河南省驻马店市“艾滋病病毒单阳”家庭阴性配偶4种性病相关病毒感染调查

目的了解河南省驻马店市艾滋病病毒（HIV）单阳家庭阴性配偶HIV、病毒性乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）、病毒性丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）及梅毒感染现状及合并感染现状。 方法采用普查方法,对河南省驻马店市HIV单阳家庭阴性配偶进行血清流行病学调查,采集阴性配偶的血标本,检测其HIV、HBV、HCV及梅毒感染状况。结果本次调查共采集HIV单阳家庭中HIV抗体阴性配偶血样3619份,经检测HIV抗体阳性49例,HIV感染率为1.35%,抗-HCV感染率为31.20%,且随着年龄的增加而逐步升高（趋势2=-3.78,P0.01）、梅毒感染率为0.17%,但女性感染率高于男性（2=0.0061,P0.01）、乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）感染率为5.40%、乙肝大三阳［HBsAg、乙肝病毒e抗原(HBeAg)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)］阳性率为0.77%,乙肝小三阳（HBsAg、抗-Hbe、抗-HBc）阳性率为2.93%。HBsAg/HCV合并感染率最高为1.22%。HIV阳性者中,合并感染人数占的63.27%。结论驻马店市HIV单阳家庭阴性配偶的HIV感染率较高,已成为HIV感染的高危人群之一,4种传染病存在混合感染现象,建议加强对该人群的随访,定期检测HIV、HBV、HCV及梅毒,以控制4种传染病家庭内经性传播。     

中国五地区远洋船员艾滋病病毒感染情况调查

目的了解中国五地区远洋船员艾滋病病毒（HIV）的感染情况。 方法2008年4-7月对中国五地区远洋船员进行问卷调查，并采血进行HIV抗体检测。 结果共有2393人接受调查并进行检测，未检出HIV抗体阳性。77.9%的调查对象年龄集中在21～45岁之间，有69.4%的调查对象文化程度为中学/中专。0.96%（23人）的调查对象与非固定性伴发生过性行为，其中只有57.1%（12人）的人每次性行为都使用安全套。调查对象获得艾滋病相关知识的途径主要为电视和报刊书籍等。 结论尽管本次调查没有检出HIV抗体阳性，但是鉴于该人群职业的特殊性，暴露HIV感染的机会高于一般人群，因此不应忽视对该类人群的HIV监测和预防性干预工作。     

上海市HIV感染MSM人群艾滋病知识知晓率及性行为现状

目的 了解HIV感染的男男同性性行为人群艾滋病知识知晓率、安全性行为现状以及知识知晓率与性行为之间的关系,为提高该人群的安全性行为干预方式的构建提供科学依据。 方法 采用方便抽样的方法对在上海某医院随访的HIV感染的男男性行为人群进行问卷调查,分析艾滋病知识知晓率的影响因素以及安全性行为与艾滋病性病知识知晓率的关系。 结果 HIV感染MSM人群的艾滋病知识知晓率普遍较高,且与其文化程度和收入相关（p<0.05）,与其它如年龄、婚姻状况、确诊时间等因素不相关（p>0.05）。HIV感染的MSM人群虽然艾滋病知识知晓率较高,但其安全性行为比例较低。 结论 HIV感染MSM人群存在艾滋病知识与安全性行为知行分离现象,需加强网络宣传教育、哨点监测力度,以及采取如同伴干预和提倡使用暴露前预防等多种形式的干预措施,提高男男性行为人群艾滋病知识知晓率,促进其安全性行为,降低艾滋病的传播与流行。     

105名性服务小姐艾滋病相关知识、行为及艾滋病、梅毒感染状况调查

目的　了解北京市大兴区性服务小姐艾滋病知识、 相关行为及艾滋病、 梅毒的感染情况。方法　对娱乐场所的性服务小姐进行一对一匿名调查，并采血进行艾滋病、梅毒检测。结果　105名性服务小姐大多数为未婚，文化程度比较低，对艾滋病的预防及传播途径有一定了解，但蚊虫叮咬能否传播艾滋病回答正确率很低（36.19%），而且安全套使用率不高。检出HIV抗体阳性1例，阳性率0.95%；梅毒RPR阳性3例，阳性率2.86%。结论　大兴区性服务小姐人群中艾滋病、梅毒感染率较低，对该人群加强宣传教育和加大预防干预力度，是控制艾滋病蔓延和流行的重要措施。     

