Safety and efficacy of transulnar approach for coronary angiography and intervention

Background Transradial approach, which is now widely used in coronary angiography and intervention, may be advantageous with respect to the femoral access due to the lower incidence of vascular complications. Transulnar approach has been proposed for elective procedures in patients not suitable for transradial approach. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the transulnar approach versus the transradial approach for coronary angiography and intervention.Methods Two hundred and forty patients undergoing coronary angiography, followed or not by intervention, were randomized to transulnar (TUA) or transradial approach (TRA). Doppler ultrasound assessments of the forearm vessels were scheduled for all patients before procedures, 1 day and 30 days after procedures. The primary end point was access site vascular complications during hospitalization and 30 days follow-up. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) as secondary end point was recorded till 30 days follow-up.Results Successful puncture was achieved in 98.3% (118/120) of patients in the TUA group, and in 100% (120/120) of patients in the TRA group. Coronary angiographies were performed in 40 and 39 patients in TUA and TRA group. Intervention procedures were performed in 78 and 83 patients in TUA and TRA group, respectively. The incidence of artery stenosis 1 day and 30 days after procedures was 11.0% vs. 12.3% and 5.1% vs. 6.6% in TUA and TRA group, respectively. Asymptomatic access site artery occlusion occurred in 5.1% vs.1.7% of patients 1 day and 30 days after transulnar angioplasty, and in 6.6% vs. 4.9% of patients 1 day and 30 days after transradial angioplasty. Minor bleeding was still observed at the moment of the ultrasound assessment in 5.9% and 5.7% of patients in TUA and TRA group, respectively (P=0.949). No big forearm hematoma, and A-V fistula were observed in both groups. Freedom from MACE at 30 days follow-up was observed in all patients.Conclusions The transulnar approach is as safe and effective as the transradial approach for coronary angiography and intervention. It is an attractive opinion for experienced operators who are skilled in this technique, particularly in cases of anatomic variations of the radial artery, radial artery small-caliber or thin radial pulse.     

Safety and efficacy of transulnar approach for coronary angiography and intervention

Background Transradial approach, which is now widely used in coronary angiography and intervention, may be advantageous with respect to the femoral access due to the lower incidence of vascular complications. Transulnar approach has been proposed for elective procedures in patients not suitable for transradial approach. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the transulnar approach versus the transradial approach for coronary angiography and intervention.Methods Two hundred and forty patients undergoing coronary angiography, followed or not by intervention, were randomized to transulnar (TUA) or transradial approach (TRA). Doppler ultrasound assessments of the forearm vessels were scheduled for all patients before procedures, 1 day and 30 days after procedures. The primary end point was access site vascular complications during hospitalization and 30 days follow-up. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) as secondary end point was recorded till 30 days follow-up.Results Successful puncture was achieved in 98.3% (118/120) of patients in the TUA group, and in 100% (120/120) of patients in the TRA group. Coronary angiographies were performed in 40 and 39 patients in TUA and TRA group. Intervention procedures were performed in 78 and 83 patients in TUA and TRA group, respectively. The incidence of artery stenosis 1 day and 30 days after procedures was 11.0% vs. 12.3% and 5.1% vs. 6.6% in TUA and TRA group, respectively. Asymptomatic access site artery occlusion occurred in 5.1% vs.1.7% of patients 1 day and 30 days after transulnar angioplasty, and in 6.6% vs. 4.9% of patients 1 day and 30 days after transradial angioplasty. Minor bleeding was still observed at the moment of the ultrasound assessment in 5.9% and 5.7% of patients in TUA and TRA group, respectively (P=0.949). No big forearm hematoma, and A-V fistula were observed in both groups. Freedom from MACE at 30 days follow-up was observed in all patients.Conclusions The transulnar approach is as safe and effective as the transradial approach for coronary angiography and intervention. It is an attractive opinion for experienced operators who are skilled in this technique, particularly in cases of anatomic variations of the radial artery, radial artery small-caliber or thin radial pulse.     

