大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞钾通道的电生理学特性

目的:研究大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞钾通道的电生理学特性。方法:用急性酶分离法分离单个大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞,采用全细胞膜片钳技术对肺动脉平滑肌细胞钾通道的电生理学特性进行研究。结果:在一定的实验条件下可记录出钙激活性钾电流(Kca)和电压门控性钾电流(Kv)。Kca可被四乙胺阻断,Kv电流由快速失活K+电流(Ka)、缓慢失活钾电流(Kst)和延迟整流K+电流(KDR)以不同比例复合而成,可被四氨基吡啶所阻断。结论:利用膜片钳技术研究发现,低氧通过作用K+通道引起肺动脉平滑肌细胞收缩。     

兔颈上神经节神经元的急性分离及其通道电流记录

目的 探讨兔颈上神经节神经元分离及电生理研究的方法.方法 为了获得适用于膜片钳实验技术的单个颈上神经节神经细胞,应用酶和机械分离相结合的方法,急性分离20～30 d幼兔的单个颈上神经节神经元.通过倒置显微镜直接观察以及全细胞膜片钳技术的电压钳和电流钳分别对分离得到的颈上神经节神经元的形态学和电生理学特性进行研究.结果 急性分离所得活性较好的颈上神经节神经元胞体具有圆形和顶树突特征,立体感强,光晕明显.在全细胞膜片钳记录模式下可记录到全细胞电流、钠电流、钾电流及动作电位.结论 该方法可以得到形态和生理特性良好的单个颈上神经节神经元;该方法适用于膜片钳技术的研究,对深入探讨药物、物理因子等对神经节神经元离子通道的影响具有重要的应用价值.     

G-CSF对豚鼠单个缺血心房肌细胞钙、钠、钾电流的影响

目的:采用膜片钳全细胞记录方法,观察粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)急性干预对分离的豚鼠单个缺血心房肌细胞钙、钠、钾电流的影响。方法:使用酶解方法获得豚鼠单个心房肌细胞,在缺血缺氧条件下,采用全细胞膜片钳技术观察记录不同浓度G-CSF急性干预对钙通道电流-电压曲线、激活曲线、失活曲线,钠通道电流-电压曲线、激活曲线、失活曲线、静态失活曲线,延迟整流钾通道及其快成分、慢成分电流-电压曲线的影响。结果:随G-CSF浓度的增加,缺血心房肌细胞膜L型钙通道电流较缺血对照组有明显增大。当G-CSF浓度超过100μg/kg后,L型钙通道电流的增强维持于同一水平。当给予G-CSF浓度为300μg/kg时最大激活电压发生改变,较前有所增加。激活曲线与失活曲线未见明显改变。不同浓度G-CSF对缺血心房肌细胞膜钠离子通道电流无明显影响。G-CSF干预缺血心房肌细胞膜延迟整流钾电流未见明显改变,但延迟整流钾电流快成分在G-CSF 100μg/kg干预后明显增加,而延迟整流钾电流慢成分未见明显改变。结论:G-CSF对于缺血心房肌细胞部分通道的作用影响基本为非电压依赖性,但具有浓度依赖性,可能减少缺血心房心律失常的发生率。     

大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞的分离及电压门控性钾电流的记录方法

目的介绍一种大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMCs)的急性分离方法并观察电压门控性钾电流电生理特性。方法应用胶原酶和木瓜蛋白酶联合消化法获得大鼠PASMCs,利用全细胞膜片钳技术记录PASMCs膜上的电压门控性钾通道(Kv)电流。结果在相差显微镜下观察大鼠PASMCs呈舒展梭形,边界清晰,有完整的细胞膜,胞浆均匀,数量多,活性好。结论用酶急性分离的大鼠PASMCs,容易进行全细胞膜片钳记录,方法简单、稳定、可靠。     

2.122豚鼠结肠平滑肌细胞L型钙通道特性研究

目的全细胞式膜片钳技术研究豚鼠结肠平滑肌细胞的L型钙通道特性,以加深对胃肠动力调控的认识及有利于胃肠动力药物的开发. 方法豚鼠,200～400g,木瓜蛋白酶酶消化法分离结肠纵肌细胞.全细胞膜片钳法记录单细胞的钙通道电流.     

