广西东部地区基本消灭疟疾后监测结果

广西东部地区原是间日疟、恶性疟混合流行区,１９５５年疟疾发病率曾高达５４４．８／万,居民平均原虫率为２１．６９％。主要传疟媒介有微小按蚊、嗜人按蚊、中华按蚊和日月潭按蚊［１］。经大力防治,疟疾发病率稳步下降,到１９９２年东部地区２６县、市全部达到部颁...     

福建省近年疟疾流行态势及防治

福建省疟疾发病率为１９８８年的０．５９／万降至１９９７年的０．０４／万，闽西北地区病例数占全省比例从６１．０８％降至１１．３８％，闽南沿海地区则从２０．３８％升至５４．４７％，随着嗜人按蚊和微小按蚊区疟疾传播得到有效控制，输入病例已占病例数的３４．１５％．当前疟疾流行特征提示，疟疾监测措施不可放松，重点要加强流行人口管理和主要传疟媒介调查。     

贵州省2001年疟疾防治及流行态势分析

目的　为了及时掌握全省疟疾流行态势，以便有针对性地指导各类疟区的防治工作。方法　根据各地疟疾监测报告和传染病报告，划分为中华、嗜人及微小按蚊流行区，并对不同地区的疟疾态势进行分析。结果　2001年全省疟疾609例，发病率1．65／10万，较2000年上升20．44％，微小按蚊疟区发病率下降，嗜人及中华按蚊疟区均不同幅度上升，嗜人按蚊疟区发病率最高，达1．06／万，中华按蚊疟区升幅最大，达27．84％。结论　疫情不稳定，波动幅度大，防治难度高，应重点防治。     

重庆市不同媒介区1997—2000年疟疾监测

重庆市位于我国西南，辖40个县(市、区)，人口约3060万，是间日疟流行区，偶有输入性恶性疟。传疟媒介有嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊。中华按蚊区20世纪70年代即控制了疟疾流行；而嗜人按蚊区疫情波动不定，80年代末采取了灭蚊为主，结合消灭传染源的综合措施，自1993年后疟疾年发病宰下降到1／万以下，取得了显著成绩。为了总结不同媒介疟区防治工作，现将重庆市1997—2000年的监测结果报告如下。     

不同媒介地区基本消灭疟疾后疟疾监测结果分析

广西１９８５～１９８９年达到部颁基本消灭疟疾标准的２６个县（市）进行５年的病原学和血清学监测。结果表明，以微小按蚊、嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊为媒介的地区，达标后５年来发热病人血检平均原虫阳性率分别为０．０２０％、０．０４１％和０．００６％。在基本消灭疟疾达标后的第５年，微小按蚊地区年带虫发病率比达标当年年带虫发病率上升１．７倍；嗜人按蚊地区（第４年）上升１．９倍；中华按蚊地区下降６７．８６％。显示以中华按蚊为媒介的地区，考核达标后５年来疟疾疫情稳定，以微小按蚊和嗜人按蚊为媒介的地区，疫情波动性较大，局部地区出现疟疾回升。     

四川省疟疾流行情况与媒介按蚊种群的关系

四川省疟疾经４０年防治，其流行发生了很大变化。它既反映了防治效果，也反映了与媒介的关系。目前９６．８％的病便分布于以嗜人按蚊为主要媒介的地区，其中５５．５％的病例又集中在嗜人按蚊在人房按蚊组成中比例较高的少数县，它仅占总县数的７．５％。结果显示疟疾流行与媒介按蚊种群有密切关系。     

广东省疟疾传播媒介的地理分布生态习性和传疟作用

-目的：研究广东省疟疾传播媒介的地理分布、生态习性和传疟作用。方法：采用按蚊密度调查方法和生态习性调查方法在广东疟疾流行区进行传疟媒介普查。结果：广东有个县（市）发现嗜人按蚊，嗜吸人血，兼吸牛血；9-10月份为密度高峰，与疟疾发病高峰相一致。全省绝大多数县发现中华按蚊、微小按蚊和日月潭按蚊的分布，三者均主吸牛血，兼吸人血。子孢子自然感染率嗜人按蚊为0.35%-0.54%，中华按蚊为0.15%-0.93%，微小按蚊为0.23%-5.94%，日月潭按蚊为0.05％。结论：在广东确认自然界有传疟作用的有嗜人按蚊、中华按蚊、微小按蚊和日月潭按蚊，其中嗜人按蚊和微小按蚊是当前广东省疟疾流行的重要媒介，中华按蚊是疟疾传播中起次要作用的媒介。     

广西疟疾防治40年成就与展望

广西是恶性疟与间日疟混合流行的疟疾高发区，发现的按蚊有微小按蚊、中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊、日月潭按蚊等３１种，经过４０年的查治，疟疾防治工作取得了很大的成绩，全区疟疾发病率从１９５４年的２９６．２２７０／万降至１９９８年的０．０７／万，年带虫发病率为０．０５／万，有７３个县、市达到基本消灭疟疾标准；１９９５～１９９８年，全区仅１９９６年在边陲山区发现１例残存恶性疟病例。     

重庆市不同媒介区1997-2000年疟疾监测

重庆市位于我国西南 ,辖 4 0个县 (市、区 ) ,人口约30 6 0万 ,是间日疟流行区 ,偶有输入性恶性疟。传疟媒介有嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊。中华按蚊区 2 0世纪 70年代即控制了疟疾流行 ;而嗜人按蚊区疫情波动不定 ,80年代末采取了灭蚊为主 ,结合消灭传染源的综合措施 ,自 1 993年后疟疾年发病率下降到 1 /万以下 ,取得了显著成绩。为了总结不同媒介疟区防治工作 ,现将重庆市 1 997-2 0 0 0年的监测结果报告如下。1　资料来源与统计方法1 .1　资料来源辖区内的有关调查和各区县疟疾防治工作年度统计报表。1 .2　统计内容与方法对疟疾年发病率和发热…     

不同媒介地区基本消灭疟疾后疟疾监测结果分析

广西１９８５～１９８９年达到部颁基本疟疾标准的２６个县（市）进行５年的病原学和血清学监测。结果表明，以微小按蚊，嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊为媒介的地区，达标后５年来发热病人血检平均原虫阳性率分别为０．０２０％，０．０４１％和０．００６％。在基本消灭疟疾达标后的第５年，微小按蚊地区年带虫发病率比达标发年年带虫发病率上升１．７倍，嗜人按蚊地区（第４年）上升１．９倍，中华按蚊地区下降６７．８６％，显示以中华按蚊     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.