Arthroscopic management of spinoglenoid cysts associated with SLAP lesions and suprascapular neuropathy

Suprascapular neuropathy secondary to cyst compression in the spinoglenoid notch may occur in association with SLAP tears. Arthroscopic techniques may be employed for both cyst excision and repair of labral pathology. We describe 3 cases in which preoperative and postoperative electromyograms and magnetic resonance imaging documented cyst resolution and return of suprascapular nerve function after arthroscopic spinoglenoid cyst excision and labral repair.     

Ganglion cysts of the shoulder: technique of arthroscopic decompression and fixation of associated type II superior labral anterior to posterior lesions

Ganglion cysts of the shoulder and concomitant suprascapular nerve compression should be considered in the differential diagnosis of shoulder pain. They are associated commonly with labral tears, most commonly SLAP lesions. MRI has become commonplace in evaluating shoulder pain and has led to the increased awareness of shoulder cysts. MRI accurately demonstrates the size and location of ganglions, which is critical when planning surgical intervention. It also has shown the frequent association of intra-articular pathology with these cysts. Despite that MRI can detect atrophy, the diagnosis of suprascapular nerve compression can be confirmed only by EMG/NCS, because the presence of a cyst does not necessarily mean the nerve is compressed. Likewise, a positive EMG does not confirm that the compression is caused by a ganglion cyst. EMG/NCVs are necessary for confirming the diagnosis and evaluating nerve and muscle function. A trial of nonoperative management is warranted; however, this is associated with a high failure rate. Aspiration techniques are successful for decompression of the cysts and initial pain relief; however, the intra-articular pathology is not addressed and there is a higher rate of recurrence. Open resection of the ganglion cyst is successful; however, the intra-articular labral tears are not addressed, which can lead to recurrence and the morbidity of the cyst excision is not warranted. Shoulder arthroscopy has led to the identification of associated intra-articular pathology such as SLAP lesions. These were not appreciated previously with open surgery and therefore were not addressed. Arthroscopic techniques have evolved to allow decompression of the ganglion cysts and repair of the labral lesions. This should decrease the possibility of recurrence of the cyst by eliminating the cyst and the pathologic lesion that created it. Arthroscopic excision also avoids much of the morbidity of the open approach and allows intra-articular pathology to be addressed concomitantly. This point has been emphasized by other investigators also. Furthermore, because of the limited surgical dissection, rehabilitation is able to begin earlier, with less patient discomfort and more prompt return to normal activities.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of acetabular labral tears

The acetabular labrum plays an important role in hip biomechanical function and stability. Labral tears can result in appreciable clinical symptoms and joint dysfunction and may predispose the hip to chondral damage and osteoarthritis. Magnetic resonance imaging is an effective tool for detecting and characterizing labral tears. Direct magnetic resonance arthrography is the most commonly used and validated technique for evaluating the labrum. However, indirect magnetic resonance arthrography and non-arthrographic magnetic resonance imaging are two less invasive and less resource-intensive techniques that should also be considered. Orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists should strive to develop and implement minimally and noninvasive diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging protocols for the investigation of labral pathology.     

Paraesophageal bronchogenic cyst associated with multiple epithelial splenic cysts

BACKGROUND: Bronchogenic cysts are rare congenital cystic lesions of foregut origin. They are the result of abnormal budding of the primitive tracheobronchial tube. Nonparasitic, true splenic cysts are another rare entity that might occur as incidental findings but may lead to deleterious courses in case of ruptures. CASE REPORT: We report here the first case of the uncommon association of a paraesophageal bronchogenic cyst and multiple primary splenic cysts in a 23-year-old woman suffering from dysphagia and chest pain. Successful complete resection of the paraesophageal cyst was performed using an abdominal, transhiatal approach and splenic cysts were subjected to organ-preserving TA stapler resection. CONCLUSION: Thus far there is no proof or genetic indication for a direct association of bronchogenic cysts and multiple splenic cysts, however, the uncommon coincidence of both lesions in our patient might suggest a common origin. Difficulties in preoperative diagnosis, histopathological characteristics and surgical treatment modalities are presented.     

