经纤维支气管镜导管介入治疗多耐药性肺结核

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜导管介入对多耐药性肺结核的治疗价值。方法 对48例多耐药性肺结核经纤维支气管镜导管介入结核空洞灶内注入氧氟沙星及丁胺卡那霉素加化疗,并与单纯化疗40例进行对照研究。结果 经纤维支气管镜导管介入治疗组在疗程结束时其痰结核杆菌转阴率为91.7％,病灶显效率为95.8％、空洞闭合率为27.1％,均显著高于单纯化疗组(分别为62.5％、57.5％及10.0％)(P<0.01～0.05)。结论 经纤维支气管镜导管介入空洞病灶内注药加化疗治疗多耐药性肺结核的疗效显著优于单纯化疗者,且无并发症及明显毒副反应。     

抗痨凝胶介入治疗耐多药肺结核空洞的疗效分析

目的探讨经纤维支气管镜进行结核空洞注药治疗耐多药肺结核的临床疗效。方法在X线透视下经纤维支气管镜导管介入空洞注入抗痨凝胶,加全身化学治疗（化疗）治疗耐多药肺结核患者89例（治疗组）,并与单纯化疗的91例患者（对照组）进行对照研究。结果治疗组痰菌转阴率在治疗3个月、6个月、18个月后分别为62．92％、76．40％、88．76％,显著高于对照组的26．37％、42．86％及56．04％（两两比较,均P〈0．01）。治疗18个月后,治疗组病灶显效率（显著吸收率＋吸收率）为93．26％,空洞闭合率为41．57％,显著高于对照组的63．74％及15．38％（两两比较,均P〈0．01）。结论全身化疗加经纤维支气管镜导管介入空洞内局部注药治疗耐多药肺结核,疗效显著优于单纯全身化疗。     

纤维支气管镜导管介入治疗耐多药肺结核的疗效观察

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜导管介入对复治菌阳肺结核的治疗效果。方法：对复治菌阳肺结核１７０例随机分为治疗组８４例及对照组８６例，两组均给于常规化疗，治疗组强化期经纤维支气管镜导管介入病灶内注入抗痨药，对比观察两组疗效。结果：治疗组痰菌阴转率９０．２％，病灶显效率８６．６％，空洞闭合率３２．９％，均显著高于对照组的６０．５％、５８．０％、１３．９％（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：纤维支气管镜导管介入病灶内注药加     

经纤维支气管镜介入治疗耐多药肺结核疗效观察

目的探讨经支气管镜导管介入病灶内注药配合全身化疗治疗耐多药肺结核的疗效。方法将确诊的136例耐多药肺结核患者随机分为治疗组（64例）和对照组（72例）,均采用3VHZALP/9VHZL化疗方案治疗,治疗组经纤维支气管镜导管介入病灶内注入左氧氟沙星、丁胺卡那霉素,疗程6个月。结果治疗3个月、6个月时,治疗组痰菌阴转率为71.9%和81.3%均高于对照组的47.2%和55.6%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。治疗6个月时,治疗组X线胸片空洞闭合率、病灶缩小率均较对照组有所改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论经纤维支气管镜导管介入病灶内注药加化疗治疗耐多药肺结核,疗效显著优于单纯化疗,且无明显不良反应,并发症少。     

纤维支气管镜下气囊导管给药治疗空洞型肺结核的临床研究

目的观察经纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)气囊导管注药介入治疗空洞型肺结核的临床疗效。方法将痰找抗酸杆菌阳性临床明确诊断初治空洞型肺结核60例,分为化疗加纤支镜下气囊导管注药治疗组和化疗加支气管腔内导管注药对照组,观察两组临床疗效。结果强化期2月后痰菌阴转率、空洞病灶有效率、空洞闭合率、治疗组分别为96.9%、93.8%、68.8%,未出现继发感染和结核播散。对照组分别为65.4%、61.6%、30.8%,对照组有4例出现继发感染和2例结核播散。两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论经纤维支气管镜气囊导管注药治疗空洞型肺结核是一种有效安全的介入方法,且无明显的并发症及毒副反应,值得临床推广应用。     

