螺旋CT对闭合性肾损伤的诊断价值

目的 通过探讨螺旋CT在肾损伤定位诊断与临床分级关系，明确治疗准绳。方法 对61例闭合性肾损伤患者，采用螺旋CT检查，同时结合临床治疗回顾性分析，比较CT与B超对临床分级诊断的符合率。结果 肾肿大13例，肾包膜下血肿14例，肾挫裂伤21例，肾撕裂伤和尿外渗9例，肾粉碎伤3例，肾蒂伤1例。CT分期，Ⅰ期11例；Ⅱ期13例；Ⅲ期25例；Ⅳ期8例；Ⅴ期4例。手术探查15例，其中肾切除4例。CT与B超对临床分级诊断参数比较存在明显差异性P〈0．01。结论 螺旋CT增强延时及三维重建技术能准确对Ⅳ、Ⅴ级肾损伤诊断，正确指导临床减少Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级肾损伤不必要探查，避免对Ⅳ、Ⅴ型肾损伤盲目的保守，使保留肾单位的治疗赢得时间。     

多层螺旋CT增强扫描对肾损伤的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）增强扫描在肾损伤中的诊断价值。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年12月间我院收治116例肾损伤患者的MSCT扫描和超声检查资料,其中增强扫描92例,延迟期扫描41例,比较二者在肾损伤临床分级诊断的符合率。 结果根据美国创伤外科协会肾损伤分级标准,对所有患者进行明确诊断和分级,本组116例患者中Ⅰ级26例,Ⅱ级27例,Ⅲ级39例,Ⅳ级14例,Ⅴ级10例;MSCT对Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级闭合性肾损伤的分级诊断符合率分别为88.5%、88.9%、89.7%、92.8%、100.0%,显著高于超声的诊断符合率80.7%、81.5%、84.6%、85.7%、90%,二者比较差异具有统计意义（P<0.05）。MSCT平扫有1例考虑右肾损伤行探查发现肾脏完整,而增强扫描与手术结果符合率100%。 结论MSCT增强扫描能快速明确患者肾损伤的程度及合并伤情况,对肾损伤诊断和分级具有重要临床指导价值。     

重度肾挫裂伤合并其他脏器伤的诊断治疗

目的探讨重度肾挫裂伤合并腹腔内其他脏器损伤的诊断和治疗方法。方法对本院收治的重度肾挫裂伤患者58例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者均经B超、CT、静脉尿路造影检查,其中闭合性肾损伤46例,开放性肾损伤12例,Ⅲ级肾损伤14例,Ⅳ级肾损伤32例,Ⅴ级12例。所有患者均合并其他脏器损伤,其中肝脏损伤12例,脾脏损伤18例,胃破裂3例,肺挫伤10例,颅骨损伤8例,骨盆骨折8例,脊柱骨折8例,小肠破裂1例,膈肌裂伤1例。Ⅲ级11例采取保守治疗,3例手术探查,行肾修补术,Ⅳ～Ⅴ级中3例保守治疗,16例肾修补术,17例肾修补术＋肾部分切除术,5例肾切除术,其中2例肾切除术后完成脾切除,合并骨折病例由骨科医生处理,颅骨损伤由脑外科和内科处理。结果 58例患者经B超、CT、静脉尿路造影和检查诊断阳性率为91.4%、96.6%、70.7%,诊断阳性率差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;57例患者经治疗均痊愈出院,1例死亡。结论肾挫裂伤是泌尿外科常见损伤,B超诊断具有快速、简单、无损伤、阳性率高等特点,是肾损伤的首选检查方法,正确评估肾损伤程度选择合理的治疗方案、合理保肾是治疗重度肾挫伤合并其他脏器损伤的关键。     

单纯闭合性肾损伤伴血性腹水的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨单纯闭合性肾操作伴有血性腹水时的最佳治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析16例单纯闭合性肾损伤伴血性腹水的诊断资料。结果 16例患中Ⅱ级肾损伤3例，Ⅲ级肾损伤8例，Ⅳ级肾损伤1例，V级肾损伤2例。入院诊断10例考虑合并有腹腔内脏器损伤，1例诊断为肝破裂。非手术治疗5例，均获成功。其中保守治疗2例，超选择性肾动脉栓塞术3例。开放手术11例。其中肾修补术6例，肾切除术5例，失肾率为45.5%。结论 肾损伤引起血性腹水时，会给临床判断有无腹腔内脏器合并伤带来困难。非开放手术治疗为首选治疗方法，手术探查应在积极保守治疗后生命体征仍不稳定的情况下进行，手术探查指征的放宽会造成较高肾切除率。     

中重度肾损伤的诊治体会

目的 探讨中重度肾损伤的诊断和治疗。方法 回顾分析1980年至2000年116例肾损伤中的21例中重度肾损伤的病例资料。结果 21例中重度肾损伤者,根据B超、CT及手术探查结果,肾裂伤14例,肾碎裂伤6例、肾蒂伤1例。保守治疗11例(延迟手术2例),手术探查8例(肾切除4例,切肾率19.04％)。死亡2例,死亡率9.52％。结论 B超和CT是诊断肾损伤和判断肾损伤程度的重要依据。大多数的中度肾损伤可保守治疗,但应严密观察,肾碎裂伤及肾蒂伤者应紧急手术探查,手术中应尽早控制肾蒂。     