Review of acetabular labral tears in dancers

Over the past decade numerous articles have been published regarding the hip labrum. Injuries to the labrum are becoming better understood as biomechanical, kinematic, and diagnostic technologies improve. When the last article on acetabular labral tears appeared in the Journal of Dance Medicine and Science in 2006, this injury was widely handled surgically by debridement. Just 5 years later, we see a shift toward preservation and repair of the labrum and correction of morphology when possible. This change in philosophy has come about as new information on the function of the labrum and the stresses placed upon it at extremes of hip range of motion became available. It is now felt that an intact labrum is useful for preserving the hip's articular cartilage. The change in surgical technique has also necessitated a change in rehabilitation protocols focused on protecting the healing labrum and chondral surface. The vast majority of research available for analysis has not been addressed specifically to a dance population, yet most is relevant and helpful in determining better treatment for dancers. This article reviews the latest available data on labral function, stresses on the labrum resulting from dance, clinical and diagnostic detection of labral tears, and outcomes of labral tear treatment in the young athletic population, including dancers. Recommendations are offered to improve data collection and focus for future research.     

Clinical evaluation and treatment of spinoglenoid notch ganglion cysts

Spinoglenoid notch cysts were identified by magnetic resonance imaging in 73 patients. Posterosuperior labral tears were identified in 65 patients who had spinoglenoid notch cysts. Patient follow-up was available on 88% of patients at a mean of 20.5 months after treatment. There were 52 men and 11 women, with a mean age of 39 years (range, 19-76 years). All patients reported shoulder pain. Infraspinatus atrophy occurred in 25 patients, weakness with external rotation in 43, and posterior shoulder tenderness in 30. Nineteen patients underwent nonoperative management of the cyst (group I). Eleven underwent attempted needle aspiration of the cyst (group II). Six had isolated arthroscopic treatment of a labral defect with no cyst excision (group III). Twenty-seven were treated with surgical cyst excision with the cyst and superior labral tear fixed arthroscopically or with an open approach in various combinations (group IV). Of the patients, 53% were satisfied in group I, 64% in group II, 67% in group III, and 97% in group IV.     

Prevalence of acetabular labral tears in asymptomatic children

Purpose

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive, non-invasive modality to diagnose acetabular labral pathology, and the normal variants of the acetabular labrum have been characterized in adults. However, the prevalence of labral pathology in the asymptomatic pediatric population is unknown.

Methods

All pelvic MRIs performed at a large tertiary-care children’s hospital were reviewed during one calendar year (2014). Only patients aged between 2 and 18 years were included, and scans were excluded for hip pain/pathology or technical inadequacy. A blinded pediatric musculoskeletal radiologist read all eligible scans for the presence or absence of a labral tear.

Results

Three hundred and ninety-four pelvic MRIs were screened, and patients were excluded for hip pain/pathology (85 subjects), or technical inadequacy (190 subjects). One hundred and eight subjects (216 hips) met the inclusion criteria and were technically adequate for analysis. Labral tears were visualized in three of 216 (1.4 %) hips (two of the 110 subjects; 1.9 %).

Conclusions

There is a low rate of asymptomatic labral pathology by MRI in pediatric patients. The clinical history remains the means of differentiating real labral pathology from spurious imaging findings.

Level of evidence IV

Case series (prevalence).

     

Arthroscopic debridement of glenoid labral tears in athletes

This is a retrospective study of 46 patients who underwent arthroscopic glenoid labral debridement from June 1988 to June 1990. All patients complained of pain in the involved shoulder and all were active in sports involving overhead use of the shoulder, including 30 baseball players (16 professional, 14 collegiate/high school). The average age was 22 years (range 16 to 45) and the average follow-up was 2.7 years (range 18 to 50 months). At operation, 35 patients had posterior glenoid lesions, 9 had anterior-superior lesions, and 2 had anterior-inferior lesions. The posterior lesions were further divided into those that involved a horizontal flap tear (n = 19), and those that involved fraying (n = 16). Overall, at an average of 31 months follow-up, 54% (25 of 46) of patients had good to excellent results. Professional baseball players had a statistically significant enhanced outcome with 75% (12 of 16) good-excellent compared with the remaining nonprofessional group, with 43% (13 of 30) good-excellent results. Outcome did not correlate with shoulder laxity, labral lesion location, mechanism of injury, or the presence of a rotator cuff lesion. Conclusions: Arthroscopic debridement of glenoid labral lesions does not yield consistent long-term results. Aggressive, supervised physical therapy in highly motivated individuals may be the most important factors in influencing outcome in patients having arthroscopic labral debridement in the absence of overt shoulder instability.     

