外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血的CT分析

目的:提高对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血的认识水平。方法:86例外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血,每例最少复查1次以上,详细观察脑沟、脑池异常变化情况。结果:CT扫描显示局限于纵裂池积血53例;局限于部分脑沟及脑池17例;广泛性蛛网膜下腔出血,表现为大片脑沟、脑池内高密度影16例。86例中,单纯蛛网膜下腔出血仅15例,其余71例均合并有其他颅脑损伤。结论:蛛网膜下腔出血常伴有其他颅脑损伤。CT复查可诊断不典型少量蛛网膜下腔出血。     

外伤性脑梗死危险因素的临床探讨

目的探讨颅脑损伤并发性脑梗死的危险因素。方法对颅脑损伤患者86例的年龄、性别、脑挫裂伤、硬膜下血肿、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑疝等相关因素与外伤性脑梗死的关系进行回顾性分析。结果并发外伤性脑梗死8例，恢复良好5例，轻残1例，中残1例，死亡1例。结论年龄、脑挫裂伤、硬膜下血肿、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑疝是颅脑损伤并发脑梗死的危险因素。     

创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血38例分析

创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血（tSAH）是指颅脑外伤后，脑组织挫裂伤，脑皮层细小血管损伤出血，血液流入蛛网膜下腔。tSAH为神经外科常见病，可因重症脑血管痉挛（CVS）危及生命。我们总结分析2002—03／2007—12收治38例典型tSAH患者，总结报告如下。     

尼莫同术野灌洗对创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的防治

颅脑损伤常伴发创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血（tSAH）,脑血管痉挛（CVS）是蛛网膜下腔出血后致死、致残的重要原因。积极防治创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血后引起的CVS,减轻继发性脑损害,已得到广泛重视。作者自2007年11月至2009年4月,对tSAH18例患者采用尼莫同溶液术野灌洗,疗效良好,现报告如下。     

尼莫地平防治创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血早期脑血管痉挛

脑血管痉挛(CVS)是颅脑损伤合并创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血(t-SAH)继发缺血性脑梗死的主要原因[1].创伤早期用尼莫地平治疗可改善微循环,防止外伤后脑缺血,减轻神经细胞水肿,进而改善颅脑损伤.2008年7月至2010年2月,本科采用尼莫地平治疗中重型颅脑损伤合并t-SAH患者52例,以评价创伤早期应用防治脑血管痉挛药物对t-SAH的治疗作用.     

CT对迟发性颅脑损伤的诊断价值

目的：探讨CT对迟发性颅脑损伤的诊断价值，使病人得到及时诊断和治疗。方法：搜集颅脑损伤后首次CT检查阴性复查为阴性和首次CT检查阳性复查原病变扩大或出现新病变90例，前8例，后82例。结果：颅脑损伤的迟发性CT表现为脑挫裂伤、脑内血肿形成、脑肿胀、硬膜外及硬膜下血肿、蛛网膜下腔出血、弥漫性轴索损伤及外伤性脑梗塞等。结论：颅脑外伤病人经治疗后未见好转，有加重趋势或突然恶化，应考虑到迟发性病变的可能，CT复查是必要的。     

创伤性脑内血肿进展的相关影响因素分析

目的:探讨影响颅脑损伤后脑内血肿进展的相关因素。方法:回顾分析复旦大学附属金山医院2000年3月—2014年3月收治的114例颅脑损伤后出现脑挫伤及脑内血肿的患者的临床及CT影像资料,通过Logistic回归分析影响患者脑内血肿进展的相关危险因素。结果:颅脑损伤后脑内血肿进展的主要影响因素为:原发的脑内血肿量、蛛网膜下腔出血、硬膜下血肿。患者的瞳孔变化、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)、头颅CT中线偏移程度、环池是否消失与是否手术密切相关。结论:若颅脑损伤患者的头颅CT影像显示合并蛛网膜下腔出血、硬膜下血肿或者原发的脑内血肿量大,则需严密监测头颅CT。一旦出现瞳孔变化、GCS评分降低、中线偏移或者环池消失,应考虑手术治疗。     

