2021年7月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2021年7月全球重点传染病疫情(截至7月30日)汇总如下. 1 新型冠状病毒Delta变异毒株引发全球新一轮疫情 全球新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)每日新增病例数在2021年1月达到峰值,每日新增50万～60万例,2月以后放缓,每日新增病例数降到30万～40万例,但3月以后每日新增病例数又持续上升,4月中旬开始新...     

2021年3-4月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2021年3—4月全球重点传染病疫情(截至4月25日)汇总如下. 1 全球新冠疫情4月份反弹,印度疫情急剧恶化 2021年1月全球新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)每日新增病例数达到50万～60万例,2月以后增速放缓,每日新增病例数降到30万～40万例,但3月以后每日新增病例数又持续上升,4月中旬开始以每日新增70万～80万例的速度继续上升,达到了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情(新冠疫情)发生以来的峰值.见图1.     

2021年3—4月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2021年3—4月全球重点传染病疫情(截至4月25日)汇总如下. 1 全球新冠疫情4月份反弹,印度疫情急剧恶化 2021年1月全球新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)每日新增病例数达到50万～60万例,2月以后增速放缓,每日新增病例数降到30万～40万例,但3月以后每日新增病例数又持续上升,4月中旬开始以每日新增70万～80万例的速度继续上升,达到了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情(新冠疫情)发生以来的峰值.见图1.     

2021年1-2月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2021年1—2月全球重点传染病疫情(截至2月28日)汇总如下. 1 全球新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情发展态势2月份放缓 2020年冬季开始,全球新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)疫情进一步恶化,每日新增病例数屡创新高,以每日新增50万～60万例的速度攀升,并在2021年1月达到高峰,进入2月,速度放缓,每日新增病例数降到30...     

2021年8—9月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2021年8—9月全球重点传染病疫情(截至9月30日)汇总如下. 1 全球新冠疫情趋稳,但美国疫情加剧 2021年8—9月特别是9月以来,新型冠状病毒(新冠病毒)Delta变异毒株引发的全球新一轮疫情趋于平稳,但美国疫情却再次迎来高峰,每日新增确诊病例数和死亡病例数仍居全球首位.     

2020年1—2月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2020年1-2月全球重点传染病疫情(截至2月28日)汇总如下。1中国暴发新型冠状病毒肺炎2019年12月下旬,中国湖北省武汉市出现了不明原因的群发肺炎病例,先期出现的几十例病例与华南海鲜市场有关,患者症状与SARS相似。2020年1月病例数急剧增加,疫情向全国其他省份扩散。中国政府于1月23日对武汉市进行了“封城”,同时全国居民尽最大可能居家隔离,以控制疫情扩散。经过全国上下一致努力,疫情得到明显控制,2月18日全国累计病例数达到峰值74000例(其中湖北省62000例)后,每日新增病例数逐渐下降,大多省份每日新增病例数减少为0,只有武汉市每日新增300~400例,截至2月底,全国累计报告确诊病例约79000例,治愈出院病例约39000例,累计死亡病例2837例。     

2020年3—4月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2020年3—4月全球重点传染病疫情(截至4月28日)汇总如下。1新冠肺炎疫情肆虐全球,全球确诊病例数破300万新冠肺炎疫情自2019年底发生后,截至2020年2月底,全球病例数约8.3万例,进入3月以后,病例数呈指数增长。从2019年底确诊首例新冠肺炎病例到全球病例数达10万,共花了67 d时间,达到第2个10万仅用了11 d,达到第3个10万用了4 d,达到第4个10万用了3 d。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情新常态下综合性医院的感控管理

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情爆发至今已经一年余,全球许多国家因此而损失巨大,甚至出现了经济倒退.目前世界各国新增新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊人数逐渐下降,疫情发展似乎已经转机初现,而我国的疫情已在全球率先得到控制.随着国门开放,对外交流的增加,疫情进入了新常态:输入性病例持续存在,仍有散发的本土病例,甚至还出现了隔离病区内的医务人员被...     

日、韩新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情分析与趋势预测

目的对日韩两国新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情状况进行分析并预测其发展趋势,为中日韩三国有效开展联防联控工作提供理论依据。方法统计和计算日韩此次疫情单日新增病例、累计确诊病例数和病死率并绘制其折线图。通过构建传染病动力学SEIR模型以预测疫情发展趋势。结果日本新冠肺炎每日新增确诊病例近期可能还会呈上升趋势,韩国每日新增确诊病例总体呈现下降趋势,SEIR模型预测的结果与日韩当前疫情发展的真实数据吻合较好,日韩两国疫情出现拐点的时间分别大致为2020年5月3日和3月12日,疫情有望得到基本控制的时间分别大致为2020年9月16日和6月11日。结论韩国已经到达了疫情的拐点,但未来一段时间内还难以实现新增病例归零状态,而日本疫情尚处于传播阶段的早中期,确诊人数还可能会继续上升,两国政府要继续加大疫情防控力度,中日韩要有效开展联防联控工作,特别是要加强对于当前无症状感染者的管理和输入病例的控制。     

