自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植改善进行性肌营养不良症患者运动功能的研究

目的:探讨自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植临床治疗进行性肌营养不良症能否改善患者运动功能。方法:经解放军第四六三医院伦理委员会同意,纳入2007年12月至2009年5月在细胞治疗中心住院的具有完整随访资料的杜氏型肌营养不良症患者332例,均为男性,年龄6～18岁,平均(9.4±6.1)岁;病程2～18年,平均(6.9±5.7)年。患者皮下注射粒细胞集落刺激因子,动员4d后采集骨髓,Percoll梯度离心培养骨髓单个核细胞10～14d,配制浓度为(2～3)×1010/L的细胞混悬液,经静脉及四肢肌肉局部等量移植,单次移植提取的单个核细胞总量为(1.99±1.18)×108,间充质干细胞含量为(1.77±0.84)×108。结果:移植后12个月,332例患者的徒手肌力好转率46.1%,日常生活活动能力好转率81.8%,运动功能好转率70.8%。结论:自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗杜氏型肌营养不良症可在近期增加患者肌力,提高生活能力,改善运动功能。     

自体骨髓和脐血间充质干细胞联合移植治疗杜氏型肌营养不良症疗效分析

目的 探讨自体骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)和脐血间充质干细胞(CB-MSC)联合移植治疗杜氏型肌营养不良症临床效果.方法 2007年6月至2009年10月我中心应用自体BMSC和UMSC联合移植治疗杜氏型肌营养不良症患者,并对132例移植满1年的患者采用自身治疗前后对照的方法进行研究.全部患者皮下注射粒细胞集落刺激因子,动员4天后采集骨髓,Percoll梯度离心,提取的单个核细胞(MNC),总量为(5.81±1.82)×108,培养骨髓单个核细胞7～14天,最终得到间充质干细胞含量为(1.88±0.92)×108.应用四肢肌肉内注射的方式进行干细胞移植.采集人脐带血,制备CB-MSC方法同BMSC,应用静脉滴注方式将CB-MSC移植至患者体内.结果 干细胞移植治疗1年后肌力增加者占总患者数的82.6%(109/132).临床升级人数占24.2%(32/132).血清肌酸激酶(CK)降低率81.8%,血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)降低率85.6%.结论 自体BMSC和UMSC联合移植可使部分杜氏型肌营养不良症患者肌力改善,生活自理能力增加,血清CK、LDH水平下降,其安全性高,无不良反应,是治疗杜氏型肌营养不良症的一种新方法.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗mdx鼠：3个月疗效

背景：干细胞移植治疗肌营养不良症是目前的研究热点,相对造血干细胞移植,间充质干细胞移植风险较小。目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗Duchenne型肌营养不良鼠（mdx鼠）的疗效。方法：4周龄mdx鼠16只,随机分为治疗组与对照组,每组8只,经静脉移植及肌肉局部注射C57BL/6小鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞或等量生理盐水。结果与结论：移植3个月后,治疗组较对照组血清肌酸激酶水平下降,骨骼肌肌膜部分有dystrophin蛋白表达,而对照组检测不到dystrophin蛋白表达。但是两组的运动功能无明显改善。结果初步表明骨髓间充质干细胞移植对mdx鼠有一定的治疗作用,可能使肌细胞膜破坏减少,延缓病情发展。     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗肢带型肌营养不良症33例

经解放军第四六三医院伦理委员会同意,纳入2007-12/2008-06在血液内分泌科住院的具有完整随访资料的肢带型肌营养不良症患者33例,男27例,女6例,年龄6～46岁,病程2～20年.患者皮下注射粒细胞集落刺激因子,动员4d后采集骨髓,Percoll梯度离心培养骨髓单个核细胞7-10d,配制浓度为2.48×1010 L-1的细胞混悬液,经静脉及四肢肌肉局部等量移植,单次移植提取的单个核细胞总量为(6.13±2.39)×108,间充质细胞含量为(1.92±0.98)×108.移植后6个月,33例患者的徒手肌力好转率54.5%,日常生活活动能力好转率81.8%,血清肌酸激酶降低率78.8%,乳酸脱氢酶降低率81.8%,肌酐升高率72.7%.提示自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗肢带型肌营养不良症可在近期增加患者肌力,提高生活能力,改善血清肌酸肌酶、乳酸脱氢酶活性及肌酐含量等指标.     