CT检查在急性颅脑损伤诊断中的应用价值

目的:分析在急性颅脑损伤诊断中应用CT检查的临床价值。方法:选取2018年1月—2021年1月肇庆市端州区华佗医院收治的50例急性颅脑损伤患者,所选患者均进行CT检查,以手术病理诊断结果为金标准,对CT检查的诊断符合率进行分析。结果:经手术病理诊断显示,11例患者颅骨损伤、12例患者硬膜下血肿、8例患者硬膜外血肿、9例患者脑挫裂伤、10例患者蛛网膜下腔出血。在CT检查中,10例患者颅骨损伤、13例患者硬膜下血肿、8例患者硬膜外血肿、9例患者脑挫裂伤、10例患者蛛网膜下腔出血。对照手术病理诊断结果,CT检查的诊断符合率达到98.0%。分析CT影像特征,硬膜外血肿患者血肿周围有折线跨过脑膜中动脉以及骨折,损伤部位伴随梭形高密度影,且呈双凸状,且同侧脑室受压,同时伴随中线向对侧偏移,周围脑实质向外压推移改变,使得室间孔受压,造成对侧脑室扩大。在硬膜下血肿患者中CT检查显示冠状面、横断面以及矢状面上血肿颅骨内板表现为新月形高密度影,且范围比较大,并伴随脑中线移位,另外还有局部脑萎缩改变。在脑挫裂伤患者中可见低密度水肿,同时伴随明显占位效应和斑点状扩散,脑内有广泛性水肿及血肿。在蛛网膜下腔出血患...     

原发性蛛网膜下腔出血258例临床分析

颅内血管破裂 ,血液流入蛛网膜下腔 ,称蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)。SAH可分为损伤性和非损伤性两类 ,前者是指颅脑外伤引起 ,后者又称自发性 SAH,自发性又分为原发性与继发性两种 ,由各种原因引起脑底面或脑表面的血管破裂 ,血液流入蛛网膜下腔者称为原发性 SAH;因脑实质内出血血液穿破脑组织流入蛛网膜下腔者称继发性 SAH。一般所谓的蛛网膜下腔出血仅指原发性蛛网膜下腔出血。SAH是神经内科急症之一 ,病死率高 ,发病率约占急性脑血管病的 15 %左右 [1 ] ,可发生于任何年龄。我院近 10年来收治 SAH患者 2 5 8例 ,分析报道如下。1　临床…     

脑脊液置换治疗外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血的护理

蛛网膜下腔出血有原发性和继发性之分。凡脑底部或脑表面的血管破裂，血液直接流入蛛网膜下腔的，临床上称为原发性蛛网膜下腔出血。因脑实质血管破裂出血，血液经脑实质再流入蛛网膜下腔的，称为继发性蛛网膜下腔出血。因颅脑外伤所引起的，常称为外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血，归属于继发性蛛网膜下腔出血范畴。我科自2001年5月～2003年11月采用腰椎穿刺脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid，CSF)置换治疗外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage，SAH)36例，取得较好疗效。现将其护理报道如下。     

经颅彩色多普勒超声评价外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者大脑中动脉血管痉挛

目的探讨经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCS)在评价外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者大脑中动脉痉挛程度中的作用。方法对经CT确诊的外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者100例,采用TCCS观察大脑中动脉彩色血流束的走行、方向、有无局部充盈缺损和色彩混叠,频谱多普勒检测大脑中动脉收缩期峰值血流速度(VMCA)及同侧颈内动脉入颅段的血流速度(VICA),计算Lindegaard指数=VMCA/VICA。检查时间分别在脑外伤后1~3d、10d、14d,每次均测量3次取平均值。根据有无脑血管痉挛症状,分为有症状和无症状组,并对两组血流参数进行比较分析。结果外伤后3~7d蛛网膜下腔出血患者开始出现不同程度的脑血管痉挛症状,以6~10d最显著,2周以后逐渐减轻,其中外伤后10d35例符合大脑中动脉痉挛的诊断标准;有症状组VMCA和Lindgaard指数明显大于无症状组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论TCCS检测外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的大脑中动脉VMCA和Lindgaard指数可以很好地了解大脑中动脉痉挛程度。     