日、韩新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情分析与趋势预测

目的对日韩两国新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情状况进行分析并预测其发展趋势,为中日韩三国有效开展联防联控工作提供理论依据。方法统计和计算日韩此次疫情单日新增病例、累计确诊病例数和病死率并绘制其折线图。通过构建传染病动力学SEIR模型以预测疫情发展趋势。结果日本新冠肺炎每日新增确诊病例近期可能还会呈上升趋势,韩国每日新增确诊病例总体呈现下降趋势,SEIR模型预测的结果与日韩当前疫情发展的真实数据吻合较好,日韩两国疫情出现拐点的时间分别大致为2020年5月3日和3月12日,疫情有望得到基本控制的时间分别大致为2020年9月16日和6月11日。结论韩国已经到达了疫情的拐点,但未来一段时间内还难以实现新增病例归零状态,而日本疫情尚处于传播阶段的早中期,确诊人数还可能会继续上升,两国政府要继续加大疫情防控力度,中日韩要有效开展联防联控工作,特别是要加强对于当前无症状感染者的管理和输入病例的控制。     

口蹄疫病毒WFL株全基因组结构及遗传变异分析

目的对FMDV WFL株全基因组进行克隆及测序,并对其基因组进行了比较分析,结果表明WFL株全长为8155nt,该毒株5’UTR长1 059nt(untranslatable region,UTR),编码区核苷酸长度为6969nt,3’UTR包括93nt非编码碱基和34nt poly(A);WFL株与HKN/2002的核苷酸及氨基酸同源性最高;WFL株的polyC长17nt,其中C碱基占94.12%,仅有一个U碱基;3A基因有10个氨基酸的缺失。     

Newcastle Disease Virus: Potential Therapeutic Application for Human and Canine Lymphoma

Research on oncolytic viruses has mostly been directed towards the treatment of solid tumors, which has yielded limited information regarding their activity in hematological cancer. It has also been directed towards the treatment of humans, yet veterinary medicine may also benefit. Several strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been used as oncolytics in vitro and in a number of in vivo experiments. We studied the cytolytic effect of NDV-MLS, a low virulence attenuated lentogenic strain, on a human large B-cell lymphoma cell line (SU-DHL-4), as well as on primary canine-derived B-cell lymphoma cells, and compared them to healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from both humans and dogs. NDV-MLS reduced cell survival in both human (42% ± 5%) and dog (34% ± 12%) lymphoma cells as compared to untreated controls. No significant effect on PBMC was seen. Cell death involved apoptosis as documented by flow-cytometry. NDV-MLS infections of malignant lymphoma tumors in vivo in dogs were confirmed by electron microscopy. Early (24 h) biodistribution of intravenous injection of 1 × 10¹² TCID₅₀ (tissue culture infective dose) in a dog with T-cell lymphoma showed viral localization only in the kidney, the salivary gland, the lung and the stomach by immunohistochemistry and/or endpoint PCR. We conclude that NDV-MLS may be a promising agent for the treatment of lymphomas. Future research is needed to elucidate the optimal therapeutic regimen and establish appropriate biosafety measures.     

上海地区2004年疑似狂犬的病毒检测分析及其应用

目的对2004年上海地区疑似狂犬进行病毒检测,分析应用于狂犬伤多人应急事件的处理。方法收集126份疑似狂犬病的犬脑标本,用ELISA法快速检测狂犬病毒抗原、小鼠感染法(MIT)分离病毒和免疫荧光法(IF)鉴定病毒型别。对疑似狂犬进行地区和时间分布调查。结果3种方法完全一致。确诊狂犬的阳性率为22.2%(28/126),鉴定为1型狂犬病毒。6-8月检出率最高,为全年的75%(21/28)。病毒检测阳性的地区进行紧急防治措施。结论狂犬病毒检测3种方法,既可快速诊断,又可获得定型的毒株。便于对狂犬地区采取应急防治措施,利于控制预防狂犬病。     

Induction of Partial Protection against Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Guinea Pigs by Neutralization with the Integrin β6-1 Subunit