CT检查在外伤性脾破裂诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨CT扫描对脾破裂诊断与治疗临床价值。方法回顾分析我院1998～2008年收治83例经CT和B超检查的外伤性脾破裂的临床资料。结果根据CT表现进行脾损伤分成四级：Ⅰ级,包膜下积血9例;Ⅱ级,脾外周撕裂23例;Ⅲ级,脾实质撕裂29例;Ⅳ级,粉碎性脾12例,其中Ⅰ级和部分Ⅱ级病例行保守治疗22例．部分Ⅱ级及Ⅲ级以上行手术治疗61例．均治愈出院。术前CT扫描诊断符合率93．5％,B超诊断符合率82．0％：CT扫描发现8种合并伤共29例,B超发现3种合并伤7例。结论CT检查可对外伤性脾破裂进行正确的诊断,并对脾破裂治疗方法的选择具有指导意义．是外伤性脾破裂最重要的检查方法之一。     

肾癌术前分级应用CT检查评估的临床价值分析

目的探讨肾细胞癌术前分级采用多层螺旋CT检查评估的价值。方法回顾性分析2018年8月至2019年9月经手术组织病理等检查证实为肾细胞癌的88例临床资料,所有患者均行多层螺旋CT扫描检查,将多层螺旋CT检查结果与病理检查结果进行比较。结果 88例肾细胞癌患者中,其中Ⅰ期为41例、Ⅱ期为14例、Ⅲa期为11例、Ⅲb期为10例、Ⅲc期为6例、Ⅳa期为4例、Ⅳb期为2例;与手术组织病理学检查相比较,多层螺旋CT术前检查评估准确率为86.36%(76/88)。结论肾细胞癌术前分级采用多层螺旋CT检查评估可较好的评价患者肾血管累及范围,具有较高应用价值,但多层螺旋CT在肾周脂肪浸润的显示和预测价值不理想。     

肾损伤的诊断与治疗(附99例报告)

目的 探讨总结99例肾损伤的诊断及治疗方法.方法 本组均行B超、静脉肾盂造影(IVP)、CT和数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,阳性率分别为92.7%,69.6%,92.9%和78.6%;非手术治愈73例;手术治愈26例,其中肾切除13例,肾修补术5例,肾静脉修补术2例,肾部分切除2例,肾动脉栓塞术4例.结果 死亡1例(1%),98例痊愈出院(98.9%).结论 CT检查准确率高,可判断肾损伤程度.B超检查无创无害、简便快速等优点,可以作为肾损伤的首选检查方法.DSA检查适宜诊断肾蒂伤,及进行肾动脉栓塞治疗.超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾挫伤安全有效,对严重肾损伤和开放性肾损伤应及时手术探查.     

CT扫描对重型闭合性肾损伤治疗的指导价值

目的:评估CT扫描对肾损伤治疗的指导价值。方法:对7例重型闭合性肾损伤病例,CT扫描均提示严重肾破裂伤(Ⅲ～Ⅴ级)。5例行保守治疗;1例出现无法控制的出血性休克行肾切除;另1例系多脏器损伤,予手术探查并肾切除。结果:CT对肾损伤的检出率100%,5例保守治疗患者均治愈,无肾源性高血压、肾积水等并发症发生。手术切除患肾的患者术后恢复良好,无肾功能不全发生。结论:CT是肾损伤首选的影像学检查方法,其提示肾损伤严重程度精确度高,可为选择治疗方法提供有价值的参考。     

肾锐器贯通伤的特点及治疗(附28例报告)

目的　提高肾锐器贯通伤的治疗效果。　方法　对 2 8例肾锐器贯通伤患者进行回顾分析 ,比较不同方法治疗结果。 2 8例均为男性 ,平均年龄 31岁。　结果　 6例Ⅱ级损伤者经非手术治疗后痊愈 ,7例Ⅲ级损伤者分别经修补 (5例 )及栓塞 (2例 )治疗 ,伤肾保留。 12例Ⅳ级肾损伤中 6例经栓塞成功 ,6例行探查者中 2例修补成功 ,4例行伤肾切除。 3例Ⅴ级损伤者中 1例死亡 ,2例行伤肾切除。随访 8～ 2 5个月 ,6例保守治疗者 ,伤肾结构及功能已基本恢复正常。 7例修补及 8例栓塞者 ,伤肾损伤局部结构模糊及功能受损 ,非损伤区域肾组织结构及功能正常。 6例伤肾切除者 ,对侧肾功能正常。无继发出血者。 1例行修补术者 7个月时出现肾性高血压。　结论　肾锐器贯通伤可直接损伤较大的血管和集合系统 ,治疗时应充分了解血管损伤部位及程度。介入技术对Ⅲ～Ⅳ级贯通伤治疗有效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.