膝关节后内侧复合体断层解剖与三维可视化研究

目的基于中国可视化人体数据对膝关节后内侧复合体进行断层解剖学和三维可视化研究,得到准确的后内侧复合体解剖学描述。方法选用CVH-1、CVH-2、CVH-5的双侧膝关节数据,对其后内侧复合体相关结构进行数据分割和三维可视化重建,并进行解剖学三维测量、断层与三维多角度观察以及骨性附着点检测研究。结果本研究成功构建CVH-1、CVH-2、CVH-5的双侧膝关节后内侧复合体相关结构的三维模型,测量得到各结构长度、宽度和厚度等几何参数,并进行解剖学描述。膝关节后内侧复合体主要包含以下几个结构浅层内侧副韧带为浅暗红色薄条带,长度为(107.54±15.98)mm,近端宽度为(31.48±3.70)mm,远端宽度为(10.14±0.82)mm,厚度为(1.09±0.13)mm;深层内侧副韧带为灰白色薄条带,长度为(26.05±2.32)mm,宽度为(19.11±2.93)mm,厚度为(1.37±0.11)mm;后斜韧带为深灰白色囊状,长度为(52.14±3.84)mm,宽度为(14.42±2.37)mm,厚度为(1.44±0.16)mm;半膜肌肌腱为浅暗红色扁圆柱体,长度为(60.94±5.04)mm,宽度为(14.04±1.54)mm,胫骨附着处明显增宽,为(19.20±3.29)mm,厚度为(6.08±0.75)mm;腘斜韧带为浅暗红色片状薄膜,长度为(48.99±5.44)mm,宽度为(24.51±3.44)mm,厚度为(1.38±0.22)mm;半月板后内侧角为灰白色“C”形柱,内侧边缘较厚处为(13.37±1.63)mm,中间较薄处为(8.96±1.22)mm。结论膝关节后内侧复合体主要由浅层内侧副韧带、深层内侧副韧带、半月板后内侧角、后斜韧带、半膜肌肌腱、腘斜韧带构成,加强对后内侧复合体的解剖学重建将有助于提高膝关节后内侧术后稳定性。     

Toward a highly‐detailed 3D pelvic model: Approaching an ultra‐specific level for surgical simulation and anatomical education

The surgical anatomy of the pelvis is highly complex. Anorectal and urogenital dysfunctions occur frequently after pelvic oncological surgery and are mainly caused by surgical damage of the autonomic nerves. A highly‐detailed 3D pelvic model could increase the anatomical knowledge and form a solid basis for a surgical simulation system. Currently, pelvic surgeons still rely on the preoperative interpretation of 2D diagnostic images. With a 3D simulation system, pelvic surgeons could simulate and train different scenes to enhance their preoperative knowledge and improve surgical outcome. To substantially enrich pelvic surgery and anatomical education, such a system must provide insight into the relation between the autonomic network, the lymphatic system, and endopelvic fasciae. Besides CT and MR images, Visible Human Datasets (VHDs) are widely used for 3D modeling, due to the high degree of anatomical detail represented in the cryosectional images. However, key surgical structures cannot be fully identified using VHDs and radiologic imaging techniques alone. Several unsolved anatomical problems must be elucidated as well. Therefore, adequate analysis on a microscopic level is inevitable. The development of a comprehensive anatomical atlas of the pelvis is no straightforward task. Such an endeavor involves several anatomical and technical challenges. This article surveys all existing 3D pelvic models, focusing on the level of anatomical detail. The use of VHDs in the 3D reconstruction of a highly‐detailed pelvic model and the accompanying anatomical challenges will be discussed Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Advanced-sectioned images obtained by microsectioning of the entire male body

