腹腔镜肝切除术

目的展示应用腹腔镜肝切除手术治疗肝脏左外叶肿瘤的1个病例。方法该患者为41岁女性,肝左外叶肿瘤直径为5．5cm,肝功能检测为Child—PughA级,吲哚氰绿15min潴留率（ICG15）为8．9％。术前手术方案评估表明为腹腔镜肝切除手术的适应证。患者术中采用仰卧位,共应用5个troear（即5个穿刺孔）。手术的初始操作为游离肝周韧带,肝实质的离断应用超声刀和可吸收血管夹来完成。结果手术时间为115min,出血量为110ml,除了常规进行预存式自体输血外,无需额外输血。病理结果提示为肝脏囊腺瘤。患者术后恢复良好,无手术并发症发生,术后第8天出院。结论对于具备肝胆手术以及腹腔镜手术操作经验的外科医生而言,腹腔镜肝切除手术是治疗肝脏外科疾病的一种安全、有效的方法。     

建立经腹腔镜切取活体猪左半供肝的动物模型

目的 评价经腹腔镜切取活体猪左半供肝的可行性.方法 建立经腹腔镜切取活体猪左半供肝的动物模型,其技术包括CO2气腹的建立与戳孔布局,解剖肝十二指肠韧带,腹腔镜术中超声辅助确定断肝平面,肝脏的游离,离断肝实质,肝内管道的处理.将切取的左半供肝进行冷灌注及修整,并取少量肝组织块行病理学检查.结果 10头猪接受了手术,除1头因下腔静脉出血后发生气栓死亡外,其余均成功建立模型.手术时间为(208±25)min,热缺血时间为(8±2.3)min,手术出血量为(313±75)ml.供肝切取后,残肝重要结构保留完好;供肝管道结构及组织学形态正常.结论 经腹腔镜切取活体猪左半供肝的技术是安全可行的.     

New venoplasty technique for the left liver plus caudate lobe in living donor liver transplantation

A new technique is reported for complete venous drainage for a left liver with caudate lobe graft when a short hepatic vein and left and middle hepatic veins are located close to each other. (Liver Transpl 2002;8:76-77.)     

Evaluation of donor's liver regeneration after left lobe harvesting for living-related liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Computerized tomography-assisted volumetry permits one to estimate the volume of the liver graft as well as to monitor the regeneration in the donor for living- related liver transplantation (LRLT). METHODS: The size of the whole liver and of the segments II, III, and IV was assessed in 64 living-related liver donors by preoperative computerized tomography (CT) volumetry. Segments II and III were harvested in 56 cases; segments II, III, and IV in 8 cases. The remnant liver was assessed by CT volumetry on postoperative days 7 and 30. RESULTS: There was a linear correlation between the calculated volume of the graft and its weight (R = 0.61, P < .04). Postoperative CT volumetry of the liver from a living-related donor showed a different pattern of volume restoration (regeneration index) both at 7 and 30 days among donors who sacrificed segments II and III versus segments II, III, and IV. The mean regeneration indices were significantly higher among donors of segments II, III, and IV compared with donors of segments II and III after 7 and 30 days (P < .05). DISCUSSION: It is possible that the donor liver displays a different pattern of growth due to the alteration in the blood supply to segment IV.     

Biliary reconstruction and complications of left lobe living donor liver transplantation

Postoperative biliary tract complications remain one of the most serious problems facing patients who undergo living donor liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical implications of three methods of biliary reconstruction in left lobe adult living donor liver transplantation. We retrospectively compared three groups of patients who underwent various biliary reconstructions: those who had Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) (n = 11); duct to duct hepaticohepaticostomy (HH) with an external stent (n = 11); or HH with T-tube (n = 6). The median follow-up for each group was 29, 28, and 8 months, respectively. Bile leaks were observed in 45.5% of both the HJ and the HH with external stent groups. Biliary anastomotic strictures occurred in 9.1% of the Roux-en-Y HJ patients and in 27.2% of those who had HH with an external stent. No biliary complications were observed in the HH over a T-tube group (P = .049). Biliary reconstruction using HH with a T-tube may decrease the incidence of biliary complications. Despite the relatively short follow-up, these encouraging preliminary results warrant further studies of this biliary reconstruction technique for left lobe adult living donor liver transplantations.     

