内皮抑素和多西环素抑制黑色素瘤浸润转移相关蛋白表达的研究

目的 研究内皮抑素和多西环素对黑色素瘤生长及肿瘤细胞基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）、-2（MMP-2）及基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子（TIMP-2）表达水平的影响。方法 C57／BL6小鼠57只,建立小鼠B16黑色素瘤动物模型,分多西环素组、多西环素加内皮抑素组,内皮抑素组和对照组4组,给予内皮抑素和多西环素处理,比较肿瘤的体积大小及生长速度,免疫组织化学染色检测肿瘤组织MMP-9、MMP-2及TIMP-2的表达。结果多西环素组、多西环素加内皮抑素组和内皮抑素组肿瘤均较对照组生长缓慢（F=4．32,P＜0．05）,其中多西环素组、多西环素加内皮抑素组和对照组之间肿瘤平均生长体积差异有统计学意义（t=2．40,t：2．58;P＜0．05）。MMP-2、MMP-9和TIMP-2在各处理组的表达与在对照组的表达之间差异均有统计学意义（F=12．79,F=5．56,F=4．64;P＜0．05）。结论 多西环素和内皮抑素联合使用,影响肿瘤组织MMPs及其抑制剂的表达,明显抑制黑色素瘤生长和局部浸润转移。     

恶性黑色素瘤血管生成拟态的研究

目的　探讨在恶性黑色素瘤中是否存在肿瘤细胞通过自身变形并模拟产生血管样通道而获得自身血液供应。方法　收集恶性黑色素瘤中高度恶性组和低度恶性样本各 30例 ,制作成组织芯片 ,进行CD34免疫组织化学染色和PAS双重染色 ,比较这两组肿瘤中CD34和PAS阳性管道个数 ,以其差异研究血管生成拟态。结果　恶性黑色素瘤中高度恶性组CD34和PAS阳性计数之间的差别具有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1)。而低度恶性组CD34和PAS阳性计数之间的差别没有统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　在高度恶性黑色素瘤中存在血管生成拟态 ,即肿瘤细胞模拟机体血管生成而产生血液通路。肿瘤细胞通过该通路获得营养供应以满足其生长和扩散的需要 ,从而获得较高的侵袭能力和恶性度。     

纤黏连蛋白重组多肽CH50抑制黑色素瘤MMP-2和MMP-9表达、激活的研究

目的研究纤黏连蛋白重组多肽CH50对黑色素瘤B16细胞侵袭能力的影响,探讨CH50多肽抑制肿瘤生长、侵袭的机制。方法体外培养小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞、小鼠腿部皮下注射B16细胞建立肿瘤动物模型。采用明胶电泳法检测B16细胞和黑色素瘤组织中基质金属蛋白酶MMP-2和MMP-9的表达和激活;以CH50多肽体外处理B16细胞或体内表达CH50,观察CH50下调MMPs表达以及对肿瘤细胞侵袭能力的抑制作用。结果B16细胞在体外培养条件下主要表达MMP-2,而在肿瘤微环境中则同时表达MMP-2和MMP-9。肿瘤组织中MMPs的表达明显高于体外培养B16细胞。CH50多肽对体外培养B16细胞的MMPs表达和激活无明显抑制作用,但处理后的B16细胞进入体内后表达MMPs的能力受到明显抑制。体内转染表达的CH50多肽亦可明显抑制肿瘤表达MMPs、并抑制肿瘤侵袭能力。结论纤黏连蛋白重组多肽CH50可以抑制肿瘤微环境中基质金属蛋白酶MMP-2和MMP-9的表达和激活,从而抑制黑色素瘤生长及侵袭能力。     

中性内肽酶及移动相关蛋白-1在恶性黑色素瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨中性内肽酶（CD10）及移动相关蛋白-1（CD9）在恶性黑色素瘤中的表达及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法检测48例原发性皮肤恶性黑色素瘤（CMM）及23例转移性恶性黑色素瘤（转移性MM）中CD10、CD9蛋白表达水平,并以23例色素痣作为对照。结果（1）CD10在转移性MM、CMM及色素痣中的表达依次减弱,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,CD9在转移性MM中的表达较CMM显著降低（P〈0．05）;（2）CD9和CD10在恶性黑色素瘤中的表达水平呈负相关（CMM：r=-0.40,P=0.005;转移性MM：r=-0．44,P=0．034）;（3）CD10和CD9在CMM中的表达与病理学类型、淋巴结转移和浸润深度相关;（4）CD10、CD9在CMM间质成纤维细胞中的表达呈负相关（r=-0．43,P=0．007）,且与肿瘤浸润深度明显相关,与淋巴结转移有一定相关性。结论（1）CD10及CD9与恶性黑色素瘤的浸润、转移密切相关,两者在此过程中可能起相互拮抗作用;（2）肿瘤细胞CD10、CD9的表达对CMM的辅助诊断及预后评估具有重要的临床意义;（3）肿瘤间质成纤维细胞中CD10、CD9的表达在CMM的发展过程中亦可能扮演着重要角色。     