Trauma radiology: Part IV. Imaging of acute craniocerebral trauma

Diagnostic imaging has a key role in diagnosis and management of patients sustaining craniocerebral injuries from trauma. We review the current role of skull radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) in imaging patients sustaining craniocerebral trauma, and we describe the appearance of major forms of pathology as depicted by each modality. CT scan is used to assess quickly the extent of injury and to triage patients to observation, medical, or neurosurgical management. CT findings can be divided into primary craniocerebral injuries, including skull fractures; extraaxial hematomas (subdural and epidural); intraparenchymal injury, such as hematoma, contusion, and diffuse axonal shearing; and intraventricular or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Secondary manifestations of injury, such as cerebral edema and herniation, are also identified, and their course can be followed by serial CT. CT is crucial in assessing the outcome of surgical intervention and in identifying potential delayed complications of either head trauma or surgical intervention, including infection, delayed hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and tension pneumocephalus. In recent years, MRI has been shown to be valuable in diagnosing cerebral injury. MRI has generally been shown to have greater overall accuracy than CT in identifying and characterizing most forms of traumatic cerebral pathology, but it is less accurate at demonstrating subarachnoid hemorrhage acutely, pneumocephalus, and calvarial fractures, particularly those involving the skull base. Moreover, MRI is still more difficult to perform than CT in critically ill patients, and it is generally far more time-consuming. However, MRI is unequivocally more accurate than CT at revealing certain lesions, particularly brainstem contusion, diffuse axonal shearing, predominantly nonhemorrhagic contusions, and thin collections of blood adjacent to bone, and it should be used selectively when these injuries are suspected.     

Neurocardiogenic injury in neurovascular disorders

cardiac injury occurs frequently after stroke; and the most widely investigated form of neurocardiogenic injury is aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Echocardiography and screening for elevated troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide levels may help prognosticate and guide treatment of stroke. Cardiac catheterization is not routinely recommended in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with left ventricular dysfunction and elevated troponin. The priority should be treatment of the underlying neurologic condition, even in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiac injury that occurs after subarachnoid hemorrhage appears to be reversible. In contrast to subarachnoid hemorrhage patients, patients with ischemic stroke are more likely to have concomitant significant heart disease. For patients who develop brain death, cardiac evaluation under optimal conditions may help increase the organ donor pool.     

256例颅脑出血患者院前长距离转运效果与转运策略分析

目的:分析研究颅脑出血患者院前长距离转运的效果和危险因素,有针对性的加强救治措施,以求为急救人员转运此类患者提供指导,提高转运成功率.方法:回顾调查2016年1月-2020年12月期间256例颅脑出血患者由郊区医院长距离转运到市区三甲医院的流行病学特点和转运效果,将转运到目标医院时患者生命体征较转院前无明显改变的定为病...     

颅脑损伤患者上消化道出血临床分析

目的 探讨颅脑损伤并发上消化道出血患者的防治措施.方法 回顾分析了2000年8月至2007年5月期间收治的56例颅脑损伤并发上消化道出血患者的临床特征、治疗结果 及预后.结果 本组病例中,治愈26例,轻残8例,中残12例,重残6例,死亡4例.结论 上消化道出血是颅脑损伤的常见并发症,早期预防是治疗的关键,在治疗原发病的基础上早期采用胃肠减压、抗酸、止血剂等方法 综合治疗可有效控制上消化道出血,降低其发生率.     

