飞行学员肾下垂两年跟踪随访研究

目的 观察飞行学员肾下垂随时间的变化情况,为招飞体检时肾下垂医学鉴定标准掌握提供参考. 方法 对招飞体检时肋下可触及肾脏的86名飞行学员(观察组)和随机选择的肋下未触及肾脏的51名学员(对照组)进行跟踪随访,并将观察组按照立位深吸气时是否肋缘下可触及右肾一半以上进一步分为肾下移组(63名)和肾下垂组(23名),观察其在基础学习训练期间的健康状况,两年后复查肾脏触诊和超声检查肾脏位置变化情况,以及有无运动后血尿,对检查结果 进行对比分析. 结果 经过两年学习训练,观察组飞行学员体重增加.超声测量右肾脏下极距右髂后上嵴距离显示:对照组学员肾脏位置无明显变化[(6.0±0.7)cm比(5.9±1.0)cm,t=0.668,P＞0.05],肾下移组肾脏位置有所下降[(5.3±1.0)cm比(5.6±0.7)cm,t=2.961,P＜0.01],肾下垂组肾脏位置下降更明显[(3.9±0.6)cm比(5.3±0.4)cm,t=10.451,P＜0.01].肾下垂组有2名飞行学员出现劳累后腰酸、腰痛等临床症状. 结论 通过两年航空大学常规基础体能训练,肾下移和肾下垂飞行学员肾脏位置没有改善,反而进一步下移,建议招飞体检时应进一步重视肾下垂的检查和医学鉴定,必要时结合超声检查进行评定. Abstract： Objective To observe the change of nephroptosis with time in flying cadets and provide references to the evaluation standard of diagnosing nephroptosis in selection of flying cadets.Methods Follow up was taken both for 86 flying cadets with different degree of nephroptosis (observation group) and 51 randomly selected cadets without nephroptosis (control group). The observation group was further divided into kidney descending group ((53 cadets) and nephroptosis group (23 cadets) according to if the half or more kidney could be touched by palpation when cadet was in standing position and holding deep breath. Two years later, kidney palpation and ultrasonic examination were performed again to check the position of kidney and their urine was tested after 3000 m running for inspecting occult blood. All data were compared and analyzed. Results Cadets in observation group showed increased body mass index in two years. The distance between anus perineum of right kidney and right posterior superior iliac spine depended by ultrasound examination was decreased significantly both in kidney descending group [(5. 3 ± 1.0) cm compared to (5. 6 ±0.7) cm, t=2.961, P＜0. 01] and nephroptosis group [(3.9±0.6) cm compared to (5.3±0.4) cm,t=10. 451, P＜0.01] but in control group [(6.0±0.7) cm compared to (5.9±1.0) cm, t=0. 668,P＞0.05]. Two cadets in kidney descending group had a complaint of waist soreness and lumbago after exertion. Conclusions Flying cadets' nephroptosis has not been ameliorated and even more serious in two years of routine exercise in aviation university. The nephroptosis should be paid more attention in selection of flying cadets and diagnosis may be conducted with ultrasonic examination if necessary.     

重型颅脑创伤后脑疝伴失血性休克救治策略

Objective To explore emergency treatment strategies for the patients with brain hernia combined with hemorrhagic shock after severe traumatic brain injury and their effect on prognosis.Methods A retrospective analysis was made on 54 patients (study group) with brain hernia combined with hemorrhagic shock treated with selective treatment strategies from May 2006 to May 2009. Another 48 patients with the same injuries treated with no selective treatment strategies from April 2003 to April 2006 were used as control group. The mortality within one week and the GOS six months after injury were compared in two groups. Results There was no statistical difference in aspects of sex, age, injury mechanism, GCS and blood loss in both groups (P＞0.05). Thirteen patients died in the study group within the first week, with mortality rate of 24.1%. While 16 patients died in the control group at the first week, with mortality rate of 33.3% (P＜0.05). GOS half year after injury in the study group was better than that in the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Early selective treatment strategy based on degree of shock may obtain better outcome for patients with brain hernia combined with hemorrhagic shock after severe brain injury.     