Realistic two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) applications for anatomical studies are being developed from true-colored sectioned images. We generated advanced-sectioned images of the entire male body and verified that anatomical structures of both normal and abnormal shapes could be visualized in them. The cadaver was serially sectioned at constant intervals using a cryomacrotome. The sectioned surfaces were photographed using a digital camera to generate horizontal advanced-sectioned images in which normal and abnormal structures were classified. Advanced-sectioned images of the entire male body were generated. The image resolution was 3.3 × 3.3 fold better than that of the first sectioned images obtained in 2002. In the advanced-sectioned images, normal and abnormal structures ranging from microscopic (≥0.06 mm × 0.06 mm; pixel size) to macroscopic (≤473.1 mm × 202 mm; body size) could be identified. Furthermore, the real shapes and actual sites of lung cancer and lymph node enlargement were ascertained in them. Such images will be useful because of their true color and high resolution in digital 2D and 3D applications for gross anatomy and clinical anatomy. In future, we plan to generate new advanced-sectioned images of abnormal cadavers with different diseases for clinical anatomy studies.     

眉间区表情肌的应用解剖与三维重建及其临床意义

目的　为眉间区除皱术提供表情肌解剖学形态学基础。 方法　对6例(12侧)成人头部标本的降眉肌、皱眉肌、降眉间肌进行大体解剖,测量相关表情肌构筑数,照像留存。通过人工干预后进行CT扫描,简便快捷的建立三维模型,清晰的定位表情肌。 结果　通过解剖,清晰地展示了眉间区域表情肌的形态学特点,并测量出其相关定位参数及肌重,成功地建立了眉间区域表情肌的三维可视化模型。眉间区域表情肌包括皱眉肌和眉间降肌,皱眉肌形态可分为两大类：横向型和斜向型,一般从眉毛形态即可辨识。其中,斜型按其形态又可分为：斜向单束型和斜向分束型。眉间降肌可分为降眉肌、降眉间肌,其形态及发育情况个体差异较大。 结论　眉间区表情肌为肉毒素注射治疗眉间纹的目标肌肉,通过探讨眉间区表情肌解剖位置及形态特征, 测量相关表情肌构筑数并简便快捷的建立三维模型,对个性化肉毒素除皱开展有临床指导意义。     

女性盆底可视化研究

目的：建立中国人体女性盆底部局部可视化数字模型。方法：应用中国女性数字化可视人体数据集,采用体绘制及面绘制重建方法,分别在P4微机和SGI工作站上对盆底部结构进行计算机三维重建及立体显示。结果：在P4微机上实现女性盆底部交互式三维可视化,在SGI工作站上重建了女性盆底部三维数字模型,三维重建图像能够清晰显示盆底部肌肉与骨性结构、膀胱、子宫及直肠等的三维解剖关系。结论：中国女性数字化可视人体数据集能够提供完整精确的断面数据,女性盆底三维交互可视化及数字模型准确反映该区域复杂的解剖结构及其空间毗邻关系,可为该区疾病的影像诊断及外科手术治疗提供形态学依据。     

应用放射造影术进行血管3D可视化研究初探

目的：探索一种新的、更精细且简便易行的血管3D可视化研究技术。方法：利用改良的明胶．氧化铅血管标识技术更精细的标识动脉血管，CT扫描后应用3D．Doctor（演示版）软件经计算机处理以获得三维数码图像。结果：利用3D．Doctor获得了非常清晰的血管三维重建图像，诸如大脑前动脉的分支，耳前、耳后动脉，耳动脉的三级分支等小血管均清晰可辨。结论：应用氧化铅标识血管后，可非常方便地对血管进行定位，分割与配准等3D可视化研究。较之其它的三维重建方法而言，此法简便易行、快捷，可在几分钟内轻松地完成局部血管的三维重建。     

男性盆腔神经丛的外科应用解剖

目的　探讨泌尿外科术中避免损伤盆腔神经丛 (盆丛 )的解剖标志。方法　对 42具盆腔器官作盆腔解剖或组织切片 ,观察盆丛与盆腔脏器的毗邻关系。结果　盆丛位于直肠的前外侧 ,距肛门口 ( 9.5± 1.6)cm ,精囊的后外侧 ,在前列腺基底部与前列腺血管形成神经血管束 ,于尿道膜部外侧和后外侧 ,穿尿生殖膈。结论　精囊和前列腺神经血管束可作为泌尿外科术中防止损伤盆丛的一个标志。     

