2例自体游离空肠移植重建咽和颈段食管治疗晚期下咽癌围手术期护理

目的 探讨自体游离空肠移植重建咽和颈段食管治疗晚期下咽癌病人的护理方法.方法 手术前实施有效的心理护理、加强口腔护理、重视胃肠道准备;术后密切监测生命体征、保持引流管道通畅、做好胃造瘘及腹部伤口护理;及时进行有效的语言康复训练.结果 2例接受该手术的晚期喉癌、下咽癌病人术后恢复良好,手术后未出现任何并发症,住院38 d痊愈出院.结论 术前对病人进行准确的护理评估,制定切实可行的护理计划,并有重点地实施围手术期护理,可预防术后并发症的发生,能有效地促进病人的康复、提高其治愈率.     

喉癌术后并发症的影响因素及护理干预

【】：目的：分析喉癌及下咽癌术后并发症发生的相关因素及护理干预。方法：回顾本科全喉及下咽癌切除术后发生54例并发症患者的临床资料,对护理措施进行总结,提出护理干预方法。结果：叙述了喉癌术后并发症有咽瘘、肺部感染、皮下气肿、切口感染、出血、误吸;认为认真细致的术前术后观察和护理,能避免和减少喉癌术后并发症的发生,提高手术的成功率和病人的生活质量。     

下咽癌切除及胸大肌肌皮瓣重建下咽的围术期护理

目的:探讨下咽癌切除及胸大肌肌皮瓣重建下咽围手术期护理方法。方法:术前做好心理护理,有效的沟通交流;术后严密观察病情变化,做好颈部刀口的护理、气道护理、饮食护理,积极预防术后并发症的发生。结果:3例因发生咽瘘延期2周出院,29例皆刀口一期愈合,无术后并发症,平均住院24d。结论:对下咽癌切除及胸大肌肌皮瓣重建下咽的患者,有效的围手术期护理是保证手术成功和患者康复的重要措施。     

晚期下咽及颈段食管癌患者经胃管状成形术重建下咽后消化道的管理

目的探讨晚期下咽癌及颈段食管癌经胃管状成形术重建下咽后消化道的管理及应用价值。方法回顾性分析四川省肿瘤医院头颈外科2008年11月至2011年5月45例晚期下咽癌及颈段食管癌患者经胃管状成形术重建下咽后的消化道管理及恢复情况。结果45例患者无围手术期死亡,无胃坏死、血胸等严重并发症。发生颈部吻合口瘘4例,吻合口狭窄3例,无胸胃综合征及严重反流性食管炎发生,所有患者恢复吞咽功能,正常进食。结论对于晚期下咽癌及颈段食管癌患者,在经胃管状成形术重建下咽后予以规范化的消化道护理管理,可以明显减少术后消化道相关并发症的发生,从而保障患者术后良好的恢复,改善其生存质量。     

全喉全下咽全食管切除胃上提修复术的护理配合

下咽恶性肿瘤大多数为鳞状细胞癌,因早期缺乏特异性表现,确诊时患者多属晚期,病变范围广泛,甚至侵至颈段食管,因此手术切除范围大及术后组织缺损大,为修复带来困难。全喉全下咽全食管切除胃上提修复术为治疗下咽癌的重要手术方法之一,但下咽癌切除术后下咽及颈段食管缺损的一期重建是重点,这也意味手术室在手术护理配合上要相应与之配合。我院头颈外科2006—2008年7月行下咽癌全喉全下咽全食管切除胃上提修复术8例,笔者将手术护理配合要点进行总结,现报道如下。     

40例鞘内药物输注系统治疗晚期癌痛的护理

[目的]总结鞘内药物输注系统治疗晚期癌痛的护理。[方法]对40例晚期癌痛病人术前做好疼痛及用药评估、心理护理、积极的病人准备;术后做好呼吸、循环系统监护、吗啡用量的调整、输注系统的护理、药物不良反应及手术并发症的防护,出院后病人鞘内泵的自我管理教育及做好随访工作。[结果]40例病人术后疼痛控制良好,未发生严重不良反应和并发症。[结论]全面的术前及术后护理是鞘内药物输注系统治疗晚期癌痛达到满意效果的关键。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣修复下咽癌手术缺损的手术配合