骨髓和脐血间充质干细胞联合移植治疗杜氏型肌营养不良

背景:杜氏型肌营养不良的肌细胞损伤并非单一细胞受损,而是多因素缺陷导致肌细胞进行性萎缩的严重后果,患儿一经确诊即被告之无法医治.近年来国内外学者把目光转向具有修复和再生功能的干细胞,研究发现干细胞技术可以改善肌营养不良的运动功能.目的:首次采用骨髓和脐血间充质干细胞联合移植方法,首次采用静脉注射和局部2种治疗途径,观察治疗杜氏型肌营养不良患者的安全性和有效性.设计:自身前后对照.对象:2007-06/2008-09解放军第四六三医院细胞治疗中心应用骨髓和脐血间充质干细胞联合移植方案治疗杜氏型肌营养不良患者31例,男29例,女2例(双胞胎),平均年龄9.7岁,平均病程5.1年,阳性家族史11例,均经临床症状、酶学、肌电图、基因分析、肌肉活检、肌肉核磁共振检查确诊.方法:经双侧髂后上棘抽取患者自体骨髓80～150 mL,采用Ficoll密度梯度离心法分离单个核细胞,并诱导分化为骨髓间充质干细胞,调整细胞悬液浓度为1×1010L-1,采用多点注射法移植于患者四肢肌肉内,移植细胞数为(1.5-6.0)x10.个.选择健康足月产妇脐带血80-145 mL,同法制备脐血间充质干细胞,经静脉植入(1.0～4.8)×107个细胞,1次/周,共3次.主要观察指标:干细胞移植前后患者日常生活活动能力评价,临床分级评价,以及酶学、肌电图、肌肉MRI变化.结果:31例患者均完成15个月随访,中途无脱落.与移植前比较,干细胞移植后3,6,9,12,15个月,26例(84.7%)动作灵活度增强,运动功能改善,日常生活活动能力评分升高(P<0.05);干细胞移植后6个月,血清肌酸肌酶、乳酸脱氢酶水平降低11例,升高8例;5例复查肌电图,波幅改善2例;5例复查MRI,肌肉轮廓较前清晰2例.临床分级评定显效12例(38.7%),有效14例(45.2%),无效5例(16.1%),总有效率为83.9%,未发生不良反应及并发症.结论:骨髓和脐血间充质干细胞联合移植治疗杜氏型肌营养不良可使83.9%患者获得临床症状改善,运动功能及肌力提高,6个月后部分患者血清酶学、肌电图及肌肉MRI轻度改善,安全性好,无排斥反应,是一种治疗杜氏型肌营养不良的新手段.     

1例单倍体相合造血干细胞移植联合间充质干细胞输注治疗异染性脑白质营养不良的护理

目的探讨单倍体相合造血干细胞移植联合间充质干细胞输注治疗异染性脑白质营养不良的护理方法。方法对1例异质性脑白质营养不良患儿,根据临床表现针对性的进行治疗和护理。结果患儿移植过程顺利,造血重建迅速,＋13d中性粒细胞〉0．5×10^9／L及血小板〉20×10^9／L,＋30d植入证据检测证实为完全供者造血,1个月后神经系统症状逐渐恢复。结论通过医疗方案设计和精心的护理,单倍体相合造血干细胞移植联合间充质干细胞输注这种新型疗法可能是治疗异染性脑白质营养不良疾病患者的选择。     

间充质干细胞治疗杜氏肌营养不良症:如何优化移植方案?

背景：药物治疗杜氏肌营养不良症并不理想,近年来越来越多的科学家尝试用间充质干细胞移植治疗杜氏肌营养不良症。目的：旨在通过间充质干细胞治疗杜氏肌营养不良症进展的总结,指导动物实验,以促进其临床应用。方法：由第一作者应用计算机检索PubMed,中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)2005年1月至2014年6月相关文献。在标题、摘要、关键词中以“Duchenne muscular dystrophy, mesenchymal stem cels,stem cel transplantation”或以“杜氏肌营养不良症,间充质干细胞,干细胞移植”为检索词进行检索。选择文章内容与间充质干细胞治疗杜氏肌营养不良症有关者,同一领域文献选择近期发表在权威杂志的文章。结果与结论：初检得到317篇文献,根据纳入标准选择41篇文献进行综述。主要通过增加间充质干细胞归巢数量,提高抗肌萎缩蛋白的表达来达到治疗杜氏肌营养不良症目的,常用方法有选择较理想的种子细胞、预处理细胞、改善移植途径、干预归巢过程等。间充质干细胞可以从根本上治疗杜氏肌营养不良症,并且能避免药物治疗的不良反应,具有广阔应用前景。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植联合依达拉奉治疗大鼠脑梗死

