高温热浪对人类健康影响的研究进展

随着全球气候变暖,近年来与夏季高温相关的极端气候事件频繁发生,高温热浪作为极端气候事件对人类健康的影响尤为突出,是人群死亡及相关疾病发生的重要危险因素,可导致多种疾病发病和死亡的增加,尤其是对心血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病影响较大。热浪健康影响敏感人群主要是老年人和婴幼儿,中纬度地区人群更为敏感。该文综述了高温热浪的影响因素、热浪对健康的影响及流行病学特征、研究方法,提出开展高温热浪健康影响的脆弱性研究及风险预警研究的重要性。     

极端气候对健康的影响

在全球变暖的大背景下,全球洪水、干旱、高温、台风、雨雪冰冻等极端天气/气候事件加剧,特别是20世纪80年代以来,极端气候事件频繁发生,形成灾害,给社会、经济和人民生活造成了严重的影响和损失。这些复杂的、大范围的破坏虽然对贫穷国家的影响最大,     

极端气候对健康的影响

在全球变暖的大背景下,全球洪水、干旱、高温、台风、雨雪冰冻等极端天气/气候事件加剧,特别是20世纪80年代以来,极端气候事件频繁发生,形成灾害,给社会、经济和人民生活造成了严重的影响和损失。这些复杂的、大范围的破坏虽然对贫穷国家的影响最大,但即使是富裕的工业化国家     

高温热浪对人类健康影响的研究进展

由于全球气候变暖和城市热岛效应的影响,热浪已成为世界范围内夏季频繁发生的极端天气灾害事件,加之其对人类健康的显著影响,因此受到越来越多的组织和机构的关注。本研究综述了高温热浪对人类健康影响的时间、地点、人群等流行病学分布特征,同时概述了其对心血管系统、呼吸系统、传染病等造成的影响及其预防控制措施,为更好地应对高温热浪提供了科学依据。     

长沙市2015—2019年极端天气事件对循环系统疾病死亡影响

目的 了解湖南省长沙市2015—2019年极端天气事件对循环系统疾病死亡的影响，为疾病防控及相关预测预警工作奠定基础。方法 收集长沙市2015年1月1日—2019年12月31日气象因素和居民循环系统疾病死亡数据，分析长沙市2015—2019年极端天气和循环系统疾病死亡的分布特征，并采用Poisson分布u检验、Spearman相关性分析和单滞后效应分析探讨极端天气的发生与循环系统疾病死亡的关系。结果 长沙市2015年1月1日—2019年12月31日共发生72次低温寒潮事件，集中在每年的12、1和2月；14次高温热浪事件，集中在每年的7和8月；21次阴雨寡照事件，全年各时段分布较平均；长沙市2015—2019年共报告循环系统疾病死亡123 626例，其中低温寒潮、高温热浪和阴雨寡照期间分别报告循环系统疾病死亡9 865、5 286和14 093例；循环系统疾病总死亡数与低温寒潮、高温热浪、阴雨寡照事件的发生均呈正相关（r=0.138、0.114、0.097，均P <0.01）；在极端天气中，高温热浪和阴雨寡照对循环系统疾病死亡数的影响滞后效应并不明显，低温寒潮对循环系统疾病总死亡数...     

异常低温阴雨天气对传染病突发公共卫生事件发生的影响

目的 通过分析罕见低温阴雨天气对南宁市传染病突发公共卫生事件发生的影响,为预防控制因极端天气事件导致传染病突发公共卫生事件的发生提供依据.方法 对南宁市2008年初和2012年初的极端低温阴雨天气期间及后延1个月的传染病突发公共卫生事件的发生情况进行分析.结果 极端低温阴雨天气使传染病突发公共卫生事件发生概率升高,且因传染病事件所致的罹患率也明显上升.2012年初传染病事件发生数最多,2008年初因传染病事件所致罹患率最高.2008年初传染病事件所致罹患率分别是2012年同期的1.528倍(x2=40.439,p＜0.001)和2005年来其它各年同期的1.685倍(x2=72.131,p＜0.001).2012年初因传染病事件所致罹患率分别是2005年来其它各年同期的1.103倍(x2=6.187,p＜0.05)和2009-2011年同期的1.384倍(x2=86.419,p＜0.001).结论 极端低温阴雨天气对传染病突发公共卫生事件的发生产生影响,但此期间发生的传染病突发公共卫生事件的病原以有有效疫苗预防的呼吸道传染病事件为主,因此,在经历极端气候条件时,应注重疫苗接种的宣传工作,扩大免疫接种范围,以减少传染病的发生和传播.     