左肝外侧叶为供肝的小儿肝移植--德国汉诺威医学院的经验

目的总结以左肝外侧叶(Ⅱ、Ⅲ段)为供肝的小儿肝移植的手术经验。方法对11例患有肝脏疾病的儿童施行左肝外侧叶移植,其中劈离式肝移植10例,亲属活体供肝部分肝移植1例,有8例患儿既往有腹部手术史。结果术后11例患者均存活。本组切取的左肝外侧叶的重量平均为276.2g,移植肝重量与受者体重之比平均为2.34%,供、受者的体重之比平均为5.42;供肝冷缺血时间平均为11.3h。受者的手术耗时平均为4.2h,无肝期平均为69min;6例患儿在肝移植完成之初采取了临时性关腹。1例患儿术后第15d发生胃幽门部穿孔,2例患儿因腹腔容积的限制在术后24h内发生肝动脉受压。本组病例未发生肝静脉流出道梗阻、肝动脉栓塞、移植肝无功能或坏死、供肝断面胆瘘等并发症。结论小儿接受左肝外侧叶移植的效果良好;术中宜同时开放肝动脉和门静脉;临时性关腹优点显著,值得运用。     

犬辅助性原位肝左叶移植模型的建立

目的建立稳定可靠的辅助性肝移植动物模型。方法杂交犬14条8～25kg随机分两组。供体组肝脏均采用尸体肝左叶；受体组行标准左叶切除，供肝左叶原位移植于受体体内。结果供肝热缺血时间为零，冷缺血时间平均36．3min；灌注液的量平均2．96L，切取修剪肝左叶时间为23～40min。受体手术平均时间5．3h，平均出血量140ml，肝脏血管重建后红润柔软，5～11min内即见胆汁从胆管中溢出。受体组术后全部存活，围手术期未用任何血管活性药物、抗生素及免疫抑制剂。术后存活超过6h者5例．最长存活者达5．7d。结论犬是建立辅助性肝移植模型的理想动物。     

Outcome analysis in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation using the left lobe

Graft size problems remain the greatest limiting factor for expansion of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) to the adult population. The result of adult-to-adult LDLT using the left lobe with special reference to graft size has not been fully evaluated to date. In this study, we evaluated the outcome of adult-to-adult LDLT using the left lobe and also analyze the impact of using small-for-size grafts on outcome. Thirty-six recipients who underwent adult-to-adult LDLT using the left lobe (n = 14) or left lobe plus caudate lobe (n = 22) were included in the study. Variables including preoperative and operative data, patient and graft survival, complications, and causes of graft loss were studied. Furthermore, the incidence of small-for-size syndrome and its impact on graft survival were studied. Mean graft volume (GV) was 420 ± 85 g (range, 260 to 620 g), which resulted in 38.2% ± 8.1% (range, 22.8% to 53.8%) of the recipient standard liver volume (SLV). Overall 1-year patient and graft survival rates were 85.7% and 82.9%, respectively. Seven grafts were lost. Small-for-size syndrome occurred in 7 of 16 patients (43.8%) with cirrhosis and only 1 of 20 patients (5.0%) without cirrhosis (P = .005). Recipients who developed small-for-size syndrome had inferior graft survival to those who did not (P = .07). In conclusion, adult-to-adult LDLTs were found to be feasible without affecting patient or graft survival. Small-for-size syndrome developed more frequently in patients with cirrhosis. Minimum GV in adult-to-adult LDLT should be 30% less than the recipient's SLV in patients without cirrhosis, whereas 45% less was required in patients with cirrhosis. (Liver Transpl 2003;9:581-586.)     