背景：依达拉奉具有清除自由基和抑制脂质过氧化反应的作用,能够改善中枢神经系统损伤区的微环境.目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞移植联合依达拉奉治疗大鼠脑梗死的效果.方法：采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞模型,随机分为3组,对照组经尾静脉注射细胞培养液,骨髓间充质干细胞组经尾静脉注射2.0×10^9 L^-1的骨髓间充质干细胞悬液,依达拉奉＋骨髓间充质干细胞组经尾静脉注射2.0×10^9 L^-1骨髓间充质干细胞悬液同时经腹腔注射依达拉奉3 mg/（kg·d）,连续5 d.移植后行神经功能缺损评分,应用RT-PCR测定脑梗死组织水通道蛋白9及水通道蛋白4 mRNA的表达,并经全脑冷冻切片苏木精-伊红染色及荧光显微镜观察细胞自然存活及分布情况.结果与结论：移植后24 h,3 d各组间神经功能缺损评分差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）,移植后2周,依达拉奉＋骨髓间充质干细胞组大鼠神经功能缺损评分低于骨髓间充质干细胞组及对照组（P〈0.05-0.01）.骨髓间充质干细胞组大鼠脑梗死周围组织水通道蛋白9及水通道蛋白4 mRNA的表达高于依达拉奉＋骨髓间充质干细胞组,却低于对照组（P 〈0.05）.依达拉奉＋骨髓间充质干细胞组CM-Dil阳性细胞和神经元数量多于骨髓间充质干细胞组及对照组（P〈0.05）.提示移植的骨髓间充质干细胞可移行至大鼠脑梗死灶周围并存活,分化为神经元样细胞.联合注射用依达拉奉治疗可明显改善脑梗死大鼠的神经学功能.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植后迪谢内肌营养不良模型鼠的肌肉病理学改变

目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗迪谢内肌营养不良模型鼠后肌肉病理改变，及迪谢内肌营养不良致病基因dystrophin蛋白表达变化。方法：实验于2003-07／2004-07在华中科技大学同济医学院同济医院神经科实验室进行。取4-6周龄C57BL／6雄性小鼠的股骨和胫骨，采用密度梯度分离和贴壁培养相结合的方法分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞。④正常组：2周龄C57BL／6小鼠4只，不干预。②对照组：2周龄mdx鼠4只，左后腿腓肠肌注射50μL磷酸盐缓冲液。③移植组：2周龄mdx鼠4只，左后腿腓肠肌注射50μL骨髓间充质干细胞细胞悬液（约1&;#215;10^6）。16周后3组小鼠麻醉下取左腿腓肠肌中部肌肉，苏木精-伊红染色后观察核内移肌纤维占总肌纤维百分率，及dystrophin免疫组化染色计算阳性纤维与总肌纤维百分率。结果：12只小鼠均进入结果分析。④核内移肌纤维占总肌纤维百分率：正常组肌纤维少核内移（1.2％）；对照组肌纤维大小不等，大量核内移（75％）；移植组肌纤维核内移明显减少（23．3％）。②dystrophin染色阳性纤维与总肌纤维百分率：正常组为100％，移植组显著高于对照组（75％，23.3％）。结论：骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗迪谢内肌营养不良模型小鼠mdx，可使其骨骼肌细胞膜骨架蛋白dystrophin恢复，肌肉病理改变好转，且疗效持续到治疗后4个月以上，提示骨髓间充质干细胞移植对mdx小鼠治疗有效。     