空军飞行员角膜内皮细胞的初步分析

Objegtive To preliminarily study the endothelial density baseline and the morphological characteristics of the corneal endothelial cell of Chinese Air Force pilot. Metheds Density and morphology of corneal endothelial cells were observed by Topcon-2000 noncontact specular microscope and analyzed by Imagenet 2000 software(version 2.53)on 56 pilots(112 eyes)While other 30 healthy men(60 eyes)who were with the comparable age and uncorrected visual acuity were compared and analyzed as the control group. Results The data showed that the average corneal endothelial cell density was 2797.0±330.3/mm2 in pilot group which was significantly lowet than 2917.57±318.04/mm2 in control group(t=2.286,P=0.024).The mean constituent ratio of hexagonal cell was 56.46±7.19 in pilot group compared with 60.33±7.68 in control group(t=8.253,P=O.001)and it was gradually reduced with the age growing in both groups(r=-0.395,-0.268,P=0.000.0.038).With the growing of flying hours the mean area of cell was increased under the eontrolled age factor according to partial correlation analysis(r=0.244,P=0.0 1).Conclusions Measuring of the corneaI endothelial cellular morphologic parameters and implementing corresponding analysis are helpful to know pilot's corneal endotheliurn changes in flight.     

空军飞行员角膜内皮细胞的初步分析

Objegtive To preliminarily study the endothelial density baseline and the morphological characteristics of the corneal endothelial cell of Chinese Air Force pilot. Metheds Density and morphology of corneal endothelial cells were observed by Topcon-2000 noncontact specular microscope and analyzed by Imagenet 2000 software(version 2.53)on 56 pilots(112 eyes)While other 30 healthy men(60 eyes)who were with the comparable age and uncorrected visual acuity were compared and analyzed as the control group. Results The data showed that the average corneal endothelial cell density was 2797.0±330.3/mm2 in pilot group which was significantly lowet than 2917.57±318.04/mm2 in control group(t=2.286,P=0.024).The mean constituent ratio of hexagonal cell was 56.46±7.19 in pilot group compared with 60.33±7.68 in control group(t=8.253,P=O.001)and it was gradually reduced with the age growing in both groups(r=-0.395,-0.268,P=0.000.0.038).With the growing of flying hours the mean area of cell was increased under the eontrolled age factor according to partial correlation analysis(r=0.244,P=0.0 1).Conclusions Measuring of the corneaI endothelial cellular morphologic parameters and implementing corresponding analysis are helpful to know pilot's corneal endotheliurn changes in flight.     

空军飞行员角膜内皮细胞的初步分析

Objegtive To preliminarily study the endothelial density baseline and the morphological characteristics of the corneal endothelial cell of Chinese Air Force pilot. Metheds Density and morphology of corneal endothelial cells were observed by Topcon-2000 noncontact specular microscope and analyzed by Imagenet 2000 software(version 2.53)on 56 pilots(112 eyes)While other 30 healthy men(60 eyes)who were with the comparable age and uncorrected visual acuity were compared and analyzed as the control group. Results The data showed that the average corneal endothelial cell density was 2797.0±330.3/mm2 in pilot group which was significantly lowet than 2917.57±318.04/mm2 in control group(t=2.286,P=0.024).The mean constituent ratio of hexagonal cell was 56.46±7.19 in pilot group compared with 60.33±7.68 in control group(t=8.253,P=O.001)and it was gradually reduced with the age growing in both groups(r=-0.395,-0.268,P=0.000.0.038).With the growing of flying hours the mean area of cell was increased under the eontrolled age factor according to partial correlation analysis(r=0.244,P=0.0 1).Conclusions Measuring of the corneaI endothelial cellular morphologic parameters and implementing corresponding analysis are helpful to know pilot's corneal endotheliurn changes in flight.     

空军飞行员角膜内皮细胞的初步分析

Objegtive To preliminarily study the endothelial density baseline and the morphological characteristics of the corneal endothelial cell of Chinese Air Force pilot. Metheds Density and morphology of corneal endothelial cells were observed by Topcon-2000 noncontact specular microscope and analyzed by Imagenet 2000 software(version 2.53)on 56 pilots(112 eyes)While other 30 healthy men(60 eyes)who were with the comparable age and uncorrected visual acuity were compared and analyzed as the control group. Results The data showed that the average corneal endothelial cell density was 2797.0±330.3/mm2 in pilot group which was significantly lowet than 2917.57±318.04/mm2 in control group(t=2.286,P=0.024).The mean constituent ratio of hexagonal cell was 56.46±7.19 in pilot group compared with 60.33±7.68 in control group(t=8.253,P=O.001)and it was gradually reduced with the age growing in both groups(r=-0.395,-0.268,P=0.000.0.038).With the growing of flying hours the mean area of cell was increased under the eontrolled age factor according to partial correlation analysis(r=0.244,P=0.0 1).Conclusions Measuring of the corneaI endothelial cellular morphologic parameters and implementing corresponding analysis are helpful to know pilot's corneal endotheliurn changes in flight.     