果蝇中枢神经元胰蛋白酶急性分离方法

目的:探索果蝇脑神经元胰蛋白酶急性分离的新方法。方法:解剖果蝇晚三龄幼虫脑组织,用胰蛋白酶化学消化并辅以机械微振荡法分离制备单个细胞,用果蝇细胞培养液适当孵育。在倒置相差显微镜下对其进行形态学观察和分类,结合全细胞膜片钳技术对其电生理学特性进行初步研究。结果:该方法成功制备出三类大小和形态各异、活性较好的果蝇脑神经元,未见神经胶质细胞;以三型细胞为电生理学研究对象,记录到五种类型的全细胞外向钾电流。结论:我们建立的果蝇晚三龄幼虫脑细胞急性分离方法简便易行,稳定可靠。     

增龄犬左心房肌细胞动作电位和L型钙通道的变化

背景：增龄是心房颤动发生的独立危险因素,心房肌细胞电生理特性的变化是触发和维持心房颤动的重要因素。 目的：观察不同年龄犬左心房肌细胞动作电位和L型钙通道的改变。 方法：实验纳入7只成年犬和10只老年犬,用Ⅱ型胶原酶分离成年犬和老年犬的左心房肌细胞,用全细胞膜片钳方法记录成年犬和老年犬左心房肌细胞动作电位和L型钙通道电流;采用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测左心房肌L型钙通道α1c亚基mRNA和蛋白的表达。 结果与结论：与成年犬相比,老年犬左心房肌细胞动作电位平台期的幅度明显降低(P < 0.05),动作电位时程明显延长(P < 0.05),而最大舒张电位和动作电位幅度在老年犬和成年犬间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);同时老年犬左心房肌细胞的L型钙通道电流密度较成年犬明显降低(P < 0.05),而L型钙通道电流动力学参数在成年犬和老年犬间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);此外,与成年犬相比,老年犬左心房肌L型钙通道α1c亚基mRNA和蛋白的表达明显降低(P < 0.05)。由此认为,左心房肌细胞电生理学特性存在增龄性改变。     

丹参在常氧、急性低氧及氧反常等条件下对心室肌细胞L-Ca电流的影响

目的：用不同浓度的丹参NaCl溶液作用于常氧、低氧、及氧反常的豚鼠心室肌细胞上，观察L-Ca通道电流的相对变化，以期解释丹参减轻及阻止细胞内钙超载的机理。方法： 使用全细胞膜片钳技术研究心室肌细胞L-Ca通道电流的变化。结果： 无论是常氧、缺氧和缺氧后复氧状态下，浓度为32、320、3 200 mg/L的丹参制剂都能有效降低L-Ca通道电流幅值并呈浓度依赖性。此外，低浓度32 mg/L的丹参液对缺氧和氧反常细胞的作用更大于常氧细胞。结论： 丹参溶液能有效降低低氧和氧反常造成的异常增大的L-Ca电流幅值，阻止钙超载发生。     

TNFα对单个大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流的影响

目的探讨TNFα对心肌细胞L型钙电流的影响。方法分离大鼠单个心室肌细胞,用全细胞膜片钳方法检测TNFα对单个心室肌细胞L型钙电流的影响。结果 TNFα使单个大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流持续增强,促进细胞外钙离子持续向细胞内流动。结论 TNFα与感染性休克心脏收缩性改变相关。     

Ano2是钙激活氯离子通道的分子基础

目的 探讨Ano2是否为钙激活氯离子通道的分子基础.方法 用RT-PCR技术扩增Ano2编码基因,将Ano2连接到真核表达载体pEGFP-N3;通过脂质体介导将Ano2转染至FRT细胞,抗生素筛选获得稳定表达Ano2的细胞系;倒置荧光显微镜下观察Ano2在FRT细胞中的表达和分布,Western blot检测Ano2的表达;全细胞膜片钳技术研究Ano2的电生理学特性.结果 成功构建pEGFP-Ano2真核表达载体;Ano2表达在FRT细胞膜上;Ano2电流呈Ca2+、时间和电压依赖性,电流和电压关系呈外向整流.结论 Ano2是钙激活氯离子通道的分子基础.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.