CT findings in renovascular injuries following abdominal trauma: a pictorial review

Emergency Radiology - Renal vascular injuries are more devastating than parenchymal injuries alone, thus account for higher injury grade and require prompt recognition. Revised AAST organ injury...     

Endophthalmitis in war and peace penetrating eye injuries

BACKGROUND/AIM: Nowadays, eye injuries are a leading cause of one-eye disease or blindness worldwide. The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze the frequency of endophthalmitis following war and peace eye injuries. METHODS: All the patients went throught the detailed ophthalmologic examinations, prophylactic antibiotic treatment, and pars plana vitrectomies (VPP), or other required surgical interventions. RESULTS: Inside the period from 1991 to 1998, 647 patients with eye injuries were hospitalized, out of which 500 with penetrating eye injuries. In the period 1999-2004, 611 patients with eye injuries, were treated, out of which 297 had penetrating eye injuries. Out of 500 patients with war penetrating eye injuries, in 286 of the cases intrabulbar foreign bodies (IFB) were detected. The signs of endophthalmitis were observed in 26 eyes (5.2%) at admission. Out of totally 297 peace penetrating eye injuries, 196 (66%) were IBF. In 25 eyes (8.4%) endophthalmitis was observed. CONCLUSION: In our study, the frequency of posttraumatic endophthalmitis following penetrating war eye injuries was relatively low, even lower than the frequency of endophthalmitis following peace eye injuries.     

肠及肠系膜钝挫伤的CT诊断

目的 探讨肠及肠系膜钝挫伤的CT表现.方法 对37例拟诊肠及肠系膜损伤的住院患者行CT扫描,在CT扫描后12 h内手术,并经手术和(或)病理证实肠及肠系膜损伤的部位及程度.术前就与肠及肠系膜损伤相关的5种CT征象双盲软读片.分别计算其诊断的灵敏度,特异度及总正确率.阅片结论与手术病理对照,采用配对四格表,运用Fisher确切概率法χ2检验.结果 本组术前综合运用主要CT征象对肠及肠系膜损伤的正确诊断率达86.5%(32/37).肠及肠系膜损伤的CT表现为肠壁增厚、腹膜腔游离气体影、肠系膜脂肪条索影、肠系膜血肿及肠壁周围积液影,其灵敏度分别为50.0%、16.7%、79.3%、23.1%和75.0%;特异度分别为85.7%、100%、40%,100%和44.4%.CT对肠及肠系膜损伤诊断与病理诊断没有显著性差异(χ2=3.2,P=0.073 6).结论 根据CT征象可在术前对肠及肠系膜钝挫伤做出较为准确的诊断.     

Small bowel perforation resulting from blunt abdominal trauma: interval change of radiological characteristics

Purpose We analyzed radiography and computed tomography (CT) findings of small bowel perforation due to blunt trauma to identify the keys to diagnosis. Materials and methods Twelve patients with surgically proven small bowel perforation were retrospectively studied. All patients underwent radiography and CT, and five underwent presurgical follow-up CT. Radiological findings were evaluated and correlated to the elapsed time from the onset of the trauma retrospectively. Results Radiography demonstrated free air in only 8% (1/12) and 25% (3/12) at the initial and follow-up examinations, respectively. In contrast, the initial and follow-up CT scans detected extraluminal air in 58% (7/12) and 92% (11/12), respectively. Mesenteric fat obliteration was seen in 58% (7/12) and 75% (9/12) at initial and follow-up CT, respectively. The incidence of both extraluminal air and mesenteric fat obliteration on CT increased as time elapsed, particularly after 8 h. High-density ascites was seen in 75% at initial CT, including two patients without extraluminal air, but was observed in all but one patient at follow-up CT. Conclusion The chance of detecting extraluminal air increases as time elapses. High-density ascites may be seen without extraluminal air and might be an indirect or precedent sign of small bowel perforation. Radiologists need to be familiar with these radiological features.     