传染性非典型肺炎防制措施和策略探讨

本文对传染性非典型肺炎的流行特征、流行情况作简要综述,探讨其防治控制措施策略,以提高对突发性传染性疾病的防制能力。     

热浪对健康的影响及其应对措施

随着气候变化引发极端天气事件发生频率和强度的增强,夏季热浪正在并将继续影响公共卫生安全。本文综述热浪造成的主要健康影响,热浪的易感人群以及如何应对热浪事件,保护人群健康。     

加强极端气候风险评估和管理保护我国人群健康和安全

<正>联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第五次评估报告指出,21世纪的气候变化,尤其是极端气候,将继续加剧现有人群健康问题,可能造成新的健康风险。极端气候(extreme climate)是特定时间和空间出现的罕见天气或气候事件,包括洪水、台风、干旱、热浪、寒潮、沙尘暴、厄尔尼诺等。它不仅导致人员伤亡及财产损失,还会破坏医疗体系以及水、食物和居住场所等生命必需品和生活基础设施,影响居民身心健康。     

自然灾害对医院信息系统的影响与应对措施

我国地域广大，地势复杂，极端天气气候事件导致的灾害比较频繁。探讨自然灾害对医院信息系统的影响，因地制宜地制订出防范措施，保证医院信息系统的安全和稳定运行，确保正常的医疗工作的进行是十分必要的。     

El Niño and human health

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the best known example of quasi-periodic natural climate variability on the interannual time scale. It comprises changes in sea temperature in the Pacific Ocean (El Niño) and changes in atmospheric pressure across the Pacific Basin (the Southern Oscillation), together with resultant effects on world weather. El Niño events occur at intervals of 2-7 years. In certain countries around the Pacific and beyond, El Niño is associated with extreme weather conditions that can cause floods and drought. Globally it is linked to an increased impact of natural disasters. There is evidence that ENSO is associated with a heightened risk of certain vector-borne diseases in specific geographical areas where weather patterns are linked with the ENSO cycle and disease control is limited. This is particularly true for malaria, but associations are also suggested in respect of epidemics of other mosquito-borne and rodent-borne diseases that can be triggered by extreme weather conditions. Seasonal climate forecasts, predicting the likelihood of weather patterns several months in advance, can be used to provide early indicators of epidemic risk, particularly for malaria. Interdisciplinary research and cooperation are required in order to reduce vulnerability to climate variability and weather extremes.     

Public health responses to extreme weather and climate events—a brief summary of the WHO meeting on this topic in Bratislava on 9–10 February 2004

In the last decade, the WHO European Region has been struck by various extreme weather events. The dramatic political, social, environmental and health consequences have stimulated debate on whether appropriate action can prevent the health effects of such extreme weather events. Based on our knowledge of climate change, more extreme weather and climate events will occur in the coming years, and they are likely to be more severe. International collaboration is needed to evaluate and target actions better. Many lessons have been learned from early warning and information systems. In preparation for the Fourth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health in Budapest in 2004, the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health of the WHO Regional Office for Europe and the European Environment Agency (EEA) organized a meeting entitled Extreme weather events and public health responses in Bratislava, Slovakia, on 9–10 February 2004 to exchange information regarding the 2002 floodings and the 2003 heat waves as well as to develop recommendations on public health and environmental responses to climate extremes. This paper reviews the contributions from the Bratislava meeting and summarizes the policy recommendations that were developed in a working document for the Fourth Ministerial Conference. Climate variability and extremes are discussed, as are country case studies and experience with floods, heat and cold waves in various European countries; some of the lessons learned are summarized in response to extreme events.     

Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire?

Flooding and heavy rainfall have been associated with numerous outbreaks of leptospirosis around the world. With global climate change, extreme weather events such as cyclones and floods are expected to occur with increasing frequency and greater intensity and may potentially result in an upsurge in the disease incidence as well as the magnitude of leptospirosis outbreaks. In this paper, we examine mechanisms by which climate change can affect various ecological factors that are likely to drive an increase in the overall incidence as well as the frequency of outbreaks of leptospirosis. We will discuss the geographical areas that are most likely to be at risk of an increase in leptospirosis disease burden owing to the coexistence of climate change hazard risk, environmental drivers of leptospirosis outbreaks, local socioeconomic circumstances, and social and demographic trends. To reduce this disease burden, enhanced surveillance and further research is required to understand the environmental drivers of infection, to build capacity in emergency response and to promote community adaptation to a changing climate.     

The potential impacts of climate variability and change on health impacts of extreme weather events in the United States

Extreme weather events such as precipitation extremes and severe storms cause hundreds of deaths and injuries annually in the United States. Climate change may alter the frequency, timing, intensity, and duration of these events. Increases in heavy precipitation have occurred over the past century. Future climate scenarios show likely increases in the frequency of extreme precipitation events, including precipitation during hurricanes, raising the risk of floods. Frequencies of tornadoes and hurricanes cannot reliably be projected. Injury and death are the direct health impacts most often associated with natural disasters. Secondary effects, mediated by changes in ecologic systems and public health infrastructure, also occur. The health impacts of extreme weather events hinge on the vulnerabilities and recovery capacities of the natural environment and the local population. Relevant variables include building codes, warning systems, disaster policies, evacuation plans, and relief efforts. There are many federal, state, and local government agencies and nongovernmental organizations involved in planning for and responding to natural disasters in the United States. Future research on health impacts of extreme weather events should focus on improving climate models to project any trends in regional extreme events and as a result improve public health preparedness and mitigation. Epidemiologic studies of health effects beyond the direct impacts of disaster will provide a more accurate measure of the full health impacts and will assist in planning and resource allocation.     

