无氧阈和无氧阈以上运动员左心功能

采用逐级递增负荷踏车试验测定26名运动员最大摄氧量与无氧阈并与在相应心率下二维超声心动图运动试验测得的左心室形态和机能各参数比较。左室舒末内径与(?)O_(2max)、左室泵血功能某些参数在AT和AT以上和(?)O_2有显著相关,但不同个体在相应心率下相关较低,而同一个体(或组)在整个试验过程中自身比较呈高度相关。     

对不同运动水平长跑、马拉松运动员不同时相的超声心动图研究

作者采用B型、M型UCG相结合的方法,观察了我国不同运动水平的男子长跑、马拉松运动员和一般大学生安静时、定量负荷中和恢复期的心脏结构、功能情况。     

世居高原中长跑运动员平原训练期间身体机能变化

目的:观察世居高原的中长跑运动员进行平原训练时身体机能的变化。方法:以12名世居高原男子中长跑运动员为研究对象,系统测定其平原训练前、平原训练1周后、3周后的促红细胞生成素(EPO)、红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、网织红细胞(RC)、红细胞压积(Hct)、血清睾酮(T)、皮质醇(C)等血液生化指标,以及平原训练1周后、3周后的VO2max等生理指标。结果:世居高原的男子中长跑运动员在平原训练期间,血清EPO水平逐渐下降,且3周后下降显著(P<0.05);平原训练1周后和3周后,RBC和Hb含量均显著下降,Hb在3周后下降幅度更大;RC和Hct变化不明显;血清T、C、T/C值在下高原后有不同程度的降低,但无显著性差异;VO2max等相关心肺功能指标在平原训练3周后均低于1周后的值,但呼吸商(R)有所升高,均无统计学意义。结果表明,世居高原男子中长跑运动员平原训练期间身体机能有所下降,且3周后的下降程度比1周后更加明显。提示世居高原男子中长跑运动员到平原参加比赛时最佳时间应在1周内。     

优秀赛艇运动员两种测功方式的心肺功能比较

本文重点对比了赛艇与自行车两种测功方式的优秀赛艇运动员的心肺功能测试结果,同时横向对比了国内外同类运动员两种测功方式的心肺功能诊断结果,指出,中国优秀赛艇运动员心肺功能的相对水平并不低于国际优秀赛艇运动员,优秀专项运动员心肺功能及通气无氧阈诊断的合理性、有效性是当前值得重视的问题,否则将会影响科研对训练的指导意义。     

不同强度运动对不同运动级别及不同项目女运动员性激素水平的影响及其特征

通过对６０名优秀女运动员月经周期的卵泡及黄体两期从事不同强度运动后性激素水平的变化进行检测，探讨性激素水平变化与运动员从事的运动专项及运动级别的关系。主要结果发现：１．高水平运动员Ｅ２、Ｐ、Ｔ、安静值呈现下降趋势，举重运动员Ｔ水平显著高，长跑运动员Ｅ、Ｐ水平显著低于其它项目。各时相均如此。２．卵泡黄体两期大强度运动后，运动员运动水平愈高，则性激素升幅愈低。同一运动级别间，举重，长跑运动员Ｔ升幅显著高，长跑Ｅ显著低于其它项目。３．各时相中等强度运动后，以健将级运动员性激素升幅较小，相同运动级别间，游泳，长跑项目运动员性激素升幅显著，具有突出的项目特征。     

高原篮球竞赛对■O_2max和心功能的影响

作者观察了在拉萨参加篮球比赛的队员(?)O_2max、STI等呼吸,循环方面的指标,认为在高原地区参加比赛至少应有8天的习服时间,否则运动员的有氧能力将下降。     

心尖搏动图测定中老年长跑者左室舒张功能和顺应性

以ACG测定长跑及正常人左心舒张功能及顺应性,结果示:TARTI、DA-TI、A/D和F/H在长跑与同龄正常人间有差异或显著差异。认为长跑可改善左心舒张功能,ACG可作为评估长跑或其它项目运动员左心舒张功能的新无创检测法。     

需氧运动降低女长跑运动员的孕酮水平

<正> 对8名业余长跑女运动员(平均每周跑12.5±0.08英里)和9名不参加锻炼的对照人员测定了唾液孕酮和黄体期的孕酮水平。女长跑者与对照人员在月经周期的长短上未见差别,可是女运动员在黄体期孕酮水平降低。女长跑者孕酮高峰水平是443±58pmoL/L,大大低于对照组(655±45pmoL/L)。女长跑者与对照组相比,表示黄体     