Effective arthroscopic treatment of large, anteriorly extended spinoglenoid cysts

Despite their rarity, several modalities have been used to treat spinoglenoid cysts of the shoulder. Recently, a report was issued on arthroscopic decompression through a communication hole and posterior capsulotomy through the glenohumeral joint. However, complete cystectomy is not possible using these methods if a cyst is large or extends anteriorly. Here, the authors describe a method of extra-articular complete cystectomy through the bursal space, which was used in three patients with large spinoglenoid cysts that extended anteriorly. All three patients were able to return to work without restriction, and in the two patients that underwent follow-up MRIs, cysts were completely resolved and the infraspinatus muscle mass had partially recovered.     

Clinical diagnosis and arthroscopic treatment of acetabular labral tears

Objective: To investigate the clinical diagnosis and arthroscopic treatment of acetabular labral tears. Methods: Twenty‐one patients with unilateral acetabular labral tears hospitalized from November 2008 to December 2009 were included in this retrospective study. A definitive diagnosis was made preoperatively on the basis of physical examination, plain radiography and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA). All cases were treated with arthroscopic surgeries: labral debridement (14 cases), labral debridement plus femoral osteoplasty (5 cases), and labral repair plus osteoplasty (2 cases). All patients were followed‐up and the results evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Harris hip score. Results: A positive flexion, abduction and internal rotation (FADIR) impingement sign was found in all 21 affected hips, a positive flexion, abduction and external rotation (FABER) impingement sign in 15, and a positive McCarthy test in 9. Plain radiography showed 11 cases had cam type impingement, in 6 of whom it was combined with pincer type impingement; and 2 cases had acetabular retroversion alone. Labral tears were observed on MRA in all cases and were all confirmed by arthroscopy. All patients were followed up for an average of 11.6 months (range, 6 to 19 months). The VAS decreased from (5.3 ± 1.3) preoperatively to (1.4 ± 0.9) 6 months postoperatively. The mean Harris hip score improved from (63 ± 9) preoperatively to (84 ± 10) 6 months postoperatively. All these differences were statistically significant. Conclusions: Acetabular labral injury is closely correlated with femoro‐acetabular impingement. Impingement tests and MRA have high sensitivity and accuracy in clinical diagnosis of labral tears. Arthroscopic debridement, repair and osteoplasty for labral tears results in a good early outcome.     

关节镜下半月板部分切除加内减压术治疗半月板囊肿

[目的]探讨膝关节镜下半月板部分切除加内减压术治疗半月板囊肿的疗效。[方法]回顾分析本院2002年1月~2005年12月采用膝关节镜下半月板部分切除加内减压术治疗的9例半月板囊肿病人,男3例,女6例;年龄16~54岁,平均(32.5±14.1)岁;病程2个月~2年,平均(13.4±6.8)个月。内侧半月板囊肿1例,外侧半月板囊肿8例。囊肿发生于半月板前角区5例,体部区3例,后角区1例。囊肿部位半月板水平撕裂6例,复杂裂3例。关节镜下确定半月板裂隙和囊肿相通后行半月板部分切除,注意保留半月板边缘,再经半月板裂隙置入刨削器行囊肿内减压切除,切除囊肿壁,扩大囊肿与膝关节腔间的通道。术后指导病人行患肢股四头肌功能锻炼。术后随访时间6~38个月,平均(17.2±9.8)个月,对比其手术前后Lysholm评分,推断治疗结果。[结果]9例病人随访期间均无复发,膝关节疼痛及肿胀症状消失或明显减轻,活动范围恢复正常,未再有弹响和关节交锁,膝关节表面包块消失。无感染、血管神经损伤、关节活动受限等手术并发症发生。Lysholm评分手术前为(70.2±7.8)分,手术后提高至(96.7±3.3)分(t=-9.3868,P=0.000)。[结论]膝关节镜下半月板部分切除加内减压术在保留半月板功能和减少膝关节骨关节炎的发生上具有显著优点,具有创伤小、疗效佳的特点,是治疗半月板囊肿的基本方法。     