Clinical study of arterial anatomic variations for transradial coronary procedure in Chinese population

Background The radial artery is currently regarded as a useful approach for coronary intervention procedures. Adequate anatomical information of the radial artery should be helpful in performing transradial coronary procedures. Few data about the Chinese population have been obtained in this field. Therefore, we tried to evaluate the incidence and clinical significance of anomalous patterns, and their influence on the intervention procedure. Methods In an estimated sample of 3000 cases, radial artery and subclavical artery angiography were performed after insertion of the sheath and coronary angiography （CA）. The evaluable data including branch anomaly, tortuosity of the radial artery and procedural characteristics were analyzed. The procedure success was defined as CA or percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） completed with the initial radial artery approach without changing to other routes. Results In this study, 1897 cases of CA was undertaken and 1103 cases of CA combined with PCI were performed. The success rate of transradial intervention （TRI） was 96.6% （2899/3000）. The approach in 44 cases was changed to the contralateral radial artery and 57 cases were changed to the brachial artery or femoral artery due to failure with the initial radial artery approach. The angiography of the upper limb artery was performed in all cases. Anatomic variations of upper limb arteries were noted in 610 patients （20.3%）, which included tortuous configurations of the radial artery （5.0%）, hypoplasias （2.2%）, radioulnar loop （1.1%）, abnormal origin of the radial artery （7.7%）, stenosis of radial artery （1.4%）, a tortuous configuration of the brachial artery （0.9%）, a tortuous configurations of the subclavian artery （1.9%）, lusoria subclavian artery （0.1%）, and subclavian artery occlusion （0.03%）. The procedural success rate in the normal population was higher than in the variation group （97.6% vs 93.0%, P 〈0.001）. In addition, other procedural outcomes and incidence of complications except radial artery occlusion were also significantly superior to variation group. Conclusions Anatomic variations of the radial artery were common, making up an important limitation in the trans- radial approach. Selection of appropriate instruments and understanding some tips and tricks were helpful to overcome the obstacles and effectively reduce the learning curve.     

不同途径介入治疗急性心肌梗死的对照研究

目的:比较不同途径急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死的安全性和有效性.方法:收集254例发病≤12 h 的ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死患者的临床资料,比较经桡动脉急诊PCI(TRA组,n=182)与经股动脉急诊PCI(TFA组,n=72)患者的手术操作、住院情况以及随访期主要不良心脏事件(MACE)发生率.结果:两组穿刺成功率、穿刺至首次球囊扩张时间、手术成功率、住院和随访期间MACE发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).TRA组手术时间短[(36.1±16.3)min vs (40.5±15.1)min,P=0.049),依从性高(81.9% vs 26.4%,P＜0.005),血管并发症明显减少(5.5% vs 34.7%,P＜0.005),住院时间缩短[(9.2±3.0)d vs (10.8±4.2)d,P=0.003].结论:在强化抗栓条件下,相对于股动脉途径,急诊经桡动脉PCI有相似的有效性及安全性,且并发症和住院日更少.     

急性心肌梗死经桡动脉途径冠脉介入治疗效果观察

目的总结急性心肌梗死（AMI）急诊经桡动脉途径行冠脉介入（PCI）治疗的疗效。方法对69例诊断为AMI患者选择右侧桡动脉为穿刺径路行PCI治疗（A组）,对照组为20例AMI行经皮股动脉入路直接PCI的患者（B组）。随访术后3个月内的主要心血管事件（MACE）的发生率,包括死亡率、非致命性心肌梗死发生率、靶血管血运重建率（TVR）及3个月内复诊冠脉造影择期干预其他病变血管的手术率。结果3个月后随访结果显示,MACE发生率均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;3个月内复诊冠状动脉造影及择期手术率A组明显高于B组（P〈0.05）。结论急诊行经皮桡动脉入路PCI治疗AMI有一定的安全性,还不能认为其近期MACE的发生率低于经股动脉入路,但能提高冠状动脉造影的复诊及择期手术率。     