内皮素1基因rs5370位点多态性与中国女子长跑运动员运动表现之间的关联性研究

目的:探讨内皮素1(Endothelin-1,EDN1)基因rs5370位点作为评估和筛选长跑运动能力遗传标记的可行性。方法:于2009~2010年选取79名中国女子专业长跑运动员,采用基质辅助激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱检测技术解析EDN1基因rs5370位点的基因型,通过递增负荷跑台运动试验获取运动员的生理机能指标,并追溯运动员退役前各主项的个人最好成绩。结果:中国女子长跑运动员rs5370位点的GG、GT和TT基因型频率分布为50.6%、36.7%和12.7%,等位基因G和T的频率分布为69.0%和31.0%,符合哈温平衡定律。该群体的基因型频率分布与北方汉族优秀女子长跑运动员比较具有显著性差异(χ^2=7.44,P<0.05),其中GT基因型携带者的VO2max和10000米个人最好成绩均显著优于GG型携带者(P<0.01,P<0.05),且GT携带者达到国际健将水平的OR值为3.73(95%CI:1.29~10.81,P<0.05)。结论:EDN1基因rs5370位点的GT基因型与更高水平的有氧运动能力和运动表现相关联,GT基因型可能是评估中国女子长跑运动员竞技表现的基因标记。     

力竭运动后血浆内皮素与心肺功能的变化

采用特异性放射免疫法测定耐力运动员和普通大学生力竭运动后血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）的变化,探索耐力训练对心血管内分泌的影响及其与心肺功能的关系。结果表明：耐力运动员安静时血浆ＥＴ水平明显高于普通大学生,力竭运动后血浆ＥＴ浓度增加,增加幅度耐力运动员明显高于普通大学生,并与心肺功能有一定的关系,提示这可能与ＥＴ的正性肌力和耐力训练后心肺内分泌的适应性改变有关。     

对我国越野滑雪运动员的无氧阈和最大有氧能力的研究

本文报道了我国41名(男19名,女22名)越野滑雪运动员的V_(O2max)和AT。与国外同项目运动员相比,我国优秀越野滑雪运动员的V_(O2max)同某些滑雪运动强国的运动员相似,但AT明显偏低。作者认为,AT低是限制我国越野滑雪成绩提高的主要因素之一。     

短跑与中跑运动员红细胞超氧化物歧化酶含量及活性初探

对短跑和中跑运动员安静时和一次运动后红细胞SOD含量及活性的变化进行了观察,并研究了运动员的最大吸氧量和无氧阈与红细胞SOD的关系。结果提示,以无氧代谢为主的运动项目可提高人体红细胞SOD的含量及活性,增强红细胞抵御超氧自由基损伤的能力。     

青少年中长跑运动员次最大强度负荷的心肺功能动态观察

<正> 研究中长跑运动对正处于生长发育期的青少年心肺功能的影响,显然具有特殊意义。但目前有关专题报道却并不多,特别是综合的动力学实验性研究文献就更为少见。为此,我们对中长跑青少年专项运动员进行了次最大强度负荷的动态观察,并与非运动员作对照。鉴于现有文献报道多为男性资料,故本工作对女性亦予关心。     

Stroke volume does not plateau during graded exercise in elite male distance runners.

Stroke volume (SV) responses during graded treadmill exercise were studied in 1) elite male distance runners (N = 5), 2) male university distance runners (N = 10), and 3) male untrained university students (N = 10). METHODS: Cardiac output (Q) and SV were determined by a modified acetylene rebreathing procedure. RESULTS: There were no differences in SV responses among the three groups during the transition from rest to light exercise (P > 0.05). However, the rates of change of SV during light to maximal exercise in untrained subjects (slope = -0.1544 mL x beat(-1)) and university distance runners (slope = 0.1041) did not change, whereas it dramatically increased (P < 0.001) in elite distant runners (slope = 0.6734). Moreover, the elite distance runners showed a further slope increase in SV when heart rate was above 160 bpm, which resulted in an average maximal SV of 187 +/- 14 mL x beat(-1) compared with 145 +/- 8 and 128 +/- 14 mL x beat(-1) in the university runners and untrained students, respectively (P < 0.001). Similarly, max Q reached 33.8 +/- 2.3, 26.3 +/- 1.7, and 21.3 +/- 1.5 L x min(-1) in the three groups, respectively (P < 0.001). On the other hand, there was a nonsignificant tendency for maximal arteriovenous oxygen content difference to be lower in the elite athletes compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION: Results from university distance runners and untrained university students support the classic observation that SV plateaus at about 40% of maximal oxygen consumption despite increasing intensity of exercise. In contrast, stroke volume in the elite athletes does not plateau but increases continuously with increasing intensity of exercise over the full range of the incremental exercise test.     