基质金属蛋白酶-9、金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1及CD147在食管鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）、金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1（TIMP-1）及CD147在食管鳞状细胞癌（鳞癌）的表达及意义。方法选择2005年1月～2007年1月在新乡医学院第一附属医院胸心外科行食管癌根治术切除的标本52例，术后均经病理证实为食管鳞癌。采用免疫组织化学方法检测食管癌组织及癌旁正常食管组织中MMP-9、TIMP-1及CD147的表达。结果食管鳞癌组织中MMP-9、TIMP-1及CD147的阳性表达率分别为73．0％、44．2％和80．8％，与癌旁正常食管组织（23．1％、30．8％、19．2％）比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。鳞癌组织中MMP-9阳性表达率与TIMP-1无明显相关性（P〉0．05），与CD147成正相关（r=0．457，P〈0．05）。MMP-9阳性表达率与肿瘤浸润及淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）。结论食管鳞癌组织中MMP-9／TIMP—1失衡参与了其侵袭转移过程，CD147可能作为涛导剂促进了MMP-9的表达。     

血管内皮生长因子、Eph受体酪氨酸激酶A2、基质金属蛋白酶-2和-9在卵巢癌血管生成拟态中的作用

目的 探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、Eph受体酪氨酸激酶A2 (EphA2)、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2和MMP-9在卵巢癌血管生成拟态中的作用.方法 收集临床和预后资料完整的卵巢癌组织标本84例,切片经明确诊断后进行CD31和过碘酸-雪夫 (PAS) 双重染色,证实肿瘤组织中存在血管生成拟态,行VEGF、EphA2、MMP-2和MMP-9 免疫组织化学染色,根据染色指数统计免疫组织化学染色结果.结果 有血管生成拟态组(36/84)和无血管生成拟态组卵巢癌组织(48/84)的VEGF、EphA2、MMP-9表达差异有统计学意义,有血管生成拟态组的卵巢癌细胞VEGF、EphA2、MMP-9表达明显高于无血管生成拟态组.但有血管生成拟态组和无血管生成拟态组患者的MMP-2表达差异无统计学意义.结论 在卵巢癌中血管生成拟态和内皮依赖性血管并存,VEGF、EphA2和MMP-9等参与了卵巢癌血管生成拟态的形成.检测VEGF、EphA2和MMP-9可作为预测卵巢癌预后的间接指标.     

不同组织微环境中人胃癌异种移植瘤侵袭性及基质金属蛋白酶谱表达的差异

目的 探讨组织微环境对癌细胞侵袭性影响机制中基质金属蛋白酶表达的意义。方法 取人胃腺癌组织移植于裸小鼠皮下,成瘤后进行皮下和腹腔内传代接种,形态学观察2处异种移植瘤侵袭性的不同并用免疫组织化学链霉素抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶法检测基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、MMP-7、MMP-9、MMP-13、TM1-MMP、TM2-MMP、TM3-MMP 7种MMPs在瘤组织中的表达。结果 人胃癌裸小鼠皮下异种移植瘤呈膨胀性生长,侵袭性不明显;除MMP-7外,其他6种MMPs在皮下移植瘤细胞及间质中均无表达。腹腔内移植瘤呈侵袭性生长、纤维间质增多,多种MMPs均在侵袭前沿的肿瘤细胞及间质中表达。同一瘤株来源的人胃癌细胞在裸小鼠不同组织环境中所呈现的侵袭性及MMPs表达差异均有显著性。结论 (1)肿瘤细胞与相邻的间质细胞之间存在相互诱导作用,组织环境对肿瘤侵袭表型可有决定性的影响。(2)MMPs的表达与肿瘤细胞生长方式及侵袭性有密切联系;肿瘤侵袭前沿的间质细胞产生的MMPs也可能参与肿瘤细胞的侵袭过程。     