经桡动脉冠状动脉介入术后桡动脉狭窄及闭塞的危险因素分析

目的探讨经桡动脉途径冠状动脉介入术后桡动脉狭窄及闭塞的危险因素。方法观察323例经桡动脉人路成功行冠状动脉介入术的患者,应用彩色多普勒超声评价患者是否发生桡动脉狭窄及闭塞,据此将观察病例分为正常组（n=256）和桡动脉狭窄及闭塞组（n=67）。比较两组患者的临床特征,通过多因素Logistic回归分析探索引起术后桡动脉狭窄及闭塞的危险因素。结果67例（20．74％）患者术后发生桡动脉狭窄甚至闭塞。单因素分析显示,桡动脉狭窄及闭塞组女性、糖尿病、既往TRI或TRA史、反复穿刺、留置鞘管患者的比例高于正常组,鞘管留置时间、压迫止血时间大于正常组;而桡动脉内径与鞘管外径的比值（RAID／SOD）及术中肝素用量小于正常组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示糖尿病、RAID／SOD、术中肝素用量、鞘管留置时间及压迫止血时间是桡动脉狭窄及闭塞的独立危险因素。结论选择与桡动脉内径匹配的动脉鞘管、足够强度的抗凝治疗、减少鞘管留置的时间及压迫止血的时间,有利于减少术后桡动脉狭窄及闭塞的发生,对糖尿病患者及桡动脉内径较小的患者更应注意采取预防措施。     

经桡动脉途径行冠心病介入诊疗180例分析

目的:探讨经桡动脉途径行冠心病介入诊治的安全性和有效性。方法:连续统计经桡动脉途径行冠脉造影(CAG)及冠脉介入治疗(PCI)的病例180例,观察手术成功率、并发症。结果:180例患者均首先经桡动脉穿刺,穿刺失败4例,成功率97.78%,经桡动脉途径行冠脉造影成功率97.22%,行冠脉支架置入成功率90.91%,经桡动脉途径失败者改经股动脉途径介入检查及治疗成功,总成功率100%。结论:经桡动脉途径是一种安全有效的冠心病介入诊疗方法,具有创伤小、局部并发症少、术后易于止血、不需强制卧床、术后恢复快等优点,与传统股动脉途径互为补充。     

经桡动脉介入术治疗急性心肌梗死的临床研究

目的探讨经桡动脉穿刺行冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗急性心肌梗死（AMI）的可行性和安全性。方法选择AMI发病时间在12h以内的患者66例,血流动力学稳定、桡动脉搏动良好、Allen＇s试验阳性患者,用单盲法随机分为两组：经桡动脉介入组33例、经股动脉介入组33例。结果PCI总成功率为100％,桡动脉组插管成功率为96．6％（29／30）,其中1例因导管不能到位改为股动脉入径。股动脉组插管成功率为100％,两组成功率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。罪犯血管最终开通率（TIMI 3级）挠动脉组为92．6％（28／30）,股动脉组为93．6％（34／36）,两纽比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。手术时间：桡动脉组为（43．8±19．6）min,股动脉组为（45．6±18．6）min,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后并发症发生率两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论经桡动脉途径急诊PCI治疗AMI是一种安全、有效、更容易被患者接受的方法,对血流动力学稳定、Allen试验阳性、桡动脉搏动良好患者可首选。     

经桡动脉行冠脉造影306例临床分析

目的：探讨经桡动脉行冠脉造影的可行性、安全性、手术成功率和并发症。方法：回顾性调查2006年1月至2008年11月接受冠脉造影患者共306例,对冠脉介入操作导管进入途径的临床资料进行分析。结果：经桡动脉行冠脉造影成功295例,成功率96.4%,男性成功率96.8%,女性成功率96.0%。术后前臂张力性血肿4例（1.3%）,桡动脉闭塞4例（1.3%）,无其它并发症。结论：经桡动脉行冠脉造影安全、可行,且并发症少,可减轻患者的痛苦。     

经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影和PCI的临床应用

目的探讨经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影扣PCI的效果及安全性。方法对经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影或介入治疗的268例患者的临床资料做分析。结果桡动脉穿刺成功266例（99．20％），桡动脉插管成功260例（97．01％）。经桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗35例，单支病变21例，双支病变10例，三支病变4例，均无严重并发症扣穿刺相关的死亡。结论经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影和PCI是可行和安全的。     

Incidence and predictors of radial artery spasm during transradial coronary angiography and intervention