空军飞行员角膜内皮细胞的初步分析

Objegtive To preliminarily study the endothelial density baseline and the morphological characteristics of the corneal endothelial cell of Chinese Air Force pilot. Metheds Density and morphology of corneal endothelial cells were observed by Topcon-2000 noncontact specular microscope and analyzed by Imagenet 2000 software(version 2.53)on 56 pilots(112 eyes)While other 30 healthy men(60 eyes)who were with the comparable age and uncorrected visual acuity were compared and analyzed as the control group. Results The data showed that the average corneal endothelial cell density was 2797.0±330.3/mm2 in pilot group which was significantly lowet than 2917.57±318.04/mm2 in control group(t=2.286,P=0.024).The mean constituent ratio of hexagonal cell was 56.46±7.19 in pilot group compared with 60.33±7.68 in control group(t=8.253,P=O.001)and it was gradually reduced with the age growing in both groups(r=-0.395,-0.268,P=0.000.0.038).With the growing of flying hours the mean area of cell was increased under the eontrolled age factor according to partial correlation analysis(r=0.244,P=0.0 1).Conclusions Measuring of the corneaI endothelial cellular morphologic parameters and implementing corresponding analysis are helpful to know pilot's corneal endotheliurn changes in flight.     

空军飞行员角膜内皮细胞的初步分析

Objegtive To preliminarily study the endothelial density baseline and the morphological characteristics of the corneal endothelial cell of Chinese Air Force pilot. Metheds Density and morphology of corneal endothelial cells were observed by Topcon-2000 noncontact specular microscope and analyzed by Imagenet 2000 software(version 2.53)on 56 pilots(112 eyes)While other 30 healthy men(60 eyes)who were with the comparable age and uncorrected visual acuity were compared and analyzed as the control group. Results The data showed that the average corneal endothelial cell density was 2797.0±330.3/mm2 in pilot group which was significantly lowet than 2917.57±318.04/mm2 in control group(t=2.286,P=0.024).The mean constituent ratio of hexagonal cell was 56.46±7.19 in pilot group compared with 60.33±7.68 in control group(t=8.253,P=O.001)and it was gradually reduced with the age growing in both groups(r=-0.395,-0.268,P=0.000.0.038).With the growing of flying hours the mean area of cell was increased under the eontrolled age factor according to partial correlation analysis(r=0.244,P=0.0 1).Conclusions Measuring of the corneaI endothelial cellular morphologic parameters and implementing corresponding analysis are helpful to know pilot's corneal endotheliurn changes in flight.     

空军飞行员角膜内皮细胞的初步分析

Objegtive To preliminarily study the endothelial density baseline and the morphological characteristics of the corneal endothelial cell of Chinese Air Force pilot. Metheds Density and morphology of corneal endothelial cells were observed by Topcon-2000 noncontact specular microscope and analyzed by Imagenet 2000 software(version 2.53)on 56 pilots(112 eyes)While other 30 healthy men(60 eyes)who were with the comparable age and uncorrected visual acuity were compared and analyzed as the control group. Results The data showed that the average corneal endothelial cell density was 2797.0±330.3/mm2 in pilot group which was significantly lowet than 2917.57±318.04/mm2 in control group(t=2.286,P=0.024).The mean constituent ratio of hexagonal cell was 56.46±7.19 in pilot group compared with 60.33±7.68 in control group(t=8.253,P=O.001)and it was gradually reduced with the age growing in both groups(r=-0.395,-0.268,P=0.000.0.038).With the growing of flying hours the mean area of cell was increased under the eontrolled age factor according to partial correlation analysis(r=0.244,P=0.0 1).Conclusions Measuring of the corneaI endothelial cellular morphologic parameters and implementing corresponding analysis are helpful to know pilot's corneal endotheliurn changes in flight.     