脑胶质瘤中纤维连接蛋白及其整合素β1受体的表达

目的探讨脑胶质瘤中纤维连接蛋白（FN）及其整合素β1受体蛋白（β1 integrin）表达的临床病理联系。方法用免疫组化S-P法检测56例胶质瘤组织中FN和整合素β1的表达情况,并进行相关临床病理分析。结果（1）胶质瘤组织问质血管壁FN染色随级别增高而增厚（P〈0.01）,且血管厚度在复发病例组明显高于无复发组（P〈0．05）。恶性程度高的Ⅲ级与Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织中还可见基质弥散阳性染色。（2）FN和整合素β1在胶质瘤中阳性表达率分别为30．36％（17／56）和39．29％（22／56）,并均随肿瘤级别增加而增高（P〈0.05,P〈0．01）,两者表达存在相关性（rs=0．312,P〈0．05）。复发病例FN和整合素β1阳性表达率（68．42％,57．89％）均高于无复发组（10．81％,29．73％）（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）。结论FN及其整合素β1受体在胶质瘤组织中的高表达促进了胶质瘤的恶性进展,两者可能成为有价值的判断胶质瘤恶性程度及预后的指标。     

凝血酶受体-1在肺癌组织中的表达及其与转移的关系

目的研究凝血酶受体（PAR）-1在肺癌组织中的表达及其与肺癌侵袭、转移的关系。方法免疫组织化学sP法、形态学计量及逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测肺癌原发灶和转移灶组织（36例液氮冻存肺癌组织、80例石蜡包埋肺癌组织）中PAR-1的表达。结果具有侵袭和转移部位的癌巢、脉管内癌栓、癌周围的肺泡上皮不典型增生灶及支气管腺导管上皮不典型增生灶均呈现较强的阳性反应。肺癌组织PAR-1蛋白表达阳性率为73．8％（59／80例）;转移组85．7％（48／56）与非转移组45,8％（11／24）之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。转移和非转移（P〈0．05）、原发灶和转移灶（P〈0．05）、肿瘤组织和肺组织（P〈0．01）各组之间PAR．1蛋白含量差异有统计学意义;而肿瘤大小、组织学类型和组织学分化各组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。肺癌组织PAR．1mRNA表达阳性率63．9％（23／36例）;转移组78．3％（18／23例）与非转移组38．5％（5／13）之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论PAR-1过度表达与肺癌的转移表型、组织发生及恶性表型有关;PAR-1可能是肺癌转移过程中发挥重要作用的因素之一。     

S-100蛋白和RANTES在B16黑色素瘤荷瘤鼠中的表达

目的 检测荷瘤鼠体内S-100蛋白及RANTES（T细胞特异性趋化因子）的表达,探讨其与肿瘤发生和转移的关系。方法 将培养的B16黑色素瘤细胞于实验组c57小鼠背部皮下注射,待肿瘤形成后,取局部淋巴结和肿瘤病变中心区及交界区皮肤,作免疫组化染色。结果 肿瘤早期组S-100蛋白和RANTES阳性反应物的面密度和数密度在淋巴结和肿瘤组织、癌周皮肤明显高于正常对照组和肿瘤晚期组（P〈0．05）。结论 S-100蛋白和IRANTES的表达程度与肿瘤的侵袭和进程呈负相关。     

HIF-2α、VEGF、COX-2、MMP-9表达及其与肾细胞癌血管生成的关系分析

目的 探讨HIF-2α(缺氧诱导因子-20α)、VEGF(血管内皮生长因子)、COX-2(环氧化酶-2)、MMP-9(金属基质酶-9)表达及其与肾细胞癌血管生成的关系.方法 应用免疫组化方法,检测79例肾细胞癌手术切除标本的HIF-2α、VEGF、COX-2、MMP-9表达情况,并与MVD(微血管密度)表达进行关联性分析.结果 肾癌组织MMP-9、VEGF的表达均显著高于正常肾组织(P＜0.05);不同临床分期肾癌组织中的MMP-9、VEGF表达有明显差异(P＜0.05).MVD与VEGF、MMP-9蛋白表达呈显著正相关(r=0.381、0.375,P＜0.05);MVD与COX-2表达有关,COX-Z表达0级和4级MVD值最低,与1、2、3级之间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),0级与4级之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),1、2、3级之间差别无统计学意义(P＞0.05).肾细胞癌中HIF-2α阳性组的MVD值高于HIF-2α阴性组中MVD值,差异有统计学意义(t=4.374,P＜0.05);Spearman等级相关分析发现,HIF-2α的表达与MVD间存在正相关关系(r=0.545,P＜0.01).结论 HIF-2α、VEGF、COX-2、MMP-9表达及其与肾细胞癌血管生成之间有明显相关性,在临床上可以根据相关基因表达情况而采取相应的干预措施.     

Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in human ovarian cancer cells cultured with conditioned medium from human peritoneal tissue

Ovarian cancer cells disseminate by attachment to the peritoneal mesothelial cell surface of the abdominal cavity. We therefore investigated the influence of conditioned medium (CM) from human peritoneal tissues and mesothelial cells on the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by ovarian cancer cells. The molecular weights of MMPs stimulating factors derived from human peritoneal tissues and mesothelial cells were estimated using microconcentrators with various cut-off membranes. Human peritoneal tissues were obtained from 12 surgical patients, and mesothelial cells were isolated from three peritoneal specimens. Exposure to CM from peritoneal tissue caused a concentration-dependent increase of the MMP-2 and MMP-9 bands in CM from NOM1 ovarian cancer cells, as shown by zymography. There was a significant difference in the increase of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (2.46-fold and 7.14-fold, respectively, at 0.4mg/ml protein; P < 0.005). CM from mesothelial cells also significantly increased the secretion of MMP-9 by NOM1 cells. The molecular size of possible MMP-9-stimulating factors secreted by peritoneal tissues and mesothelial cells was above M 100000. Further, CM of peritoneal tissues and mesothelial cells also induced the invasiveness of NOM1 cells. These findings suggest that mesothelial cells may secrete some factors which predominantly induce the MMP-9 production and increase invading cell numbers.     

Putative role of ischemic postconditioning in a rat model of limb ischemia and reperfusion: involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is one of the most potent angiogenic growth factors. It improves angiogenesis and tissue perfusion in ischemic skeletal muscle. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ischemic postconditioning is effective for salvaging ischemic skeletal muscle resulting from limb ischemia-reperfusion injury, and that the mechanism involves expression of HIF-1α. Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=36 each): sham-operated (group S), hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion (group IR), and ischemic postconditioning (group IPO). Each group was divided into subgroups (n=6) according to reperfusion time: immediate (0 h, T₀), 1 h (T₁), 3 h (T₃), 6 h (T₆), 12 h (T₁₂), and 24 h (T₂₄). In the IPO group, three cycles of 30-s reperfusion and 30-s femoral aortic reocclusion were carried out before reperfusion. At all reperfusion times (T₀-T₂₄), serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, as well as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations, were measured in rats after they were killed. Histological and immunohistochemical methods were used to assess the skeletal muscle damage and HIF-1α expression in skeletal muscle ischemia. In groups IR and IPO, serum LDH and CK activities and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 concentrations were all significantly increased compared to group S, and HIF-1α expression was up-regulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In group IPO, serum LDH and CK activities and TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations were significantly decreased, IL-10 concentration was increased, HlF-1α expression was down-regulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the pathological changes were reduced compared to group IR. The present study suggests that ischemic postconditioning can reduce skeletal muscle damage caused by limb ischemia-reperfusion and that its mechanisms may be related to the involvement of HlF-1α in the limb ischemia-reperfusion injury-triggered inflammatory response.     

Tumoral and macrophage uPAR and MMP-9 contribute to the invasiveness of B16 murine melanoma cells

The aim of this study was to investigate whether tumor cells as well as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to the generation of protease activities essential to tumor cell invasiveness, such as matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPA receptor (uPAR). We found that the enhanced invasiveness through Matrigel-coated filters of B16 murine melanoma cells stimulated with IFNγ was associated with an higher expression of uPAR and MMP-9 in these cells. Moreover, treatment with anti-MMP-9 or anti-uPAR monoclonal antibodies abrogated the increase of invasiveness in IFNγ-stimulated melanoma cells, suggesting a cooperation of uPA system and MMP-9 in cytokine-stimulated invasiveness. Invasiveness through Matrigel was also enhanced in B16 melanoma cells exposed to a medium conditioned by TAMs, represented in our experimental model by thioglycollate-elicited macrophages co-cultivated with melanoma cells. Macrophages isolated from these co-cultures were found to express higher levels of uPAR and MMP-9 compared to macrophage cultures alone, and the pro-invasive activity of the co-culture-conditioned medium was abrogated by anti-MMP-9 monoclonal antibodies, but not anti-uPAR monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, the enhanced uPAR and MMP-9 expression in macrophages co-cultivated with tumor cells seems a rather specific phenomenon, generated through a cell-to-cell contact mechanism. On the whole, our data point to a cooperation between tumor cells and macrophages elicited by tumor cells themselves in generating key enzymes essential in the promotion of tumor invasiveness, such as uPAR and MMP-9. This paper was presented in part at the “11th World Congress on Advances in Oncology and 9th International Symposium on Molecular Medicine” 12–14 October 2006, Hersonissos, Crete, Greece.     