腹膜后脏器计算机三维可视化

目的:建立腹膜后重要脏器的计算机三维可视化模型。方法:应用中国数字化可视人体数据集,选取从。肾上腺顶部到肾底部的连续断面图像,在计算机上对肾等腹膜后脏器的断面图像轮廓进行数据分割,并对其行三维重建的立体显示。结果:重建出了肾上腺、肾、输尿管等脏器的三维可视化模型,该模型既可进行单个器官的显示,也可进行多个器官的分色显示,同时也可以任意放大缩小和任意角度旋转观察。结论:该腹膜后脏器的三维可视化模型展示了这些器官的三维空间结构,给临床影像诊断和外科手术提供了形态学参考。     

基于中国数字化人体的虚拟解剖学系统的建立

目的:研究数字化虚拟解剖系统有效地解决解剖学教学中面临的标本奇缺、标本破坏、教学环境限制等众多问题。方法:基于中国数字化人体数据集(CVH),联合山东数字人科技股份有限公司,通过数据分割、计算机三维重建、模型平滑贴图和软件系统构建开发,构建了中国首套基于真实人体数据的虚拟解剖系统。结果:该虚拟解剖系统包括断层解剖、系统解剖和局部解剖模块,提出了新的解剖学教学模式和教学理念,使医学生和低年资医生能随时随地进行系统解剖学、局部解剖学、断层解剖学甚至神经解剖学等多项课程的学习以及临床手术培训。结论:该软件系统操作环境舒适,无福尔马林等有害物质的吸入,能充分保障解剖学教学质量,提高学员学习效率,增强学习兴趣,提高学员三维空间想象能力,能带来新的一轮解剖学教学革命。     

上纵隔可视化模型的制备

目的:建立中国人体上纵隔区域内主要结构的数字化可视模型,为临床上纵隔疾病的影像学诊断及外科手术方案选择提供形态学依据。方法:采用第三军医大学数字人体研究所提供的数字化可视人体数据集中上纵隔部位的连续图像,运用体数据绘制及表面绘制的重建方法,在计算机上对上纵隔内各个重要结构进行计算机三维重建和立体显示。结果:上纵隔数字化可视模型能够清晰显示其各个主要结构的形态、位置及毗邻关系,各结构可单独显示和合成显示,并可任意方向的旋转。结论:数字化可视人体数据集对于上纵隔内容的显示,能较好地提供完整而精确的解剖学断面数据,重建后的可视化模型能准确反映该区域复杂的解剖学结构特点及其空间毗邻关系。     

中国数字化可视人女性盆腔的计算机三维重建

目的：建立中国女性盆腔三维可视化数字模型。方法：应用中国女性数字化可视人体数据集,在微机上对女性盆腔内主要脏器结构进行计算机三维重建及立体显示。结果：重建出女性盆腔内包括骨盆、骶椎椎间盘、主要血管(髂内动、静脉,髂外动、静脉)、输尿管、膀胱、尿道、卵巢、子宫、阴道、结直肠、股骨共12个解剖结构的三维图像。上述结构可单独显示,也可整体显示,图像还能转动任意角度进行观测,清楚地显示女性盆腔内主要脏器结构的空间立体位置关系。结论：本研究实现了对女性盆腔内主要脏器结构的可视化,为妇科疾病的临床辅助诊断、手术提供了参考,也可用于解剖教学和进一步的科研平台。     

眼外肌薄层断面与MRI对照研究

目的 提供首例中国女性可视化人体有关眼外肌的形态学信息，为眼外肌病的影像学识别与诊断提供薄层解剖学依据。方法 应用首例中国女性数字化可视人体数据集，提取眶区的横断面图像，与相应的MRI轴位图像对照观察。结果在人体横断面标本与相应的MRI轴位图像上，清楚显示眼外肌的形态及毗邻关系。结论采用可视人技术能为临床提供眶内精细结构断面数据，断面图像与MRI图像之间有良好的对应关系。     