Blunt trauma to the gastrointestinal tract: CT findings with small bowel and colon injuries

The CT diagnosis of bowel injury is difficult and warrants an organized approach. Careful scrutiny of CT images for extraluminal gas or fluid and bowel wall thickening is required. Review of images of the entire abdomen and pelvis using lung window settings is recommended, followed by the analysis using soft tissue window settings. Specific search for extraluminal fluid collections with a triangular or matted appearance will help detect bowel injury. Electronic Publication     

腹部战创伤动物模型的研究进展

战创伤是战场上参战人员受伤的主要类型,不同于单一的致伤因素,其伤情较复杂,感染率较高,预后较差。腹部战创伤在战创伤中占很大的比例,开放性损伤比例较高,多发伤和复合伤较常见,早期致死率及致残率较高,救治难度大,因此建立腹部战创伤动物模型,重现战场环境下伤员的伤情就显得尤为重要。近年来许多专家学者在相关模型的建立方面付出了很多努力,取得了很好的建模效果。     

Screening US for blunt abdominal trauma: objective predictors of false-negative findings and missed injuries

PURPOSE: To determine the risk for missed injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma and negative findings at screening ultrasonography (US) and with coexistent hematuria or fracture of the sixth through 12th ribs, lumbar spine, or pelvis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a database of 4,000 patients screened with US for blunt abdominal trauma at a level 1 trauma center, the 3,679 patients with negative US findings were retrospectively classified by consensus of two authors into high-risk (n = 494) and low-risk (n = 3,185) groups based on the presence of hypothetical predictors of missed injury: hematuria (n = 96) or fracture of the sixth through 12th ribs (n = 216), lumbar spine (n = 105), or pelvis (n = 174). Outcome in each patient was determined by the same two authors consensually after retrospective review of the trauma registry and all radiologic, surgical, and autopsy reports. The risk for missed abdominal injury was determined for each patient risk group and for each hypothetical predictor. Risks were statistically compared by using the Pearson chi2, Fisher exact, or Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test, depending on expected frequencies. RESULTS: High-risk patients were 24 times more likely to have abdominal injuries after negative US findings (30 [6.1%] of 494) than were low-risk patients (eight [0.25%] of 3,185) (P <.001). Among high-risk patients, the absolute risks for missed abdominal injury associated with specific predictors were 15.6% (15 of 96 patients) for hematuria, 6.0% (13 of 216) for lower rib fractures, 7.6% (eight of 105) for lumbar spine fractures, and 5.2% (nine of 174) for pelvic fractures. Each of these risks was significantly higher for patients in the high-risk group than for those in the low-risk group (P <.001). CONCLUSION: Hematuria and fracture of the lower ribs, lumbar spine, or pelvis are objective predictors of missed abdominal injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma and negative US findings, and such patients may benefit from additional screening with computed tomography.     

腹部穿透伤伴网膜、肠管脱出的治疗方法探讨

目的探讨腹部穿透伤网膜、肠管脱出的诊治方法。方法回顾性分析近10年来收治的86例网膜、肠管脱出且血流动力学稳定的腹部穿透伤病人的临床资料。按首次治疗方法分为3组：有剖腹指征立即行剖腹探查44例(组Ⅰ);无剖腹指征行保守治疗16例(组Ⅱ);腹腔镜诊治26例(组Ⅲ)。结果组Ⅰ发现脏器损伤36例,阴性剖腹8例;组Ⅱ保守治疗成功12例,中转剖腹4例,但其中1例为阴性剖腹;组Ⅲ腹腔镜探查阴性6例,腹腔镜手术处理损伤13例,中转剖腹7例。全组无腹内脏器损伤的比率为31．40％(27／86)。结论腹部穿透伤合并网膜、肠管脱出并不意味着腹内脏器损伤,剖腹探查会出现较高的阴性探查率,选择性保守治疗有一定的风险,采用腹腔镜处理是一种较好的诊治方法。     

Ultrasound findings in injuries of dorsal extensor hood: Correlation with MR and follow-up findings

Objective

The aim of this study was to use ultrasound to examine the dorsal hood in nine patients with a clinical suspicion of dorsal hood injuries.

Material and methods

Clinical and imaging files from interesting case logbooks of nine patients were reviewed. Ultrasound was performed by one of the three radiologists experienced in musculoskeletal ultrasound. The examinations were also performed in flexion and in flexion with resistance. MR correlation was obtained in six patients. One patient underwent surgery. To obtain anatomical correlation of the normal dorsal hood 2 embalmed hand specimens were dissected.

Results

The sagittal bands were easily depicted in the transverse plane on ultrasound images and presented as hypoechoic bands on both sides of the extensor communis tendons. Injuries of the sagittal bands were seen on ultrasound as hypoechoic thickening of the sagittal bands at the side of the extensor tendons. The normal shape of the sagittal bands was also no longer recognizable. Subluxations or dislocations of the extensor tendons were also seen. When the injuries were located in the fibrous slips between the extensor indicis and the extensor communis of the second finger, subluxations with an increased distance between these 2 tendons were seen, especially in flexion, or in flexion with resistance.