空军飞行员角膜内皮细胞的初步分析

Objegtive To preliminarily study the endothelial density baseline and the morphological characteristics of the corneal endothelial cell of Chinese Air Force pilot. Metheds Density and morphology of corneal endothelial cells were observed by Topcon-2000 noncontact specular microscope and analyzed by Imagenet 2000 software(version 2.53)on 56 pilots(112 eyes)While other 30 healthy men(60 eyes)who were with the comparable age and uncorrected visual acuity were compared and analyzed as the control group. Results The data showed that the average corneal endothelial cell density was 2797.0±330.3/mm2 in pilot group which was significantly lowet than 2917.57±318.04/mm2 in control group(t=2.286,P=0.024).The mean constituent ratio of hexagonal cell was 56.46±7.19 in pilot group compared with 60.33±7.68 in control group(t=8.253,P=O.001)and it was gradually reduced with the age growing in both groups(r=-0.395,-0.268,P=0.000.0.038).With the growing of flying hours the mean area of cell was increased under the eontrolled age factor according to partial correlation analysis(r=0.244,P=0.0 1).Conclusions Measuring of the corneaI endothelial cellular morphologic parameters and implementing corresponding analysis are helpful to know pilot's corneal endotheliurn changes in flight.     

空军飞行学员低常远视力变化趋势的追踪观察（摘要）

目的追踪观察飞行学员低常远视力的变化趋势。方法选择飞行学员271例（542眼）,其中远视力低常137人274眼,为观察组;远视力正常134人268眼,为对照组。分别观察招飞体检1年后双眼散瞳前后远视力变化情况并进行秩和统计分析。结果复查时两组远视力大部分均有提高。其中,散瞳后观察组远视力提高226眼（82．48％）,对照组提高183眼（68．28％）观察组招飞时远视力≥1．0占37．23％,复查散瞳后占86．49％;     

飞行人员视力变化规律

目的 总结飞行基础学员、飞行学员和飞行员视力情况及其变化规律,为修改招飞体检视力标准提供依据. 方法 跟踪调查273名飞行基础学员在校期间的视力变化情况及其与屈光的关系、128名飞行学员在校期间视力变化情况以及236名飞行员连续3年视力变化情况. 结果 ①273名(546眼)飞行基础学员,招飞体检视力、入校复查视力均在标准范围内,毕业时视力有264名(528眼)视力在标准范围内,9人(12眼)视力低于正常范围.飞行基础学员毕业时视力和入校复查视力较招飞体检视力明显上升(P<0.01);毕业时视力与入校复查视力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).毕业时,远视眼视力提高者明显多于近视眼(P<0.01).②飞行学员飞高教机前和毕业时视力较入校飞初教机前视力明显上升;飞高教机前和毕业时视力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).③飞行员3年视力无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 ①飞行学员自招飞到毕业视力有逐渐增高的趋势,招飞体检时可以在严格控制屈光标准的前提下保留部分边缘视力者,以增加生源,但尚不能仅凭此作为修改招飞体检视力标准的依据.②建议分机种、飞行职务进行招飞并定向培养,对视力要求较低的机种以及非驾驶人员可适当放宽招飞视力标准.     

空军招飞学员视力与对比敏感度关系的研究

目的分析招飞学员群体中视力与对比敏感度（contrast sensitivity,CS）的关系,并探讨在招飞选拔体检工作中应用对比敏感度检查的可能性。方法检查招飞学员对比敏感度函数（contrast sensitivity function,CSF）值,将符合纳入标准的98例样本按视力1.0为标准分为两组,比较4种空间频率（3、6、12、18 cpd）、3种状态（明视、暗视、暗视＋眩光）的CSF值。结果两组在不同状态、不同空间频率的CSF值差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;在各空间频率下,明视与暗视状态下的CSF值差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,暗视与暗视＋眩光状态下的CSF值差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论部分招飞学员视力表检查结果正常,而CSF值出现异常,特别是在高空间频率段的明暗分辨率下降。现行招飞选拔体检标准无法筛选这些学员,可以尝试增加中高空间频率下暗视的CSF值作为招飞体检的指标。     

空军招飞学员视力与对比敏感度关系的研究

目的分析招飞学员群体中视力与对比敏感度(contrast sensitivity,CS)的关系,并探讨在招飞选拔体检工作中应用对比敏感度检查的可能性。方法检查招飞学员对比敏感度函数(contrast sensitivity function,CSF)值,将符合纳入标准的98例样本按视力1.0为标准分为两组,比较4种空间频率(3、6、12、18 cpd)、3种状态(明视、暗视、暗视+眩光)的CSF值。结果两组在不同状态、不同空间频率的CSF值差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);在各空间频率下,明视与暗视状态下的CSF值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),暗视与暗视+眩光状态下的CSF值差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论部分招飞学员视力表检查结果正常,而CSF值出现异常,特别是在高空间频率段的明暗分辨率下降。现行招飞选拔体检标准无法筛选这些学员,可以尝试增加中高空间频率下暗视的CSF值作为招飞体检的指标。     