The mechanism by which the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) initiates infection of cells is thought to involve the attachment of the viral capsid to host integrins on the surface of target cells. However, the role of integrins in FMDV infection still needs to be fully understood, although it has been demonstrated that integrin αvβ6 interferes with FMDV in vitro and results in neutralization of its infectivity. In the present study, we describe the cloning and sequencing of suckling mouse integrin β6 and the subsequent expression of two segments of integrin β6 extracellular domains: β6-1 (which contains the ligand-binding domain) and β6-2. Sequencing of the mouse integrin β6 subunit revealed close homology (~90%) with its human counterpart. When recombinant integrin extracellular domains β6-1 and β6-2 formulated with adjuvant were inoculated into guinea pigs, anti-integrin antibody expression was high before FMDV challenge. Interestingly, guinea pigs (50%) inoculated with integrin β6-1 were protected from FMDV infection; in contrast, none of the animals inoculated with integrin β6-2 were protected. This result indicates that an integrin blockade may be able to interfere with FMDV infection in vivo, which raises the possibility that targeting integrin in vivo may be the basis for a new strategy to control FMDV infection.     

Rapid spread of an ongoing outbreak of Zika virus disease in pregnant women in a Mexican hospital

In the first nine weeks of implementation of a Zika Virus Preparedness Plan in a Mexican Public Hospital, we cared for 221 pregnant women with any signal or symptom suggesting Zika virus infection and 99 (44.8%) patients were found to be positive for Zika virus.The median age of patients was 25.3 years (range 13–49). Symptoms in PCR-positive patients were rash (91.4%) followed by headache (53.1%), myalgia (46.9%), arthralgia (45.7%), pruritus (35.8%), retroocular pain (29.6%), conjunctivitis (21%), and fever (21%). The women's epidemiologic exposure history indicates local transmission and a community outbreak.     

Hepatitis B virus genomic heterogeneity: variation between quasispecies may confound molecular epidemiological analyses of transmission incidents

Nucleotide sequence variability studies were conducted on a 263-base pair fragment of the core-coding genomic region of hepatitis B virus (HBV), amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from three surgeons with varying circulating levels of HBV, all of whom were thought to have transmitted HBV to their patients post-surgically. DNA sequencing was applied to amplicons obtained directly from serum and those cloned into plasmid vectors, and from single HBV molecules in serum separated by a limiting dilution procedure. In one surgeon, who had a titre of ~3×10⁵ genome equivalentsml^–1, the direct sequence was identical to none of 29 other sequences and differed by one base substitution from the sequence amplified from the single patient he infected. In another surgeon, who had a titre of ~2×10⁶ genome equivalentsml^–1, the direct sequence was identical to 17 of 36 (47%) sequences; however, the sequence common to all three infected patients was identical to a unique sequence in the surgeon that differed by three base substitutions from the direct sequence. By contrast, the direct sequence in the third surgeon, who had a titre of ~4×10⁷ genome equivalentsml^–1, was identical to 25 of 38 (66%) sequences, and to the sequence common to all 11 infected patients. Assessment of HBV DNA sequences directly amplified from clinical specimens may not be appropriate to studies of transmission in which the source of infection harbours a relatively dilute, heterogenous mix of viral variants.     

成人呼吸系统疾病中呼吸道合胞病毒的监测

目的:了解呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)在成人呼吸系统疾病中的发病情况。方法:对呼吸科住院患者253例及同期健康体检者200例静脉血清用酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定RSV抗体IgM。结果:对照组阳性12例,阳性率6%;患者组阳性37例,阳性率14.6%,其中慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、肺炎与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);急性支气管炎、肺间质纤维化、结核性胸膜炎与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。本组患者秋冬季发病较多,阳性率19.5%,春夏季阳性率9.6%,二者相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:RSV是成人呼吸道感染的重要病原,可引起下呼吸道炎症(如COPD、肺炎、急性支气管炎、肺间质疾病等)的发生和反复发作,应引起重视。     

克山病患儿血清中柯萨基B_4病毒中和抗体的测定

本文对云南16例亚急克、10例慢克患儿及病区15例健康儿童的双份血清做了CoxsackieB_4病毒中和抗体效价测定。结果表明各组儿童间 CoxsackieB_4病毒新近感染率无明显差异,结果提示 CoxsackieB_4病毒与克山病发病似无明显关系。     

慢性肝病者乙型和丙型肝炎病毒重叠感染的研究

对２１３例老年慢性肝病患者的乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）和丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）血清标志物检测发现：ＨＢＶ感染占７３．２４％、ＨＢＶ和ＨＣＶ重叠感染占重叠感染点１５．４９％、ＨＣＶ感染占７．０４％、其它占４．２６％；ＨＢＶ阴性者ＨＣＶ检出率高于ＨＢＶ阳性者，肝癌和肝硬化患者较慢性肝炎患者高；ＨＢＶ和ＨＣＶ重叠感染患者的血清血蛋白下降显著，γ－球蛋白升高明显，肝硬化并腹水和上消化道出血者了多。结果表明，老