Conclusion

Ultrasound is a valuable tool for the assessment of the injuries of the dorsal hood and is an easily available method for the diagnosis of the fine soft tissue components of the dorsal hood region.     

Complete ten-year follow-up after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: survival and causes of death

Purpose

To analyze the hazard and causes of death after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of abdominal aortic aneurysms during a complete ten year follow-up.

Methods

This is a retrospective clinical study of 130 consecutive patients undergoing EVAR between 1995 and 1998. One-hundred twenty-one patients (93.1%) were treated with first-generation stentgrafts and nine patients (6.9%) received second-generation devices. All patients completed a follow-up of at least 10 years, unless death occurred before then. Time and causes of death were provided by the Austrian central register of deaths.

Results

The median follow-up was 7.6 years, and the 130 patients had 968.5 person-years of follow-up. The ten-year mortality rate was 62.3%. Cardiovascular events were the most frequent causes of death, with a 3.9 incidence rate per 100 person-years. Cancer death and death due to other causes occurred in 2.1 and 1.8 cases per 100 person-years, respectively. Lethal late aneurysm rupture happened in 4.6% (n = 6), which corresponds to an annual incidence rate of 0.6 per 100 person-years. All of those patients had been treated with first-generation devices.

Conclusions

Cardiovascular events were the most frequent cause of death after EVAR, followed by malignancy and other diseases. The risk of dying from secondary rupture was clearly lower than that of death due to other reasons during ten years after EVAR, even in patients with first-generation stentgrafts.     

严重腹部贯通伤致多发肠管损伤合并“致死三联征”模型的建立

目的建立严重腹部贯通伤致多发肠管损伤合并"致死三联征"(低体温、代谢性酸中毒、凝血功能障碍)的动物模型。方法本地雌性杂种猪6只,麻醉后行颈内动静脉置管用于监测血压、心率及补液。动物侧卧,以实验用模拟枪枪击腹部1次。枪击后经颈动脉放血20min,占总血量50%(35ml/kg)。40min后,采用生理盐水行允许性低血压复苏,维持收缩压(SBP)>80mmHg或平均动脉压(MAP)>60mmHg,模拟4h院前救治阶段。进行MAP、中心静脉压(CVP)、心率、动脉血气、凝血参数及血常规检测。取心肌、肺、小肠、肝组织行病理学检查。结果枪击后出现多发肠管损伤、穿孔(每只动物8～10处)导致腹腔污染,肠系膜损伤导致局部肠管缺血、腹腔出血,无结肠及肠系膜大血管的损伤。至模型建立完成时1只动物死亡;5只生存动物均表现为典型的创伤失血性休克,院前复苏后均出现明显的低体温(33.3±0.5℃)、酸中毒(pH 7.242±0.064)及凝血障碍(凝血酶原时间及部分凝血活酶时间明显延长),病理检查提示心肌、肺、小肠、肝均存在明显组织损伤。结论本模型成功模拟"创伤失血性休克、院前复苏、院内治疗"三个阶段,成功引入"致死三联征",并伴有腹腔污染,其稳定性好,可复制性高,可应用于相关研究。     

The role of follow-up imaging in paediatric blunt abdominal trauma

AIM: To assess the role of follow-up imaging in paediatric blunt abdominal trauma. METHOD: All children who underwent CT scanning of their abdomen at our institution following acute blunt injury between January 1997 and December 2000 were included in the study. Case notes where researched for details regarding mechanism of injury, initial clinical presentation, acute management, complications and follow-up until discharge. Reports of imaging investigations were retrieved from the RIS database. RESULTS: In the study period 75 children underwent CT scanning of their abdomen as a primary investigation for acute blunt abdominal trauma. Of these, 12 were normal, 52 showed evidence of intra-abdominal organ injury and 11 showed findings other than abdominal organ injury. Of the 52 children that sustained intra-abdominal organ injury, 48 (92 percent) were treated conservatively. 4 (8 percent) underwent emergency surgery, 3 for bowel injury and 1 for renal trauma. Of the 48 that were treated conservatively, 9 had a complicated clinical course with 7 showing complications on follow-up imaging. The remaining 39 children had an uneventful clinical course with follow-up imaging by CT or US in 34. None showed complications that required a change in management. CONCLUSION: In our series, follow-up imaging did not contribute to further management in children with an uncomplicated clinical course following blunt abdominal trauma.