中美空军飞行学员医学选拔对照实证研究--远视力

目的：筛查我军定选因远视力原因淘汰学员按美军标准的评估情况,并对中美两军的医学选拔标准进行合理探讨,提出我军标准修改建议。方法统计我军2013—2015年招飞体检定选学员远视力不合格情况,并参考美军招飞医学标准,对不合格人数拟重新纳入选拔并对结果进行统计分析。结果近3年招飞体检学员因远视力不合格的构成比在2014年达45.8%,而在2015年降到34.0%,各年比重差异有统计学意义（χ2=23.98,P＜0.05）。参考美军医学标准,远视力不合格淘汰的学员,保留比例在92.7%左右。结论美军招飞医学选拔标准在远视力方面较我军宽泛,并在屈光手术方面有详细的描述。建议我军仍需严把远视力质量关,若逐渐将成熟的角膜屈光手术技术加入标准后,可适当放宽标准。     

军事飞行学员医学停飞疾病谱分析

目的 总结分析空军某航空大学近年军事飞行学员医学停飞病征（疾病或体征）特点,为今后军事飞行学员医学选拔和医学鉴定提供客观依据. 方法 对近年空军航空大学医学停飞的614名飞行学员按照所患疾病或病征及病征所隶属体检科室（专业）进行分类统计. 结果 614名医学停飞学员共涉及病征90余种.飞行学员停飞病征排前10位的是视力不足超标、血压超标、频发心律失常、外伤（骨折）、腰椎间盘病变、鼻中隔偏曲、慢性鼻窦炎、胆囊息肉、晕厥及其他心电图异常.医学停飞病征所涉及体检科室（专业）排序依次为眼科、内科、外科、耳鼻喉科、神经内科、心电图检查、超声检查、放射科检查和检验科检查,其中以眼科和内科病征为主,分别占全部医学停飞病征的50.00％、14.86％. 结论 导致在校军事飞行学员医学停飞的主要病征是视力不足超标、血压超标.针对飞行人员职业特点,普及航空医学教育,加强卫生监督,加强可变的功能性病征的矫治、训练,采取积极保护性的干预和心理疏导等措施,对降低在校飞行学员的医学停飞率,提高军事飞行学员的成才率具有重要意义.     

招飞体检中用检影镜鉴定角膜塑型术眼

目的：掌握角膜塑型术眼在检影镜下角膜影像特征，使检影法成为一种迅速准确鉴定角膜塑型术眼客观有效的方法。方法：招飞体检中对散瞳进入暗室者进行人工检影，对比正常眼及角膜塑型术眼的角膜影像，确定后者角膜影像特征，据此鉴定角膜塑型术眼并追问病史。结果：依据角膜影像特征，在2000－2002年招飞体检中，共确认角膜塑型术者23例43眼。结论：用检影镜鉴定角膜塑型术眼，是一种简便、迅速、可靠的客观鉴定方法，尤其适用于大数量的招飞体检，值得推广应用。     

招飞体检中眩光失能测试的初步探讨

目的 探讨招飞体检中,受检人群的眩光失能水平。方法 采用ＭＧＴ－１型多功能眩光视觉检测仪,在目标亮度分别为明视和暮视条件下,测定７９名招飞对象的对比敏感度函数（ＣＳＦ）和眩光失能（ＧＤ）。结果 ＣＳＦ测量表明,受试者具有良好的视觉通道特性,峰值位于１．２￣２．４周／度处。ＧＤ在明视条件下,均值为９．４％（全距０．９％￣２１．７％）,暮视ＧＤ明显高于明视,均值为３６．５％（全距２６．４％￣４９．１％     

军事飞行学员医学选拔淘汰原因分析

目的 总结分析招飞体检时因医学问题淘汰的特点,为今后招收军事飞行学员体检选拔提供有效的理论依据.方法 所有受检学生均进行全面的常规医学评价,包括:外科、皮肤科、内科、神经精神科、眼科、耳鼻咽喉科、口腔科、检验科、放射科、超声诊断科、心电图、脑电图检查.对怀疑有异常者进行相关部位的CT,MRI或其他特殊检查等.结果 2010年国内应届高中毕业生体检复查验收因医学原因淘汰329例.其中外科44例,包括皮肤科14例;内科38例;神经精神科6例;眼科104例;耳鼻咽喉科49例,包括口腔科4例;检验科5例;放射科32例;超声诊断科38例;心电图巧例.结论 视力、鼻中隔偏曲、脊柱异常、高或低血压等问题是招飞体检突出的医学问题,建议给予重点关注.