静脉吸毒人群性病艾滋病血清学检测分析

目的了解静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒感染现状,为预防控制提供科学依据。方法艾滋病患者检测用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）,梅毒患者检测用快速血浆反应素环状卡片（RPR）试验,分别进行HIV、梅毒血清学检测。结果静脉吸毒人群艾滋病感染率为3.42%,年龄主要集中在30～39岁组,感染率为5.67%;梅毒检出率为5.02%,以40岁以上年龄组为高,为6.78%。男、女性静脉吸毒者感染HIV、梅毒感染率差异无统计意义。结论开展高危人群性病艾滋病血清学检测,利于及时发现传染源、控制传染源,以降低其传播与流行。     

浙江省景宁县城区暗娼艾滋病相关知识与行为调查分

目的了解浙江省景宁县暗娼(FSW)性病艾滋病(AIDS)知识知晓情况和艾滋病相关的行为状况,为在社区开展FSW高危行为干预工作提供经验。方法2005年11月对景宁县城区娱乐场所的FSW进行问卷调查。结果共调查102名FSW,艾滋病知识的知晓率为59.92%,传播途径知晓率为64.88%,性行为过去3个月每次使用安全套的占43.10%。结论对AIDS相关知识知晓率偏低,高危行为仍较普遍,应加强对此人群的AIDS知识宣传和行为干预,推广安全套使用,防止艾滋病病毒通过性乱人群向一般人群蔓延。     

杭州市娱乐场所暗娼性病/艾滋病认知水平、行为特征及感染状况调查

目的　了解暗娼人群性传播疾病（STD）/艾滋病（AIDS）防治知识水平、行为特征和STD/AIDS感染状况， 为在该人群中开展针对性的干预工作提供依据。 方法　在知情同意后对杭州市区257名暗娼进行面对面问卷调查，对267名暗娼采集血样进行艾滋病病毒（HIV）抗体、梅毒抗体、乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙型病毒性肝炎（丙肝）病毒（HCV）抗体检测。所有资料经Epi Data 2.0软件录入，用SPSS 10.0软件进行统计分析。 结果　257名暗娼以未婚低龄为主，20～30岁占86.4%，文化程度普遍偏低。仅13.2%的暗娼完全知晓艾滋病传播途径和预防方法；在最近1周平均接待10位客人，仅25.8%的暗娼在最近1个月每次与客人发生性行为均使用了安全套，36.1%的暗娼自述在最近1年出现过性病相关症状，且其中79.3%自己买药治疗。267名接受采血的暗娼中未发现HIV抗体阳性者，梅毒抗体阳性率为2.6%，HBsAg阳性率为5.6%，丙肝抗体阳性率为0.8%。 结论　针对暗娼人群加强宣传教育、推广安全套使用以及规范性病诊疗转介服务是预防和控制性病/艾滋病在这一人群中流行和蔓延的重要措施。     

中山市吸毒人群艾滋病、梅毒感染情况及相关知识和行为调查

目的了解中山市吸毒人群HIV和梅毒感染状况及其相关知识与行为。方法1999～2003年对该市戒毒的11759名吸毒人员进行HIV和梅毒抗体的检测,并对其中2047名吸毒人员采用面对面访问,了解其相关知识知晓率及高危行为。结果检出抗-HIV阳性574例,感染率为4.88%,梅毒抗体阳性683例,感染率为5.81%,同时感染HIV和梅毒16例,感染率为0.14%。艾滋病相关知识知晓率为48.27%～79.04%;采用静脉吸毒占55.30%,共用针具率为58.07%;入所前半年内曾有非婚性行为占18.20%,最末一次性行为使用安全套占51.47%,没有使用安全套占48.53%。结论中山市吸毒人群HIV和梅毒感染属低流行,但流行的危险因素隐患大,特别警惕HIV、梅毒从吸毒者向暗娼或嫖客到家庭成员传播,需进一步加强综合性干预措施。     

护生实习前艾滋病感染认知程度调查分析

艾滋病（acquired immunodeficiency syndrome，AIDS）作为一种严重危害人类健康和影响社会发展的疾病，目前尚无治愈的特效手段和有效的预防疫苗，在我国的流行趋势已处地球于快速增长期。目前我国艾滋病病毒感染者约为100万人，79％人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者为20岁～40岁的人群，我国存在着HIV感染医源性传播的危险因素。即将实习的护生如对艾滋病感染危险性认识不够，缺少危机意识和社会责任感，不利于树立牢固的AIDS防治观念。为此，笔者对232名即将实习的护生进行艾滋病感染危险性匿名问卷调查。现将结果报告如下。     