脐血间充质干细胞移植治疗儿童型脊肌萎缩症1例

背景：国内外已有实验动物和临床应用脐血间充质干细胞移植治疗神经系统遗传性疾病安全、有效的诸多报道。目的：探讨脐血间充质干细胞移植治疗儿童进行性脊髓性肌肉萎缩症的可行性及效果。方法：2010-01收治1例确诊为儿童进行性脊髓性肌肉萎缩症患儿,经药物及康复治疗无效,行脐血间充质干细胞移植治疗。移植途径采取首次静脉输注,后3次蛛网膜下腔注入,1次/周,每次细胞数量达（4～6）×10^7个,4次为1个疗程。治疗前和治疗后半年均需完善神经系统体检、实验室检查、肌酶、FIM评分、肌电图等。结果与结论：移植6个月与移植前比较,肌酶下降,FIM评分由68分提高到93分,肌电图检查重收缩每10.0ms所检肌运动单位增加两三个,双下肢肌力增加,生活自理能力改善。随访10个月,患者未出现明显的不良反应。提示脐血间充质干细胞移植治疗该例儿童进行性脊髓性肌肉萎缩症患儿有效,其神经功能恢复明显。     

Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in dystrophic patient muscles correlates with fibrosis. Pathogenetic role of a fibrogenic cytokine.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a fatal disorder characterized by progressive muscular weakness, wasting, and severe muscle contractures in later disease stages. Muscle biopsy reveals conspicuous myofiber degeneration and fibrosis substituting muscle tissue. We quantitatively determined mRNA of the potent fibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor-beta 1 by quantitative PCR in 15 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 13 Becker muscular dystrophy, 11 spinal muscular atrophy patients, and 16 controls. Higher transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression was greater in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients than controls (P = 0.012) and Becker patients (P = 0.03). Fibrosis was significantly more prominent in Duchenne muscular dystrophy than Becker muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, and controls. The proportion of connective tissue in muscle biopsies increased progressively with age in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients, while transforming growth factor-beta 1 levels peaked at 2 and 6 yr of age. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 protein was also detected by immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. Our findings suggest that transforming growth factor-beta 1 stimulates fibrosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the early stages of Duchenne muscular dystrophy may be critical in initiating muscle fibrosis and antifibrosis treatment could slow progression of the disease, increasing the utility of gene therapy.     

Pain in hereditary neuromuscular disorders and myasthenia gravis: a national survey of frequency, characteristics, and impact

The aim of our study was to evaluate pain frequency, intensity, and disability levels in a population with neuromuscular disorders (NMD). Of 862 questionnaires mailed to outpatients treated at 10 centers, 511 (300 men and 211 women) responded with answers suitable for analysis (response rate: 59.3%). Patients had Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy, type 1 myotonic muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, metabolic myopathy, or myasthenia gravis (MYA). The questionnaire packet included numeric scales for pain intensity and relief, the Brief Pain Inventory, the Saint Antoine Pain Questionnaire, and a scale to assess disability. More than two-thirds of the 331 patients (67.3%) suffered pain during the last three months. The mean number of days with pain was 18.4+/-15.1 days. The mean pain intensity was 4.8+/-2.5. Pain was usually diffuse (153 patients, 44%) and intermittent (228, 71%). Pain intensity varied by the NMD diagnosis; the most severe pain was observed in metabolic myopathy (13/27 patients suffered severe pain, 49%) and in MYA (16/42, 38%). Approximately three-quarters of patients had fewer than 10 days of inactivity due to pain during the last three months, and 98% had fewer than 30 days. Our study indicates that pain is frequent in hereditary muscle disorders and MYA. Mean intensity is moderate. Pain in NMD patients should be systematically assessed.     

Comparison study of chest physiotherapy home training programmes on respiratory functions in patients with muscular dystrophy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of home training programmes, threshold inspiratory muscle training and breathing exercise on spirometry and maximal pressures in patients with muscular dystrophy. DESIGN: Prospective blinded 12-week study. SETTINGS: Cardiopulmonary department of university hospital. SUBJECTS: Twenty-three patients with muscular dystrophy (17 patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophy and 6 patients with Becker muscular dystrophy) assigned to the threshold inspiratory muscle training and breathing exercise groups with alternate allocation. METHODS: Spirometry, maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) and maximal expiratory pressure (PEmax) were measured before and after training. In the threshold inspiratory muscle training group threshold pressure load was determined as equal to 30% of weekly PImax measurement. In the breathing exercise group, patients performed deep and forceful diaphragmatic and segmental exercises. All patients performed exercises at home and once a week at hospital under supervision. RESULTS: The improvement of PImax in the threshold inspiratory muscle training group was more significant than the improvement observed in the breathing exercise group (P=0.05). PEmax increased significantly only in the breathing exercise group (P=0.01). Spirometry results did not change significantly in both groups after the training. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that respiratory muscle strength is enhanced by training in the patients with muscular dystrophy who are ambulatory, but inspiratory and/or expiratory training effect is specific to the trained muscles. The techniques that improve the strength of respiratory muscles should be included in the physiotherapy management of patients with muscular dystrophy.     

