2021年7月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2021年7月全球重点传染病疫情(截至7月30日)汇总如下. 1 新型冠状病毒Delta变异毒株引发全球新一轮疫情 全球新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)每日新增病例数在2021年1月达到峰值,每日新增50万～60万例,2月以后放缓,每日新增病例数降到30万～40万例,但3月以后每日新增病例数又持续上升,4月中旬开始新增病例数猛增,以每日新增70万～80万例的速度继续上升,到5月初达到了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情(新冠疫情)发生以来新的峰值.此后逐渐下降,6月每日新增病例数保持在30万～40万例.进入7月,每日新增病例数又持续上升,达到60万～80万例,见图1.     

2021年3-4月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2021年3—4月全球重点传染病疫情(截至4月25日)汇总如下. 1 全球新冠疫情4月份反弹,印度疫情急剧恶化 2021年1月全球新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)每日新增病例数达到50万～60万例,2月以后增速放缓,每日新增病例数降到30万～40万例,但3月以后每日新增病例数又持续上升,4月中旬开始以每日新增70万～80万例的速度继续上升,达到了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情(新冠疫情)发生以来的峰值.见图1.     

2021年3—4月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2021年3—4月全球重点传染病疫情(截至4月25日)汇总如下. 1 全球新冠疫情4月份反弹,印度疫情急剧恶化 2021年1月全球新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)每日新增病例数达到50万～60万例,2月以后增速放缓,每日新增病例数降到30万～40万例,但3月以后每日新增病例数又持续上升,4月中旬开始以每日新增70万～80万例的速度继续上升,达到了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情(新冠疫情)发生以来的峰值.见图1.     

2021年5—6月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2021年5—6月全球重点传染病疫情(截至6月27日)汇总如下. 1 全球新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情持续,变异病毒导致新一波疫情 全球新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)每日新增病例数在2021年1月达到峰值,每日新增50万～60万例, 2月以后增速放缓,降至30万～40万例.但3月以后每日新增病例数又持续上升,4月中旬开始猛...     

2021年8—9月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2021年8—9月全球重点传染病疫情(截至9月30日)汇总如下. 1 全球新冠疫情趋稳,但美国疫情加剧 2021年8—9月特别是9月以来,新型冠状病毒(新冠病毒)Delta变异毒株引发的全球新一轮疫情趋于平稳,但美国疫情却再次迎来高峰,每日新增确诊病例数和死亡病例数仍居全球首位.     

2020年1—2月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2020年1-2月全球重点传染病疫情(截至2月28日)汇总如下。1中国暴发新型冠状病毒肺炎2019年12月下旬,中国湖北省武汉市出现了不明原因的群发肺炎病例,先期出现的几十例病例与华南海鲜市场有关,患者症状与SARS相似。2020年1月病例数急剧增加,疫情向全国其他省份扩散。中国政府于1月23日对武汉市进行了“封城”,同时全国居民尽最大可能居家隔离,以控制疫情扩散。经过全国上下一致努力,疫情得到明显控制,2月18日全国累计病例数达到峰值74000例(其中湖北省62000例)后,每日新增病例数逐渐下降,大多省份每日新增病例数减少为0,只有武汉市每日新增300~400例,截至2月底,全国累计报告确诊病例约79000例,治愈出院病例约39000例,累计死亡病例2837例。     

2020年3—4月全球主要疫情回顾

本刊对2020年3—4月全球重点传染病疫情(截至4月28日)汇总如下。1新冠肺炎疫情肆虐全球,全球确诊病例数破300万新冠肺炎疫情自2019年底发生后,截至2020年2月底,全球病例数约8.3万例,进入3月以后,病例数呈指数增长。从2019年底确诊首例新冠肺炎病例到全球病例数达10万,共花了67 d时间,达到第2个10万仅用了11 d,达到第3个10万用了4 d,达到第4个10万用了3 d。     

2021年全球传染病重要疫情事件回顾

2021年,新型冠状病毒肺炎继续肆虐全球,导致2.8亿人患病,520万人死亡.阿富汗和巴基斯坦野生1型脊髓灰质炎病例大幅减少,缩短了全球消灭脊髓灰质炎的进程.登革热疫情较上一年明显缓解,非洲埃博拉疫情仍有反复.一些不发达地区仍然遭受伤寒和霍乱的大规模侵害.本文对2021年重要的传染病疫情进行回顾.同时参考WHO在202...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情新常态下综合性医院的感控管理

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情爆发至今已经一年余,全球许多国家因此而损失巨大,甚至出现了经济倒退.目前世界各国新增新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊人数逐渐下降,疫情发展似乎已经转机初现,而我国的疫情已在全球率先得到控制.随着国门开放,对外交流的增加,疫情进入了新常态:输入性病例持续存在,仍有散发的本土病例,甚至还出现了隔离病区内的医务人员被...     

山西省新型冠状病毒肺炎流行特征分析

目的通过对山西省2020年1月22日至2月28日期间的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的流行特征进行描述,掌握山西省COVID-19的流行特征,为疫情防控以及复工复学提供科学依据。方法从山西省以及各地级市卫生健康委员会官网等媒介收集病例数据进行统计描述与分析。结果山西省每日新增确诊病例在2020年2月8日出现峰值(12例),之后连续下降;截至2月28日,山西省COVID-19累积发病率为0.36/10万,累计治愈出院人数比例为84.85%;女性发病率0.29/10万,男性发病率0.42/10万,差异具有统计学意义(χ^2=4.866,P<0.05);山西省累计确诊病例主要集中晋中市37例(27.82%)、运城市19例(14.29%)、太原市20例(15.04%),并且大多数确诊病例为输入性病例。结论山西省新冠肺炎病例主要为输入性病例,COVID-19疫情得到一定控制,但需要严防输入,密切关注复工复学流动人口的来源地与去向。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.