纤维支气管镜介入治疗痰结核菌检查阳性的肺结核

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜介入疗法对痰结核菌检查阳性的复治肺结核的疗效。方法对痰结核菌阳性的复治肺结核患者170例随机分为甲组(纤维支气管镜介入治疗组)84例及乙组(对照组)86例,两组均行常规化疗,甲组在强化期接受纤维支气管镜介入治疗(病灶内注入抗涝药)。对比观察了两组的疗效。结果 甲组痰结核菌检查转阴率为90.2％,病灶显效率为86.6％,空洞闭合率为32.9％,均显著高于乙组的60.5％、58.0％和13.9％u均<0.01)。结论 纤维支气管镜介入疗法加化疗对痰结核菌检查阳性的复治的肺结核,其疗效优于单纯化疗。     

异福酰胺注射剂介入治疗复治耐多药肺结核强化期疗效观察

目的：观察异福酰胺注射剂介入治疗复治耐多药空洞菌阳性肺结核效果。方法：选择184例复治耐多药空洞菌阳性肺结核，随机分为两组（n=92），均采用ThKEZO或ThKEZF复治化疗方案治疗。治疗组加异福酰胺注射剂介入治疗，每周一次，每次5～10mL。结果：治疗组痰菌转阴率、空洞闭合率、病灶吸收好转率分别为93．5％，28．3％．45．7％与对照组（分别为70.7％，5．4％，17．4％）比较，差异有极显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：异福酰胺注射剂介入治疗，可明显提高复治耐多药空洞肺结核的疗效。     

耐多药肺结核经支气管镜介入治疗的研究

目的探讨经支气管镜介入配合全身化疗治疗耐多药肺结核的效果。方法经痰结核菌培养确定的复治耐多药肺结核患者随机分为2组,均采用3DZVThAk/15DVTh化疗方案治疗,治疗组同时使用支气管镜介入治疗。结果疗程结束时,治疗组和对照组痰菌阴转率(涂片与培养)、病灶显著吸收率、空洞闭合率分别为88%和52%、82%和54%、60%和28%、66%和34%,2组差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。结论经支气管镜介入治疗联合全身化疗对耐多药肺结核能促进痰菌阴转、病灶吸收、空洞闭合,疗效显著优于单纯全身化疗,值得推广。     

经纤维支气管镜给药治疗耐多药空洞型肺结核

耐多药空洞型肺结核是结核病控制工作中的一个难题，其治疗至今仍是临床上的一个棘手问题，传统的化学治疗效果不理想．我科自2002年开始经纤维支气管镜局部注入抗结核药物配合全身化疗治疗耐多药空洞型肺结核取得较好的疗效，现报道如下。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺空洞内置中心静脉导管介入治疗耐多药空洞性肺结核

目的：探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺空洞内置中心静脉导管介入治疗耐多药空洞性肺结核的临床价值。方法：将56例耐多药空洞性肺结核患者随机分为介入治疗组（28例）和单纯化疗组（28例）,均用3KmHPThZV/18PaVThZ化疗方案治疗,介入治疗组采用CT引导下经皮肺穿刺空洞内置中心静脉导管介入治疗,单纯化疗组单用抗结核药物治疗,观察疗效。结果：疗程结束时,介入治疗组痰菌阴转率（82.1%）、病灶吸收率（85.7%）、空洞闭合率（57.1%）明显高于单纯化疗组的46.4%、46.4%和21.4%（P〈0.05）。两组完成疗程时痰菌阴转者经0.5～1.0年随访,介入治疗组和单纯化疗组分别复发1例和2例,复发率分别为3.6%和7.1%,两组复发率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。介入治疗组无严重不良反应。结论：CT引导下经皮肺穿刺空洞内置中心静脉导管介入治疗耐多药空洞性肺结核具有加速痰细菌学阴转、病灶吸收和空洞闭合的作用,可促进症状改善,提高患者的生活质量。是一种安全、有效的介入方法,且无明显的并发症及毒副反应,值得临床推广应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.