[目的]总结利用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复下咽癌手术缺损的手术配合。[方法]回顾性总结了6例行下咽癌切除及胸大肌肌皮瓣转移修复的手术方法和特点,术中巡回护士有效的心理护理及合理的处理,器械护士严格执行无菌操作和无瘤技术等。[结果]术后只有1例因血供不良而发生皮瓣部分坏死,其余5例组织瓣均成活,病人的呼吸吞咽功能恢复良好,效果满意。[结论]下咽癌手术切除及胸大肌肌皮瓣转移下咽修复手术中,器械护士熟悉手术配合步骤及严格的无菌无瘤技术操作;巡回护士正确的护理,及时有效地处理问题,这样才能顺利地完成手术,促进病人的康复。     

手术治疗下咽癌56例临床护理

目的:探讨手术治疗下咽癌患者的护理方法和效果.方法:对56例下咽癌患者以恢复吞咽功能为目的进行综合护理,包括营养支持、鼻饲管护理及吞咽训练等,积极进行心理干预.结果:本组多数患者术后恢复正常吞咽功能,3例咽瘘患者及2例严重呛咳患者通过有效干预恢复了吞咽功能.结论:积极的护理可有效促进下咽癌患者术后吞咽功能的恢复.     

成组护理在游离空肠代下咽食管术病人围术期的应用

喉癌是头颈部常见的恶性肿瘤,占耳鼻咽喉外科恶性肿瘤的7.9%～35.0%,下咽癌多发生于梨状窝,浸润性强、恶性程度高,常侵及喉、食管、咽。近年来,游离空肠代下咽食管手术成为临床治疗喉癌或下咽癌首选的手术方式。手术后可能出现吻合口血栓,组织瓣坏死、咽瘘等并发症,对术后护理的要求极高。2012年6月我科将成组护理应用于2例游离空肠代下咽食管术病人的围术期护理中,取得良好效果。现报告如下。     

下咽癌术后患者吞咽障碍的影响因素分析及护理

目的：探讨下咽癌术后患者吞咽障碍的影响因素及护理对策。方法：回顾性分析2020年3月1日～2021年10月31日228例下咽癌术后患者的临床资料,以是否发生吞咽障碍为标准分为两组,将两组患者的一般情况与围术期资料纳入Logistic回归分析,分析下咽癌术后吞咽障碍的影响因素。结果：下咽癌吞咽障碍发生率为65.79%,以3～5级为主;年龄、肿瘤分期、手术方式、气管切开、术后并发症、放疗治疗与下咽癌术后吞咽障碍有相关性(P<0.05);多元回归分析显示,肿瘤分期、手术方式、年龄、放疗治疗是术后吞咽障碍的危险因素。结论：下咽癌术后吞咽障碍患者的发病率高,肿瘤分期晚、喉咽部分切除术、术后放疗是引发吞咽障碍的危险因素,应针对性加强高危人群的预防护理,注重对吞咽障碍患者的综合干预,降低吞咽障碍的发生率与严重程度。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.     

VEGF和NSE在良恶性嗜铬细胞瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨肿瘤标志物血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）在良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤组织中的表达,分析其可能的临床价值及病理学意义,为临床鉴别良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤提供辅助依据。方法应用免疫组化（SP法）检测16例恶性嗜铬细胞瘤、18例良性嗜铬细胞瘤及17例正常肾上腺髓质组织中细胞因子VEGF和NSE表达情况,显微镜下判断组织切片的染色结果。结果①恶性嗜铬细胞瘤VEGF表达明显强于正常肾上腺髓质和良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.01）。良性肿瘤和正常肾上腺髓质的VEGF表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。恶性嗜铬细胞瘤强阳性率明显高于良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.01）。②良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤NSE表达差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,良性嗜铬细胞瘤NSE的表达高于正常肾上腺髓质的NSE表达（P〈0.05）。恶性嗜铬细胞瘤强阳性率高于良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.05）。③VEGF和NSE共同阳性表达在良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤之间差异有统计学意义（P=〈0.01）。结论临床上检测VEGF和NSE可能为鉴别良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤提供辅助依据,共同检测VEGF和NSE可能提高良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤鉴别的敏感性。