Small-for-size syndrome in living-donor liver transplantation using a left lobe graft

In living-donor liver transplantation with a left lobe graft, which can reduce the burden on the donor compared to right lobe graft, the main problem is small-for-size (SFS) syndrome. SFS syndrome is a multifactorial disease that includes aspects related to the graft size, graft quality, recipient factors and even technical issues. The main pathophysiology of SFS syndrome is the sinusoidal microcirculatory disturbance induced by shear stress, which is caused by excessive portal inflow into the smaller graft. The donor age, the presence of steatosis of the graft and a poor recipient status are all risk factors for SFS syndrome. To resolve SFS syndrome, portal inflow modulation, splenectomy, splenic artery modulation and outflow modulation have been developed. It is important to establish strict criteria for managing SFS syndrome. Using pharmacological interventions and/or therapeutic approaches that promote liver regeneration could increase the adequate outcomes in SFS liver transplantation. Left lobe liver transplantation could be adopted in Western countries to help resolve the organ shortage.     

肝尾叶肿瘤手术切除方法的探讨

目的　探讨不同类型肝尾叶肿瘤手术切除的径路和方式。方法　回顾性总结我们行肝尾叶肿瘤手术切除的病例 ,按肿瘤所在部位分成左尾叶肿瘤、右尾叶肿瘤和全尾叶肿瘤切除 3类。结果　共行肝尾叶肿瘤切除 32例 ,其中单独切除 1 4例 ,联合其他肝叶 (段 )切除 1 8例 ;手术径路包括左右侧径路和劈开肝正中裂的前径路。平均手术时间为 (1 .98± 73)min ,平均手术失血量为 (91. 7± 91 .4 )ml;无手术死亡 ,手术并发症的发生率为 1. 2 %(4/32 ) ;随访 7例肝良性肿瘤患者均健在 ,2 5例肝恶性肿瘤患者术后 1、2、3和 4年生存率分别为 87%、.5. 9%、4. 3%和 4 .3%。结论　肝尾叶肿瘤手术切除难度随手术部位而有相当差异 ,需行联合肝段切除者手术往往较单独尾叶切除者更加复杂。     

Difficulty in sustaining hepatic outflow in left lobe but not right lobe living donor liver transplantation

Shirouzu Y, Ohya Y, Hayashida S, Asonuma K, Inomata Y. Difficulty in sustaining hepatic outflow in left lobe but not right lobe living donor liver transplantation.
Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 625–632. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Background: Hepatic outflow block is one of the major complications leading to severe graft dysfunction after left lobe living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Methods: Medical records of 46 recipients of a left lobe LDLT were reviewed. The method of outflow reconstruction and post‐transplant morphological changes of hepatic veins were investigated. The subjects were followed up until September 2008, with a median follow‐up period of 2.0 yr (range: 0.5–5.9 yr). Results: There were no multiple outflow tracts to be reconstructed, and the median caliber of the single orifices with or without venoplasty was 32.0 mm. The difference between the angle of hepatic veins to the sagittal plane measured on computed tomography was calculated for pre‐operative donors and post‐operative recipients a month after LDLT. Both left and middle hepatic veins showed a significantly greater change in angle than the right hepatic vein. Both left and middle hepatic veins more frequently showed a nearly flat wave form on Doppler study one month after LDLT. In the 46 recipients of left lobe grafts, three developed outflow block (6.5%). Conclusions: The middle and left hepatic veins tend to distort and stretch during graft regeneration. These characteristics seem to be associated with outflow disturbances.     

两步两钉法腹腔镜肝左外叶切除术的临床体会

目的:探讨采用两步两钉法行腹腔镜肝左外叶切除术的临床可行性与安全性。方法:回顾分析2013年1月至2014年1月为26例患者行两步两钉法腹腔镜肝左外叶切除术的临床资料。结果:26例患者均成功施行两步两钉法腹腔镜肝左外叶切除术,无一例中转开腹,术中均未行肝门阻断。手术时间平均(73.0±31.6)min,断肝时间平均(24.0±12.4)min;术中出血量平均(30.4±20.5)ml,术中均未输血。术后平均住院(5.8±1.5)d。患者均未发生术后并发症。结论:腹腔镜下应用两步两钉法行肝左外叶切除术是安全、有效的,可缩短手术时间,提高手术安全性,降低手术操作难度。