浙江省温州市鹿城区女性性服务者艾滋病认知及高危行为特征调查分析

目的了解浙江省温州市鹿城区娱乐场所女性性服务者艾滋病（AIDS）相关知识水平、行为学特征及艾滋病病毒（HIV）抗体、乙肝病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）、梅毒感染状况。方法2008年对温州市鹿城区娱乐场所女性性服务者进行匿名问卷调查和血清标本采集,收集目标人群的人口学资料、艾滋病相关知识、安全套使用、求医行为等相关信息。结果403名调查对象未婚者占55.09%,平均年龄（23.2±4.2）岁,20～30岁年龄段占70.47%,初中及以下文化程度者占63.03%。艾滋病相关知识平均知晓率为76.83%。首次性行为年龄（20.3±2.5）岁,最近1周平均客人数2.8人,最近1个月与客人发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的比例为59.31%,与固定性伴安全套每次使用率为30.28%。检出HIV抗体阳性1例,阳性率为0.25%;梅毒抗体阳性6例,阳性率为1.49%;HBsAg阳性26例,阳性率为6.45%。结论娱乐场所女性性服务者对艾滋病知识掌握不全面,感染和传播HIV的危险行为有多性伴、性交频次多、无保护性性行为等,需要深入持久地采取综合干预措施,才能有效控制艾滋病性病在这一人群中传播和蔓延。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COPING STRATEGIES AND DEPRESSION AMONG EMPLOYED KOREAN IMMIGRANT WIVES

Coping strategies, such as working harder and negotiation, may have an effect on depression for employed Korean immigrant wives. Additionally, income and education have been associated with depression in previous research. A cross-sectional survey research design was used to explore which coping strategies and demographic variables were significantly related to depression for employed Korean immigrant wives. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that coping strategies and demographic variables accounted for 24% of the variance in depression. Specifically, as wives worked harder cleaning the house, their depression increased, whereas when they negotiated with their husbands, they were less likely to be depressed. To enhance negotiation among Korean wives, mental health nurses need to work within the community to foster the development of cultural and traditional norms that sanction negotiation between husbands and wives.     

Relationship between coping strategies and depression among employed Korean immigrant wives

Coping strategies, such as working harder and negotiation, may have an effect on depression for employed Korean immigrant wives. Additionally, income and education have been associated with depression in previous research. A cross-sectional survey research design was used to explore which coping strategies and demographic variables were significantly related to depression for employed Korean immigrant wives. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that coping strategies and demographic variables accounted for 24% of the variance in depression. Specifically, as wives worked harder cleaning the house, their depression increased, whereas when they negotiated with their husbands, they were less likely to be depressed. To enhance negotiation among Korean wives, mental health nurses need to work within the community to foster the development of cultural and traditional norms that sanction negotiation between husbands and wives.     

Care at school: health care needs and coping strategies among children whose mothers are foreign wives

Families formed as a result of a marriage involving an immigrant are a new phenomenon in Taiwan. School children whose mothers are foreign wives are increasing. Because of differences in lifestyle and culture, and because of stereotyping, such families are vulnerable and prone to experiencing unequal treatment. How will they fare when their children start elementary school? This article explores the physical and psychosocial health needs and health care utilization of school-aged children whose mothers are foreign wives. It also explores factors which might arise in the case of these children because of social inequality. The authors emphasize the importance of school health and raise suggestions for school nurses. Such nurses should provide health promotion programs to promote the health of children whose mothers are foreign wives. This will enable these children to grow up happily and healthily, and develop into healthy, well-educated adults with a positive attitude and good health-related behavior.     

Perceived Needs of Wives of Stroke Patients

The purpose of the study described in this article was to determine the difference between the importance that wives of hospitalized stroke patients attached to their own needs and the degree to which they felt those needs were met by members of the nursing staff. Fourteen wives whose husbands had survived an initial stroke completed the Stroke Family Inventory, a 27-item self-administered questionnaire, and participated in a structured private interview to further explore the impact of the stroke on their lives. The wives were asked to reflect on their needs as perceived during the acute stage (the first 2 weeks) of the stroke. Of the 27 needs identified by the wives, four were perceived to be most important. These were (a) a wife's need to know what she could do to assist with her husband's care, (b) a need to be included in discharge planning for her husband, (c) a need to know that nursing personnel cared about her husband, and (d) a need to know what kind of activities her husband was able and/or would be able to do. Results showed that the wives perceived that 18 (66%) of the 27 needs were not met very well by hospital nursing staffs.     

Impact of a husband's chronic illness (COPD) on the spouse's life

This study was conducted to determine the impact of a husband's chronic illness on the spouse's life. The sample was 76 married women, 46 whose husbands had a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 30 whose husbands did not have a chronic illness. On a mailed questionnaire wives of COPD patients reported higher subjective stress (p = .032) and lower life satisfaction (p = .006) than the wives whose husbands did not have a chronic illness. The COPD wives assumed more new roles and responsibilities, relinquished more social activities, rated their health lower, and reported less frequent marital relations. Implications for future research are addressed.     