Long-term engraftment of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells that differentiate to form myogenic cells in dogs with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an incurable genetic disease with early mortality. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are of interest because of their ability to differentiate to form myogenic cells in situ. In the present study, methods were developed to expand cultures of MSCs and to promote the myogenic differentiation of these cells, which were then used in a new approach for the treatment of DMD. MSC cultures enriched in CD271(+) cells grew better than CD271-depleted cultures. The transduction of CD271(+) MSCs with MyoD caused myogenic differentiation in vitro and the formation of myotubes expressing late myogenic markers. CD271(+) MSCs in the myogenic cell lineage transplanted into dog leukocyte antigen (DLA)-identical dogs formed clusters of muscle-like tissue. Intra-arterial injection of the CD271(+) MSCs resulted in engraftment at the site of the cardiotoxin (CTX)-injured muscle. Dogs affected by X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMD(J)) treated with an intramuscular injection of CD271(+) MSCs similarly developed muscle-like tissue within 8-12 weeks in the absence of immunosuppression. In the newly formed tissues, developmental myosin heavy chain (dMyHC) and dystrophin were upregulated. These findings demonstrate that a cell transplantation strategy using CD271(+) MSCs may offer a promising treatment approach for patients with DMD.     

Becker muscular dystrophy with dilated cardiomyopathy: A case report

Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) complicated with DCM is rare in our daily clinical practice. BMD serves an etiology for heart failure patients due to DCM. Multidisciplinary management is required in this case.     

Secondary cardiomyopathy accompanied by neuromuscular disorders

There are many neuromuscular diseases associated with cardiomyopathy. Cardiac involvement with progressive muscular dystrophy (Duchenne and Becker type) and some type of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy were characterized by impaired left ventricular systolic function, such as dilated cardiomyopathy like status. In Friedreich ataxia various types of left ventricular hypertrophy were reported. While in myotonic dystrophy and Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, conduction disturbance and tachyarrhythmia are common types of cardiac manifestation. The severity of cardiac involvement in these diseases is not necessarily concordant with that of skeletal muscle. Recently the genes of these diseases were identified by linkage analysis. We review cardiac abnormalities of these diseases, especially relationship between severity of cardiac disorder and gene abnormalities.     

肌营养不良蛋白表达在萎缩性肌病鉴别诊断中的意义

目的探讨肌营养不良蛋白(Dystrophin蛋白)在萎缩性肌病中的表达及其临床意义。方法对均表现为双下肢近端肌肉萎缩的43例肌营养不良患者、3例其他神经肌肉疾病患者(包括1例脂质沉积性肌病、2例运动神经元病)及5例正常对照者的骨骼肌标本进行Dystrophin蛋白免疫组化染色。结果 Duchenne型肌营养不良(DMD)患者肌细胞膜上无显色,Becker型肌营养不良(BMD)患者全部为弱阳性,BMD/LGMD(肢带型肌营养不良)患者中6例肌细胞膜上显色浅淡、不连续或呈斑片状,其余15例患者肌细胞膜上染色正常;2例运动神经元病患者中1例肌细胞膜显色浅淡、呈斑片状,另1例染色正常。脂质沉积性肌病患者和正常对照肌细胞膜上染色均正常。结论对于存在双下肢近端肌肉萎缩的临床表现相似的肌病患者,Dystrophin免疫组化染色可以将其大致区分,对早期预测肢体功能影响程度及正确地进行遗传咨询具有重要意义。     

Quantitative and qualitative alterations of dystrophin are expressed in muscle cell cultures of Xp21 muscular dystrophy patients (Duchenne and Becker type)

The authors studied skeletal muscle cell cultures from four control subjects, two patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, two Duchenne carriers and three patients with Becker muscular dystrophy with different phenotypes. Western blotting was performed on well-differentiated myotubes and compared with the results obtained in muscle tissue. In all cultures the band of dystrophin closely corresponded to the one observed in muscle tissue: both quantitative and qualitative defects were observed. This confirms the early expression of the Xp21 gene defect in uninnervated muscle cultures and supports the usefulness of muscle cultures both in diagnostic procedure and as a model to study the disease.