Background Radial artery spasm （RAS） is the most common complication in transradial coronary angiography and intervention. In this study, we designed to investigate the incidence of RAS during transradial procedures in Chinese, find out the independent predictors through multiple regression, and analyze the clinical effect of RAS during follow-up. Methods Patients arranged to receive transradial coronary angiography and intervention were consecutively enrolled. The incidence of RAS was recorded. Univariate analysis was performed to find out the influence factors of RAS, and logistic regression analysis was performed to find out the independent predictors of RAS. The patients were asked to return 1 month later for the assessment of the radial access.Results The incidence of RAS was 7.8% （112/1427） in all the patients received transradial procedure. Univariate analysis indicates that young （P=0.038）, female （P=0.026）, small diameter of radial artery （P 〈0.001）, diabetes （P=0.026）, smoking （P=0.019）, moderate or severe pain during radial artery cannulation （P〈0.001）, unsuccessful access at first attempt （P=0.002）, big sheath （P=0.004）, number of catheters （〉3） （P=0.048）, rapid baseline heart rate （P=0.032） and long operation time （P=0.021） were associated with RAS. Logistic regression showed that female （OR=1.745, 95% CI： 1.148-3.846, P=0.024）, small radial artery diameter （OR=4.028, 95%CI： 1.264-12.196, P=0.008）, diabetes （OR= 2.148, 95%CI： 1.579-7.458, P=0.019） and unsuccessful access at first attempt （OR=1.468, 95%CI： 1.212-2.591, P=0.032） were independent predictors of RAS. Follow-up at （28±7） days after the procedure showed that, compared with non-spasm patients, the RAS patients had higher portion of pain （11.8% vs. 6.2%, P=0.043）. The occurrences of hematoma （7.3% vs. 5.6%, P=0.518） and radial artery occlusion （3.6% vs. 2.6%, P=0.534） were similar. Conclusions The incidence of RAS during transradial coronary procedure was 7.8%. Logistic regression analysis showed that female, small radial artery diameter, diabetes and unsuccessful access at first attempt were the independent predictors of RAS.     

使用5F桡动脉鞘及造影导管经桡/尺动脉径路冠状动脉造影624例体会

目的探讨常规使用5F桡动脉鞘及造影导管经桡/尺动脉径路诊断性冠状动脉造影的可行性及安全性。方法选择我院住院行冠脉造影的连续性患者624例,其中男346例,女278例,年龄33～84岁,临床上均符合冠状动脉造影指征,无禁忌证。使用5F桡动脉专用穿刺鞘组首选穿刺右侧桡动脉,若失败再选择穿刺右尺动脉、左桡动脉或左尺动脉,分别使用5FJudkins型造影导管或左右共用型冠状动脉造影导管行冠状动脉造影。结果619例患者经桡/尺动脉径路成功完成左右冠脉的造影,5例经桡动脉冠脉造影失败而改股动脉径路成功。结论经桡/尺动脉入径使用5F桡动脉鞘及造影导管行冠状动脉造影具有成功率高、创伤小、患者极易接受等优点,值得广泛推广。     

桡动脉与股动脉途径冠心病介入治疗临床观察

目的探讨经桡动脉（Transradia approach coronary intervention,TRA）与经股动脉（Transfemoral approach coronary intervention,TFA）两种途径行冠心病（Coronary heart disease,CHD）介入治疗的临床效果差异。方法选择2010—2014年曾在该院接受治疗的冠心病患者1 000例,将患者随机分为数量相等的两组即观察组与对照组进,对照组中患者以经股动脉（TFA）冠状动脉介入方法进行治疗,观察组中患者以经桡动脉（TRA）冠状动脉介入方法进行治疗,观察两组患者所得到的临床效果。结果治疗结束后,观察组中患者的治疗成功率为96.0%,对照组中患者的治疗成功率为92.0%,两组患者之间差异显著;比较两组患者的穿刺时间、手术时间以及造影剂量：观察组中患者的穿刺时间及手术之间均短于对照组,观察组中患者的造影剂量少于对照组,两组患者之间差异较明显;观察组中患者的并发症发生率为4.0%,对照组中患者的并发症发生率为16.0%,两组患者直接差异较明显。结论经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉介入治疗是安全、有效的方法。桡动脉途径与股动脉途径冠状动脉介入冠心病均能够得到较好的效果,经桡动脉途径冠状动脉介入方法的穿刺时间、手术时间、术后并发症发生率均少于经股动脉冠状动脉介入方法,有利于患者尽快康复,临床上可优先选择经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉介入治疗。     