数字化人体表面三维重建及显示的有关问题

目的：探讨使用切片技术建模的“虚拟人体”图库,重建人体三维图像的表面形状。方法：在目前通用的个人计算机装备上,结合计算机的视觉、数据存储、图形学和数字图像处理等技术,重建人体表面三维图像。结果：在大图库基础上建立了小图库,减少了数据量;通过滤镜除去噪点,提取边界;确定可见边界点,消除冗余边界点;构成前视冠状图;将静态显示制成动画;用实时计算显示,解决可控问题。结论：探讨了变处理大图库大数据量为小图库小数据量,建立表面三维要素数据库,减少计算机的计算量,加速三维重建及显示的过程,对未来“虚拟中国人”应用有较宽广的覆盖面。     

The anatomy of transanal minimally invasive surgery: Perineal distances and transanal angles

The recent interest in transanal, minimally invasive surgery has highlighted the importance of an in depth understanding of this complex region. We applied data from an anatomical study of the perineum to the concept of transanal minimally invasive surgery with the aim to describe more accurately anatomy relevant to this surgical technique. A consecutive series of adult patients undergoing colonoscopy were approached for consent to measure dimensions and angles of the perineum before the examination. Distances from the posterior margin of the anus to the coccyx, and the anterior margin of the anus to the posterior edge of the scrotum or introitus were measured. Then, using a pediatric proctoscope and a protractor, the anoperineal angle and the recto perineal angles were measured. The anorectal angle was derived from these measurements. Data is described using means and standard deviations. Measurements were obtained from 106 patients undergoing elective colonoscopy for average risk screening with no history of defecatory disorder. Posterior perineal length was similar in both sexes (4.5 cm ± 0.9 in women and 4.6 cm ±0.7 in men) but the anterior perineum was significantly shorter in women (2.5 ± 0.8). The mean anoperineal angle was 93° (±9), and mean rectoperineal angle was 73° (±9). These angles varied significantly between the sexes. The mean anorectal angle (derived) was 160° (±9), and did not differ significantly between the sexes. There was no correlation between the posterior perineal length and ano perineal, recto perineal, or anorectal angles. Limitations: small sample size. Anoperineal and recto perineal differ significantly between the sexes. Surgeons using transanal minimally invasive surgical techniques should expect to alter the alignment of their dissection accordingly. This study shows the magnitude of the differences that can exist. Clin. Anat. 32:68–72, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The virtual anatomy practical: A stereoscopic 3D interactive multimedia computer examination program

Continuing advances in computer visualization and interface technologies have enabled development of “virtual reality” programs that allow users to perceive and to interact with objects in artificial three-dimensional environments. Such technologies were used to create an image database and program for administering a practical examination in human gross anatomy. Stereoscopic image pairs of prepared laboratory dissections were digitized from multiple views of the thorax, abdomen, pelvic region, and upper and lower extremities. For each view, the stereo pairs were interlaced into a single, field-sequential stereoscopic picture using an image processing program. The resulting color-corrected, interlaced image files were organized in a database stored on a large-capacity hard disk. Selected views were provided with structural identification pointers and letters (A and B). For each view, appropriate two-part examination questions were spoken by a human narrator, digitally recorded, and saved as universal audio format files on the archival hard disk. Images and digital narration were organized in an interactive multimedia program created with a high-level multimedia authoring system. At run-time, 24-bit color 3D images were displayed on a large-screen computer monitor and observed through liquid crystal shutter goggles. A 90-second interval timer and tone were provided to give student users a time limit for each question comparable to that of a conventional practical examination. Users could control the program and select regional “subexams” using a mouse and cursor to point-and-click on screen-level control words (“buttons”). Clin. Anat. 11:89–94, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