Elevated levels of active matrix metalloproteinase-9 cause hypertrophy in skeletal muscle of normal and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of extracellular proteases involved in tissue remodeling in several physiological and pathophysiological conditions. While increased expression of MMPs (especially MMP-9) has been observed in skeletal muscle in numerous conditions, their physiological significance remains less-well understood. By generating novel skeletal muscle-specific transgenic (Tg) mice expressing constitutively active mutant of MMP-9 (i.e. MMP-9G100L), in this study, we have investigated the effects of elevated levels of MMP-9 on skeletal muscle structure and function in vivo. Tg expression of enzymatically active MMP-9 protein significantly increased skeletal muscle fiber cross-section area, levels of contractile proteins and force production in isometric contractions. MMP-9 stimulated the activation of the Akt signaling pathway in Tg mice. Moreover, expression of active MMP-9 increased the proportion of fast-type fiber in soleus muscle of mice. Overexpression of MMP-9 also considerably reduced the deposition of collagens I and IV in skeletal muscle in vivo. In one-year-old mdx mice (a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD), deletion of the Mmp9 gene reduced fiber hypertrophy and phosphorylation of Akt and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Collectively, our study suggests that elevated levels of active MMP-9 protein cause hypertrophy in skeletal muscle and that the modulation of MMP-9 levels may have therapeutic value in various muscular disorders including DMD.     

VEGF-C及MMP-7影响中低位直肠癌预后相关因素的评价

目的：探讨血管内皮生长因子-C（VEGF-C）及基质金属蛋白酶-7（MMP-7）表达与中低位直肠癌淋巴转移、静脉侵润和分化程度等预后影响因素的关系。方法:采用RT-PCR及免疫组织化学方法分别测定85例中低位直肠癌组织、癌旁组织和13例正常直肠组织中VEGF-C 和MMP-7的表达水平。结果:VEGF-C mRNA表达在中低位直肠癌组织、癌旁组织和正常组织之间差异显著（P<0.01）。MMP-7和VEGF-C mRNA与肿瘤病理分期、分化程度和生存率密切相关（P<0.05），Dukes B期以上的中低位直肠癌组织中，两类因子的表达显著高于淋巴转移阴性者（P<0.01）。MMP-7与静脉侵润及远处转移呈正相关。结论:VEGF-C mRNA 和MMP-7的表达水平是影响中低位直肠癌预后相关因素的重要指标，高表达与中低位直肠癌肿的静脉侵润和淋巴转移密切相关。     

不同缺氧状态对人肝癌HepG2细胞侵袭和转移能力的影响

目的: 探讨不同缺氧状态对人肝癌HepG2细胞黏附、侵袭和转移能力的影响及其可能机制。方法: 不同浓度的低氧处理对数生长期的人肝癌HepG2细胞,采用MTT法、Transwell膜侵袭系统、免疫细胞化学方法、明胶酶谱分析和反转录PCR检测变异型白细胞分化抗原CD44v6、基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)、MMP-9、低氧诱导因子(HIF-1α)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达差异。结果: HepG2细胞经低氧处理后,细胞的基质黏附率、穿透基底膜与游走迁移的细胞数均增高,以3%氧浓度最为显著(P<0.05);3%和5%氧处理还可显著促进CD44v6的表达,增加MMP-2和MMP-9的表达,并可上调HIF-1α和VEGF。结论: 适度缺氧能增强人肝癌细胞的黏附、侵袭和转移能力,其机制可能与CD44v6、基质金属蛋白酶、HIF-1α和VEGF的表达改变有关。     

Complement membrane attack complex is related with immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy

This study is to investigate the expression of complement membrane attack complex (C5b-9) in the skeletal muscle of patients with necrotizing myopathy (NM), and to investigate the relationship between C5b-9 and NM. Thirteen patients with NM and control patients with polymyositis and muscular dystrophy were enrolled in this study. Examinations including creatine kinase (CK) and L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum, electromyogram and muscle pathological examination were performed. C5b-9 expression in the skeletal muscle was determined by immunohistochemistry and analyzed by Image Plus Pro 6.0. C5b-9 expression was particularly prominent in necrotic muscle fibers, and also positive in blood vessels. C5b-9 diffusely expressed in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle layer. But the intensity was not related with the elevated level of serum CK. So, C5b-9 is strongly expressed in the necrotic muscle fiber and blood vessels, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of NM.