Warning headache of subarachnoid hemorrhage and infarction due to vertebrobasilar artery dissection

OBJECTIVES: The authors describe the clinical features of headache in patients with vertebrobasilar artery dissection (VBAD) and emphasize the importance of recognition of warning headaches preceding subarachnoid hemorrhage. Headache in VBAD is already recognized, but the natural history and clinical features of the warning headache have not been well elucidated. METHODS: The clinical features of 30 patients with VBAD were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Of the 30 VBAD patients, 16 presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage and 14 with ischemia. Headache (without any other symptoms or signs) was detected in 70% of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and 50% of patients with infarction. The headache started acutely, was localized to the occiput or nape of the neck, was sharp and severe in intensity, and was different from any previously experienced headaches. The interval from onset of headache to diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage or infarction was 1 to 10 days. Three patients had sudden severe warning headaches without any evidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage at initial presentation and deteriorated within 24 hours due to subarachnoid hemorrhage, demonstrated later on computed tomography. Angiographic findings of patients with warning headaches were nonspecific compared with those of patients without headache. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms a high frequency of headache in patients with VBAD. Sudden severe occipital and nuchal pain, even without subarachnoid hemorrhage or any neurologic deficit, should be considered as a warning sign of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance angiography should be performed urgently for screening of patients with a warning headache to prevent resultant life-threatening major vascular events.     

重型颅脑损伤后上消化道出血的风险因素

目的 研究重型颅脑损伤后消化道出血的风险因素。方法 回顾性分析115例重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料。结果 上消化道出血54例,GCS、去脑强直、中枢性高热、血糖浓度、低血压与上消化道出血显著相关,属于风险因素。结论 在重型颅脑损伤的监护治疗中应警惕上消化道出血的可能性,尤其对伴有出血风险因素的患者。     

Headache, cardiac arrest, and intracranial hemorrhage

Headache is one of the most common manifestations of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, which is an uncommon, but not rare, cause of cardiac arrest in adults. History of a sudden headache preceding collapse may be a helpful clue to estimate the cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Medical records of witnessed OHCA patients were reviewed to identify those who complained of a sudden headache preceding collapse, and the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage among them as well as their clinical characteristics was investigated retrospectively. During the 12-month period, 124 patients who sustained a witnessed OHCA were treated. Among them, 74 (60%) collapsed without any pain complaint, and only 6 (5%) complained of a sudden headache preceding collapse. All of the six patients were resuscitated: four had a severe subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), while the other two had a massive cerebellar hemorrhage. By contrast, 39 of the 74 patients who collapsed without any pain were resuscitated. Among them, another six patients were found to harbor an SAH. Thus, a total of 12 among the 124 witnessed OHCA (10%) sustained a fatal intracranial hemorrhage. While OHCA patients who collapse complaining of a sudden headache are uncommonly seen in the emergency room, they have a high likelihood of harboring a severe intracranial hemorrhage. It should also be reminded that approximately half of patients whose cardiac arrest is due to an intracranial hemorrhage may collapse without complaining of a headache. The prognosis of those with cerebral origin of OHCA is invariably poor, although they may relatively easily be resuscitated temporarily. Focus needs to be directed to avoid sudden death from a potentially treatable cerebral lesion, and public education to promote the awareness for the symptoms of potentially lethal hemorrhagic stroke is warranted.     

Sudden death due to stroke and its management

Subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral hemorrhage are the most frequent causes of sudden death due to stroke. Brainstem hemorrhage, which is the cause of respiratory and vasomotor centers dysfunction, is frequently the direct cause of sudden death caused by stroke, and not only cerebral edema, but also secondary lethal arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, or asphyxiation by dysphagia may be indirect causes of death associated with stroke. To prevent sudden death due to stroke, management of respiratory and circulatory systems as well as treatment corresponding to the type or severity of the disease are required. In this issue, we discuss the cause, management, and prevention of sudden death due to stroke.