经皮桡动脉冠状动脉造影术和介入治疗的临床应用

目的:探讨经皮桡动脉冠状动脉造影和介入治疗的安全性和可行性。方法:121例拟诊冠心病患者术前均接受Allen′s试验检查,选择右侧桡动脉为穿刺径路,使用6F桡动脉专用鞘管,5F桡动脉造影导管和6F指引导管。结果:桡动脉穿刺成功119例,成功率为98.3%;造影成功112例,成功率为92.5%,9例失败,其中7例为老年女性患者;14例行PCI治疗。局部血肿1例(0.9%),术后无桡动脉闭塞、出血、夹层等血管并发症发生。结论:经皮桡动脉冠脉造影术和介入治疗安全、可行,经桡动脉穿刺局部并发症少,病人更乐意接受,值得推广。选择病例时对于身材矮小、桡动脉搏动细弱的老年女性应慎重。     

Safety and feasibility of repeated percutaneous transradial coronary intervention in the same route

Background  The radial approach has been increasingly used as an alternative to femoral access. And more procedures using repeated transradial coronary intervention (r-TRI) are performed. However, few data about r-TRI has been obtained. Therefore, we investigated the safety and feasibility of r-TRI using the same route.

Methods  A total of 423 consecutive eligible patients undergoing r-TRI were enrolled in the r-TRI group, and 846 patients with initial TRI (i-TRI) were assigned to the i-TRI group in a 2:1 matching ratio compared to r-TRI group. The primary endpoint included the success rate of the procedure and the incidence of vascular related complications.

Results  The baseline clinical characteristics in the two groups were comparable. The success rate of procedures in the r-TRI and i-TRI was similar (96.0% vs. 97.5%, P=0.130). In subgroup analysis (coronary angiography only or angiography with pecutaneous coronary intervention), similar results were also observed. The puncture numbers and incidence of radial artery spasm in the r-TRI group were significantly higher than in the i-TRI group (P=0.024 and P <0.001, respectively). The other procedural outcomes in the two groups were identical. With respect to the incidence of overall vascular related complication and independent events, there were no significant differences in spite of a higher incidence of radial artery occlusion (RAO) in the r-TRI group (RAO: 1.2% vs. 0.7%, P=0.521). The patients in the i-TRI group had more comfortable feeling than patients in the r-TRI group (P=0.001).

Conclusions  R-TRI produces a comparable procedure success rate and incidence of vascular complication when compared to i-TRI. It should be considered as an acceptable and safe procedure.

     

经桡动脉和经股动脉途径冠状动脉介入诊疗临床对照研究

目的比较经桡动脉途径冠状动脉介入诊疗（TRI）和经股动脉途径冠状动脉介入诊疗（TFI）的优劣。方法选择2007年5月～2009年8月行冠状动脉造影和（或）冠状动脉介入治疗患者382例,按照途径分为两组：桡动脉组（R组）217例,股动脉组（F组）165例,比较两组手术成功率、并发症发生率、手术操作时间。结果手术成功率：R组94．5％（205／217）,F组96．9％（158／163）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;穿刺部位并发症发生率：R组2．7％（6／217）,F组11．5％（19／165）;CAG操作时间R组（16．7±7．5）min,G组（14．3±5．8）min。结论经桡动脉途径与经股动脉途径相比,手术成功率及操作时间相近,但局部并发症发生率低,患者痛苦小、创伤少、不需持续卧床而容易接受,值得推广。     