气候变化对传染病发生的影响

气候因素对传染病的发生和流行产生重要影响.从病原体、媒介、传播途径和人体免疫力等方面直接或间接影响传染病的发病趋势.文章就气候变化对呼吸道传染病、肠道传染病、虫媒传染病和自然疫源性疾病的影响进行了概述,力求全面了解气候变化对传染病发生和传播的影响,为公共卫生部门制定科学防控措施提供依据.     

Mapping climate change vulnerabilities to infectious diseases in Europe

Background: The incidence, outbreak frequency, and distribution of many infectious diseases are generally expected to change as a consequence of climate change, yet there is limited regional information available to guide decision making.Objective: We surveyed government officials designated as Competent Bodies for Scientific Advice concerning infectious diseases to examine the degree to which they are concerned about potential effects of climate change on infectious diseases, as well as their perceptions of institutional capacities in their respective countries.Methods: In 2007 and 2009/2010, national infectious disease experts from 30 European Economic Area countries were surveyed about recent and projected infectious disease patterns in relation to climate change in their countries and the national capacity to cope with them.Results: A large majority of respondents agreed that climate change would affect vector-borne (86% of country representatives), food-borne (70%), water-borne (68%), and rodent-borne (68%) diseases in their countries. In addition, most indicated that institutional improvements are needed for ongoing surveillance programs (83%), collaboration with the veterinary sector (69%), management of animal disease outbreaks (66%), national monitoring and control of climate-sensitive infectious diseases (64%), health services during an infectious disease outbreak (61%), and diagnostic support during an epidemic (54%).Conclusions: Expert responses were generally consistent with the peer-reviewed literature regarding the relationship between climate change and vector- and water-borne diseases, but were less so for food-borne diseases. Shortcomings in institutional capacity to manage climate change vulnerability, identified in this assessment, should be addressed in impact, vulnerability, and adaptation assessments.     

基于脆弱性的高温热浪天气适应能力研究进展

政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第五次评估报告认为,由于全球变暖,世界许多地区已出现且将会出现越来越多的极端高温天气事件或热浪,这会给人群健康带来一系列的问题。该文对气候变化脆弱性适应能力的指标及应对高温热浪天气的经验与措施进行了归纳与总结,建议根据每个城市不同的脆弱性特征,研究针对不同侧重点的适应能力策略,增强高温热浪天气的适应能力。     

Impact of extreme weather events and climate change for health and social care systems

This review, commissioned by the Research Councils UK Living With Environmental Change (LWEC) programme, concerns research on the impacts on health and social care systems in the United Kingdom of extreme weather events, under conditions of climate change. Extreme weather events considered include heatwaves, coldwaves and flooding. Using a structured review method, we consider evidence regarding the currently observed and anticipated future impacts of extreme weather on health and social care systems and the potential of preparedness and adaptation measures that may enhance resilience. We highlight a number of general conclusions which are likely to be of international relevance, although the review focussed on the situation in the UK. Extreme weather events impact the operation of health services through the effects on built, social and institutional infrastructures which support health and health care, and also because of changes in service demand as extreme weather impacts on human health. Strategic planning for extreme weather and impacts on the care system should be sensitive to within country variations. Adaptation will require changes to built infrastructure systems (including transport and utilities as well as individual care facilities) and also to institutional and social infrastructure supporting the health care system. Care sector organisations, communities and individuals need to adapt their practices to improve resilience of health and health care to extreme weather. Preparedness and emergency response strategies call for action extending beyond the emergency response services, to include health and social care providers more generally.     

El Niño effects on influenza mortality risks in the state of California

Recent El Ni?o events have emphasized the need to develop modelling techniques to assess climate-related health events. Experts agree that climate changes affect the spread of infectious diseases and that the geographic range of infectious diseases may expand as a result of these changes. Nevertheless, the world health modelling community cannot yet predict, with reasonable accuracy, when or where exactly these effects will occur or how large the threat of these diseases will be to particular populations. This study compared the spatiotemporal patterns of influenza mortality risk in the state of California during El Ni?o vs normal weather periods. By applying a stochastic methodology to county-specific mortality data, various sources of uncertainty were accounted for, and informative influenza mortality maps and profiles were generated. This methodology enabled the detection of significant effects of climate change on the influenza risk distributions. Geographical maps of risk variation during El Ni?o differed from those during normal weather, the corresponding covariances exhibited distinct space-time dependence features, and the temporal mean mortality profiles were considerably higher during normal weather than during El Ni?o. These rather unexpected results of spatiotemporal analysis are worth further investigation that seeks substantive and biologically plausible explanations. The findings of this study can offer a methodological framework to evaluate public health management strategies.