Mid-term results of arthroscopic subacromial decompression in patients with or without partial thickness rotator cuff tears

Aim:

To evaluate mid-term outcome in patients who underwent arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASD) for shoulder impingement syndrome with intact and partially torn rotator cuffs.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 80 consecutive patients (83 shoulders) who underwent ASD for impingement syndrome between 2003 and 2006 were analyzed. Mean age was 57.1 years. Patients’ self-reported Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) for pain was collected prospectively and was used as an instrument to measure surgical outcome.

Results:

The mean initial and final OSS for patients with an intact rotator cuff was 26.1 and 40.3, respectively, at a mean follow up of 71.9 months (nearly 7 years). The mean initial and final OSS for patients with a partially torn articular sided tear was 22.6 and 41.9, respectively, at mean follow up of 70.7 months. Both groups showed significant sustained improvement (P < 0.0001). The mean improvement of OSS following ASD was statistically greater (P < 0.03) for partially torn rotator cuff group (19.3 points) as compared to those with normal rotator cuff (14.2 points).

Conclusion:

Patients with dual pathology (partial rotator cuff tear and impingement) appreciated a significantly greater improvement following ASD compared to those with impingement alone. Both groups of patients had a similar final outcome at a mid-term follow up.

Level of Evidence:

IV, retrospective study on consecutive series of patients.     

Surgical treatment of os acromiale with and without associated rotator cuff tears

Nineteen consecutive patients treated surgically for meso-os acromiale and subacromial pathology were reviewed retrospectively, with a mean length of follow-up of 40 months (range, 24-94 months). Of the patients, 11 (58%) were treated with acromioplasty in the presence of a stable os acromiale; 8 patients (42%) underwent open reduction-internal fixation for an unstable and painful os fragment. Of the 19 patients, 8 (42%) with an os acromiale had an associated full-thickness rotator cuff tear. Overall, only 10 of 19 patients (53%) achieved a satisfactory result. All 8 patients (100%) treated with open reduction-internal fixation achieved union of the os fragment, although only 3 (37.5%) achieved a satisfactory result. Of the 11 patients who underwent acromioplasty, only 7 (64%) achieved a satisfactory result. The outcome of surgical management of symptomatic meso-os acromiale with concomitant rotator cuff pathology was satisfactory in 4 of 8 patients in our study group. The rate of satisfactory results was similar in patients with (50%) and without (55%) associated rotator cuff tears. When we analyzed our results to exclude workers' compensation patients, 80% achieved satisfactory results (compared with only 22% in our workers' compensation group).     

Incomplete discoid glenoid labrum combined with a ganglion cyst of the spinoglenoid notch

In a 41-year-old man, right-sided infraspinatus muscle weakness was associated with compression of the suprascapular nerve caused by a spinoglenoid ganglion cyst. The lesion was confirmed using electromyography and MRI. In addition, arthroscopy showed an incomplete discoid labrum. The free inner edge of the labrum was removed as in a meniscectomy of a discoid meniscus in the knee joint. Arthroscopic decompression of the cyst was performed through a juxtaglenoid capsulotomy which was left open. Neurological function recovered completely.     

Acetabular labral tears: result of arthroscopic partial limbectomy.

SUMMARY: Acetabular labral tears are a rare but well recognized cause of hip symptoms in young adults. Both clinical and radiographic diagnoses are difficult. The treatment of choice in the past has been either conservative or open arthrotomy. Hip arthroscopy has proved to be an effective tool for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in patients with chronic hip pain refractory to conservative treatment. We reviewed a series of 76 arthroscopic limbectomies. All patients had experienced hip symptoms for more than 6 months. None responded to nonsurgical treatment. Results were evaluated with the Harris Hip Score and with a questionnaire. Fifty-eight cases had a mean 3.5 years follow-up (range, 24 to 61 months). Thirty-nine patients (67.3%) were pleased with the result of their operation. The remaining 19 (32.7%) were not satisfied. Arthroscopy is an effective noninvasive procedure for the assessment and treatment of labral lesions. Short-term follow-up shows encouraging results.