Support of wives of myocardial infarction patients

Seventy-six wives of patients suffering a first myocardial infarction were studied by questionnaire 6 weeks after their husbands went home. Despite the routine provision of support and information to spouses during their husband's stay in hospital, a high proportion reported physical and emotional symptoms of stress. The majority of wives felt they were poorly informed about myocardial infarction, had not had enough opportunity to ask the experts questions, and had received most support from relatives. The reasons for these findings are discussed and suggestions for early and systematic nursing intervention are made in an attempt to reduce stress and prevent the development of unhealthy patterns of behaviour.     

Concordance of Couples' Prostate Cancer Screening Recommendations from a Decision Analysis

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether different utilities for prostate cancer screening outcomes for couples, and husbands and wives separately, lead to incongruent screening recommendations. METHODS: We evaluated survey results of 168 married couples from three family practice centers in Texas, USA. Utilities for eight adverse outcomes of prostate cancer screening and treatment were assessed using the time trade-off method. We assessed utilities separately for each partner and jointly for each couple. Using a previously published decision-analytic model of prostate cancer screening, we input the husband's age (starting point) and utilities for outcomes from the husband's, wife's, and couple's perspectives (to adjust for quality of life). Both group-level and individualized models were run. We also asked husbands (and wives) if they intended to be screened (or have their husbands screened) for prostate cancer in the future. RESULTS: Husbands' lower tolerance for adverse outcomes (lower utilities) was associated with lower quality-adjusted life expectancy (than their wives) for the choice of screening versus not screening. Depending on the perspective, 48 husbands (28.6%), 89 wives (53.0%), and 58 couples (34.5%) preferred screening in the individual decision-analytic models. Comparing the three perspectives, agreement in model recommendations was greatest between the husbands and the couples (82.1%), intermediate between the wives and couples (63.7%), and lowest between the husbands and wives (55.4%). Using group-aggregated utilities in the decision-analytic model tended to mask the variation in recommended strategies amongst individuals. There was no relationship between screening preferences from the model and the husbands' and wives' reported desire for screening, as the majority of subjects wanted screening. CONCLUSIONS: Discordant health preferences may yield conflicting recommendations for prostate cancer screening. The results have broad implications for informed healthcare decision making for couples.     

Domestic violence in the Arab American population: transforming environmental conditions through community education

The purpose of this research was to assess and provide community interventions for victims of domestic violence in the Arab American immigrant population in a large midwestern city of the United States. The theoretical framework of critical social theory provided the context for the research. A survey tool for assessing domestic violence was administered in the homes of 202 Arab American immigrants, followed by open discussion with the Arabic data collector. Findings from the research were used to develop and implement specific community education programs and clinic resources for the local immigrant population.     

Induced abortion and contraception use: Among immigrant and Canadian-born women in Calgary,Alta

Objective

To determine what proportion of women seeking induced abortion in the Calgary census metropolitan area were immigrants.

Design

For 2 months, eligible women were asked to complete a questionnaire. Women who refused were asked to provide their country of birth (COB) to assess for selection bias.

Setting

Two abortion clinics in Calgary, Alta.

Participants

Women presenting at or less than 15 weeks’ gestational age for induced abortion for maternal indications.

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome was the proportion of women seeking induced abortion services who were immigrants. Secondary outcomes compared socioeconomic characteristics and contraception use between immigrant and Canadian-born women.

Results

A total of 752 women either completed a questionnaire (78.6%) or provided their COB (21.4%). Overall, 28.9% of women living in the Calgary census metropolitan area who completed the questionnaire were immigrants, less than the 31.2% background proportion of immigrant women of childbearing age. However, 46.0% of women who provided only COB were immigrants. When these data were combined, 34.2% of women presenting for induced abortion identified as immigrant, a proportion not significantly different from the background proportion (P = .127). Immigrant women presenting for induced abortion tended to be older, more educated, married with children, and have increased parity. They were similar to Canadian-born women in number of previous abortions, income status, and employment status.

Conclusion

This study suggests that immigrant women in Calgary are not presenting for induced abortion in disproportionately higher numbers, which differs from existing European literature. This is likely owing to differing socioeconomic characteristics among the immigrant women in our study from what have been previously described in the literature (typically lower socioeconomic status). Much still needs to be explored with regard to factors influencing the use of abortion services by immigrant women.     

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE ARAB AMERICAN POPULATION: TRANSFORMING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THROUGH COMMUNITY EDUCATION

The purpose of this research was to assess and provide community interventions for victims of domestic violence in the Arab American immigrant population in a large midwestern city of the United States. The theoretical framework of critical social theory provided the context for the research. A survey tool for assessing domestic violence was administered in the homes of 202 Arab American immigrants, followed by open discussion with the Arabic data collector. Findings from the research were used to develop and implement specific community education programs and clinic resources for the local immigrant population.