经皮桡动脉冠状动脉造影的临床应用

目的评价经皮桡动脉冠状动脉造影的临床应用价值。方法选择50例冠心病患者行经皮桡动脉途径冠状动脉造影术。术前和术后进行桡动脉多普勒超声检查,测定桡动脉内径和血流速度等参数的变化,观察有无并发症。结果48例桡动脉穿刺成功,成功率为96%;术后1例患者出现桡动脉闭塞,其余患者无并发症出现。术前和术后桡动脉内径等指标相比无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论经皮桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影是安全可靠的,它既可作为经股动脉途径的补充,也可作为首选途径进行冠状动脉造影。     

两种途径行冠状动脉造影的对比研究

目的探讨经桡动脉行冠脉造影的成功率及安全性。方法我院568例行冠脉动脉造影的患者,分别经桡动脉行冠脉造影268例,经股动脉冠脉造影300例。对比观察两组患者的成功率,并发症,造影剂用量,手术时间及x线照射时间等。结果两组患者造影成功率,并发症,血管造影剂用量,x线照射时间及手术时间差异无显著性意义(p>0.05)。结论经桡动脉途径与经股动脉途径行冠脉造影的成功率及安全性相同。     

Transradial approach for coronary angioplasty in Chinese elderly patients

Background The radial artery is currently regarded as a useful vascular access site for coronary procedures. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility and safety of the percutaneous radial artery approach for angioplasty in the elderly.
Methods Two thousand and fifty-eight consecutive patients （762 elderly, age ≥65 years; and 1296 non-elderly, age 〈65 years, respectively） who underwent transradial coronary angioplasty were recruited in this study. Study endpoints included procedure success rate, procedure time, vascular complications at access site, and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events during hospitalization.
Results Elderly patients were more likely to present with unstable angina and renal dysfunction. The incidence of radial and brachiocephalic trunk anatomical tortuosity was higher in elderly patients than that in non-elderly patients （11.5% vs 3.7%; 8.9% vs 2.6%, P 〈0.01, respectively）. However, procedural success rate （94.7% vs 95.6%） and total mean procedure time （（67.9±27.3） minutes vs （58.6±38.5） minutes） for transradial coronary angioplasty were not significantly different between the two groups. Clinical course during the hospitalization was slightly worse in the elderly patients because of more adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events after the procedure. However, the incidence of vascular complications was not significantly different between the elderly and non-elderly patients.
Conclusion Although the incidence of radial and brachiocephalic trunk anatomical tortuosity is higher in elderly patients, transradial coronary intervention can be performed with similar safety and procedural success in these patients as compared with non-elderly patients.     

Safety and feasibility of transradial approach for primary percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction

Background Transradial coronary intervention has been widely used because of its effects in lowering the incidence of complications in vascular access site and improving patient satisfaction compared to the femoral approach. This study aimed to investigate the safety and feasibility of transradial approach for primary percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. Methods A total of 103 consecutive elderly patients Cage 〉65 years） who were diagnosed as having AMI were indicated for PCI. Among them, 57 patients received primary PCI via the transradial approach （transradial intervention, TRI group）, and 46 underwent primary PCI via the transfemoral approach （transfemoral intervention, TFI group）. The success rate of puncture, puncture time, cannulation time, repeffusion time, the total time for PCI, the success rate of PCI, the use rates of temporary pacemaker and intra-aortic balloon pump （IABP）, and the total length of hospital stay of the patients in the two groups were compared. After the procedure, vascular access site complications and major adverse cardiovascular events （MACE） in the two groups in one month were observed. Results The success rates of puncture （98.2% vs 100.0%） and PCI （96.5% vs 95.7%） for the patients in the TRI and TFI groups were not statistically significant （P〉0.05）. The puncture time （（2.4±1.1） vs （2.0±0.9） minutes）, cannulation time （（2.7±0.5） vs （2.6±0.5） minutes）, reperfusion time （（16.2±4.5） vs （15.4±3.6） minutes）, total time of the procedure （（44.1±6.8） vs （41.2±5.7） minutes）, use rates of temporary pacemaker （1.8% vs 2.2%） and IABP （0 vs 2.2%） in the two groups were not statistically significant （P〉0.05）, but the hospital stay of the TFI group was longer than that of the TRI group （（10.1±4.6） vs （7.2±2..6） days, P〈0.01）. A radial occlusion was observed in the TRI group, but no ischemic syndrome in hand