划船运动员无氧阈的无创性测定

本文用无创性方法测定了30名划船运动员的无氧阈及最大吸氧量,作者认为可以根据无氧阈心率选择合理的训练强度与评价运动员的耐力水平。     

Inspiratory muscle training fails to improve endurance capacity in athletes

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of specific inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory muscle strength and endurance and whole-body endurance exercise capacity in competitive endurance athletes. METHODS: Seven collegiate distance runners (5 male/2 female; VO2max = 59.9 +/- 11.7 mL.kg-1.min-1) were recruited to participate in this study. Initial testing included maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), sustained maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP), breathing endurance time (BET) at 60% MIP, and endurance run time (ERT) at 85% VO2max. Heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), and ratings of perceived dyspnea (RPD) were recorded at 5-min intervals and during the last minute of the endurance run. Blood lactate concentration (BLC) was also obtained immediately before and at 2 min after the endurance run. All testing was repeated after 4 wk of IMT (50-65% MIP, approximately 25 min x d(-1), 4-5 sessions/week, 4 wk). RESULTS: After 4 wk of IMT, MIP and BET were significantly increased compared with pretraining values (P < 0.05). No significant differences between pre and post values were observed in VO2max or ERT at 85% VO2max after IMT. No significant differences between pre and post values were detected in HR, VE, VO2, or RPD during the endurance run as measured at steady state and end of the test after IMT. BLC was not significantly different before or at 2 min after the endurance run between pre and post IMT. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that IMT significantly improves respiratory muscle strength and endurance. However, these improvements in respiratory muscle function are not transferable to VO2max or endurance exercise capacity as assessed at 85% VO2max in competitive athletes.     

The maximally accumulated oxygen deficit as an indicator of anaerobic capacity

Recently, a procedure has been established for the determination of the maximally accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) (Medbo et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 64:50-60, 1988) as an indicator of anaerobic capacity. We hypothesized that, if MAOD were a valid indicator of anaerobic capacity, it should distinguish between aerobically and anaerobically trained athletes and correlate with other existing anaerobic testing measures. Subjects were four distance and five middle distance runners, three sprinters, and four controls. The subjects ran for 2-3 min at 125-140% of VO2max until exhaustion, and the accumulated O2 deficit for that run was calculated by an extrapolation procedure. Subjects also performed the Wingate cycle ergometer test and runs of 300, 400, and 600 m. (Only athletes performed the runs.) Post-exercise blood lactates were obtained following the supramaximal treadmill run. MAOD (in O2 equivalents-ml.kg-1) was higher for the sprinters (78) and middle distance runners (74) than for the long distance runners (56) and control subjects (56) (P less than or equal to 0.05), indicating a greater anaerobic capacity for the former two groups. Consequently, the relative anaerobic contribution was larger for the sprinters (39%) and middle distance runners (37%) than for the long distance runners (30%; P less than or equal to 0.05). Significant correlations were found between MAOD and both Wingate power and treadmill work for all subjects and between Wingate power, Wingate capacity, treadmill work, and 300 m time for the athletes, suggesting that relationships do exist among MAOD and other anaerobic test measures. Potential use of MAOD as an indicator of anaerobic capacity is therefore promising and should be further explored.     

高住低训对优秀女子跆拳道运动员运动能力和血象的影响

目的:探讨高住低训对女子跆拳道运动员运动能力和血象的影响。方法:13名优秀女子跆拳道运动员随机分为实验组(高住低训,n=8)和对照组(n=5),分别在模拟海拔2500m低氧舱(氧浓度15.4%左右)内和平原环境下进行为期4周的高住低训和跆拳道常规专项训练。分别于实验前、高住低训第28天和高住低训结束后10天进行有氧运动能力和无氧运动能力测试,并于实验前1天、高住低训期间每周及高住低训结束后第3、12天清晨空腹取血进行血细胞分析。结果:(1)实验组高住低训第28天和高住低训结束后10天VO2max和PWC170均显著高于实验前(P<0.01),4000m成绩显著优于实验前(P<0.01)。对照组变化不明显。(2)实验组高住低训结束后10天Wingate最高功率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。实验组高住低训第28天和高住低训结束后10天Wingate平均功率均显著高于自身实验前(P<0.05和P<0.01),Wingate疲劳指数则分别显著低于自身实验前(P<0.05和P<0.01)。对照组无明显变化。(3)实验组高住低训第28天血红蛋白、红细胞数目、红细胞压积显著高于自身实验前(P<0.05),实验组在高住低训第25天和28天血红蛋白水平分别显著高于对照组(P<0.05和P<0.01)。结果表明,为期28天的模拟海拔2500m高度的高住低训能提高女子跆拳道运动员有氧运动能力,同时在一定程度上提高其无氧功和60秒踢靶成绩。另外,高住低训可以提高与跆拳道运动员机体载氧能力直接相关的血液指标水平,这种改变主要表现在实验第3、4周。