鼠早期脑损伤

目的 探讨绿茶多酚通过抑制TLR4通路对蛛网膜下腔出血大鼠早期脑损伤的影响.方法 建立大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型,随机分为模型组、绿茶多酚组、TAK-242(TLR4抑制剂)组、绿茶多酚+TAK-242组,每组12只;另取12只大鼠设为假手术组.药物处理后,对所有大鼠进行神经功能缺损评分,检测各组大鼠脑组织含水量,采用Ev...     

麻黄水提物对肺炎克雷伯菌所致重症肺炎幼龄大鼠细胞因子、间质纤维化以及NF-κB活化的影响

目的 探究麻黄水提物(ephedra water extract,EWE)对肺炎克雷伯菌所致重症肺炎幼龄大鼠细胞因子、 间质纤维化及NF-κB活化的影响.方法 采用肺炎克雷伯菌标准株菌液构建重症肺炎模型,EWE灌胃(100、200、400 mg/kg)治疗,10 d后检测各组幼鼠肺功能,以及外周血中炎性细胞因子白介素-...     

Chlorogenic Acid Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB Signal Pathway

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a polyphenolic compound, exists widely in medicinal herbs, which has been shown a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. This study investigated the protective effects and mechanism of CGA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Treatment of CGA successfully ameliorates LPS-induced renal function and pathological damage. Moreover, CGA dose-dependently suppressed LPS-induced blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels, and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in serum and tissue. The relative proteins’ expression of TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway was assessed by western blot analysis. Our results showed that CGA dose-dependently attenuated LPS-induced kidney histopathologic changes, serum BUN, and creatinine levels. CGA also suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production both in serum and kidney tissues. Furthermore, our results showed that CGA significantly inhibited the LPS-induced expression of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and IκB as well as the expression of TLR4 signal. In conclusion, our results provide a mechanistic explanation for the anti-inflammatory effects of CGA in LPS-induced AKI mice through inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.     

Erythropoietin Protects Rat Brain Injury from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning by Inhibiting Toll-Like Receptor 4/NF-kappa B-Dependent Inflammatory Responses

Inflammatory responses play critical roles in carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning-induced cerebral injury. The present study investigated whether erythropoietin (EPO) modulates the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inflammatory signaling pathways in brain injury after acute CO poisoning. EPO (2500 and 5000 U/kg) was injected subcutaneously twice a day after acute CO poisoning for 2 days. At 48 h after treatment, the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB as well as the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampal tissues were measured. Our results showed that CO poisoning induced a significant upregulation of TLR4, NF-κB, and inflammatory cytokines in the injured rat hippocampal tissues. Treatment with EPO remarkably suppressed the gene and protein expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB, as well as the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the hippocampal tissues. EPO treatment ameliorated CO poisoning-induced histological edema and neuronal necrosis. These results suggested that EPO protected against CO poisoning-induced brain damage by inhibiting the TLR4–NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.     

基于TLR4介导的炎症通路探讨利拉鲁肽对糖尿病大鼠心肌的保护机制

目的 基于Toll样受体4(TLR4)介导的炎症通路研究利拉鲁肽对糖尿病大鼠心肌的保护机制.方法 36只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、糖尿病组、干预组,每组12只,糖尿病组和干预组腹腔注射60 mg/kg链脲佐菌素(STZ)溶液以制备糖尿病大鼠模型,造模成功后干预组给予200 μg·kg1·d-1利拉鲁肽腹腔注射,糖尿病组和...     

The different mechanisms of peripheral and central TLR4 on chronic postsurgical pain in rats

Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is a common complication after surgery; however, the underlying mechanisms of CPSP are poorly understood. As one of the most important inflammatory pathways, the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) signaling pathway plays an important role in chronic pain. However, the precise role of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in CPSP remains unclear. In the present study, we established a rat model of CPSP induced by skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR) and verified the effects and mechanisms of central and peripheral TLR4 and NF-κB on hyperalgesia in SMIR rats. The results showed that TLR4 expression was increased in both the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of SMIR rats. However, the TLR4 expression pattern in the spinal cord was different from that in DRGs. In the spinal cord, TLR4 was expressed in both neurons and microglia, whereas it was expressed in neurons but not in satellite glial cells in DRGs. Further results demonstrate that the central and peripheral TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in the SMIR-induced CPSP by different mechanisms. In the peripheral nervous system, we revealed that the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway induced upregulation of voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (Nav1.7) in DRGs, triggering peripheral hyperalgesia in SMIR-induced CPSP. In the central nervous system, the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway participated in SMIR-induced CPSP by activating microglia in the spinal cord. Ultimately, our findings demonstrated that activation of the peripheral and central TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway involved in the development of SMIR-induced CPSP.