中鼻甲连续冠状断面解剖及3D数字重建

目的 探讨中鼻甲连续冠状位断面解剖特点,结合薄层CT扫描及3D数字重建,为自后向前的鼻窦手术提供结构解剖学基础。方法 4具（8侧）成人尸头标本,行鼻窦螺旋CT扫描获取图像后,行连续冠状位断面解剖,并对相应层面的CT图像进行结构标注,观察中鼻甲3部分的形态学特点及与CT影像的对应关系;通过薄层鼻窦CT进行3D立体数字重建中鼻甲。结果 连续冠状位断面解剖自后向前观察中鼻甲各部分形态特点为,中鼻甲水平部内侧游离端为球状并以板状结构附着于鼻腔外侧壁;板状结构向前分为前后骨板,前为筛泡基板,后为中鼻甲基板,斜行向前向上附着于脑板;在筛泡基板与中鼻甲基板之间为前组筛窦;中鼻甲垂直部自中鼻甲水平部以矢状位向上呈扇形附着于额鼻嵴及脑板;以冠状位断面解剖中鼻甲3部分典型形态标注鼻窦CT图像;完成了中鼻甲形态数字三维重建。结论 从冠状位断面形态观察,可以归纳出自后至前中鼻甲形态变化规律,为自后向前的手术径路提供解剖学依据。     

新型骶髂关节内固定系统的三维仿真与对比验证

目的 建立使用新型的骶髂关节解剖型棒-板内固定系统（SABP）对骶髂关节骨折脱位 进行固定的三维有限元模型,并与骶髂关节螺钉、和前路重建钢板固定进行对比,验证 和分析其力学性能。 方法 根据CT扫描数据,采用专门的流线型生物力学有限元网格划 分器,建立完整骨盆三维有限元模型。去掉模型一侧的骶髂关节韧带群模拟骨折脱位, 使用新型的SABP内固定系统进行固定模拟,同时分别使用骶髂关节螺钉（SS）和前路重 建钢板固定（SP）建立对比模型,进行加载计算,分析受力情况。 结果 SABP 固定的 最大位移值比 SS固定减小约40%,比 SP固定减小约42%。与对照组相比,SABP 固定模 型中,在主要传承负载区域的最大Stress 值均为最小：在损侧髋皮质骨、和损侧髋软 骨区域, 比SS固定减小约 33%-70%;在骶皮质骨、和损侧髋皮质骨区域,比SP固定减 约 60%-75%。 结论 新型骶髂关节解剖型棒-板内固定系统的固定形式更趋合理,固定 结构更趋稳定,为骨盆骨折的治疗增加了一种更有效的新方法。     

The virtual dissecting room: Creating highly detailed anatomy models for educational purposes

IntroductionVirtual 3D models are powerful tools for teaching anatomy. At the present day, there are a lot of different digital anatomy models, most of these commercial applications are based on a 3D model of a human body reconstructed from images with a 1 mm intervals. The use of even smaller intervals may result in more details and more realistic appearances of 3D anatomy models. The aim of this study was to create a realistic and highly detailed 3D model of the hand and wrist based on small interval cross-sectional images, suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching purposes with the possibility to perform a virtual dissection in an educational application.MethodsIn 115 transverse cross-sections from a human hand and wrist, segmentation was done by manually delineating 90 different structures. With the use of Amira the segments were imported and a surface model/polygon model was created, followed by smoothening of the surfaces in Mudbox. In 3D Coat software the smoothed polygon models were automatically retopologied into a quadrilaterals formation and a UV map was added. In Mudbox, the textures from 90 structures were depicted in a realistic way by using photos from real tissue and afterwards height maps, gloss and specular maps were created to add more level of detail and realistic lightning on every structure. Unity was used to build a new software program that would support all the extra map features together with a preferred user interface.ConclusionA 3D hand model has been created, containing 100 structures (90 at start and 10 extra structures added along the way). The model can be used interactively by changing the transparency, manipulating single or grouped structures and thereby simulating a virtual dissection. This model can be used for a variety of teaching purposes, ranging from undergraduate medical students to residents of hand surgery. Studying the hand and wrist anatomy using this model is cost-effective and not hampered by the limited access to real dissecting facilities.