亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤外周血WBC的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨外周血白细胞及中性粒细胞对亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效评估。方法120例经手术治疗后的重型颅脑损伤患者,随机分为亚低温组和对照组。亚低温组于手术后予亚低温治疗,直肠温度降至33～35℃,对照组体温维持存36.5～37.5℃。共治疗3～7 d,分别于术后第1 d和第8 d对两组患者的外周血WBC及中性粒细胞进行检测和GCS进行评估,6个月后进行GOS预后评估。结果亚低温组和对照组在术后第1 d的GCS和WBC及中性粒细胞没有显著性差异,但到第8 d则表现出明显的差异性,亚低温组的GCS及WBC和中性粒细胞均优于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05);随访6个月亚低温组GOS预后显著优于对照组(P<0.01)。结论亚低温是治疗重型颅脑损伤的有效手段之一,并且外周血WBC及中性粒细胞的变化是评估颅脑创病人预后的客观指标之一。     

经亚低温治疗的重型脑损伤患者外周血NSE的动态变化及临床意义

目的研究经亚低温治疗的重型脑损伤患者其外周血神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的动态变化及其临床意义。方法52例重型脑损伤患者随机分为亚低温组和对照组,前者进行亚低温治疗,后者除了不进行亚低温治疗外其他治疗方法与前者相同,分别于手术的次日、第2、3、5、7天测其外周血的NSE,满3个月进行GOS预后评分。结果发现经过一定时间的亚低温治疗,亚低温组外周血的NSE与对照组比较有明显的差异,满3个月进行GOS预后评分,亚低温组明显优于对照组(P＜0．05)。结论亚低温的确是治疗重型颅脑损伤的有效手段之一,其外周血NSE的动态变化能够准确反映治疗效果,而且简便易行,是评价重型脑损伤患者伤情及预后的客观指标之一。     

血管内降温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床研究

目的研究血管内降温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床效果。方法将51例重型颅脑损伤病人随机分为对照组(n=20),传统亚低温组(n=20)和血管内降温组(n=11)。两个治疗组31病人均于伤后20 h内使直肠温度降至33~34℃,治疗持续4~7 d,当颅内压降至正常后24 h,停止亚低温治疗。同时床旁监测生命体征、颅内压等。根据GOS评估法判定疗效。结果三组病人的年龄及GCS评分等临床特征无明显统计学差异(P0.05);伤后第7天,两组亚低温治疗的病人颅内压明显低于对照组(P0.05),且基本降至正常。经6个月随访,两组亚低温治疗病人的病死率明显低于对照组,恢复良好率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论血管内降温治疗重型颅脑损伤与传统亚低温治疗效果相似,其可减少肌松药和镇静药的使用及机械通气所带来的并发症。该方法治疗重型颅脑损伤安全、有效。     

亚低温在重型颅脑损伤中的临床应用体会

目的探讨亚低温在重型颅脑损伤救治过程中的价值。方法 2008年6月至2013年6月收治重型颅脑损伤(GCS≤8分)420例,分为亚低温组(185例)和常温组(235例);均进行标准大骨瓣减压术,亚低温组在常温组治疗的基础上,采用亚低温措施(直肠温度控制在32~34℃,治疗时间为4~7 d;同时监测病人的生命体征、颅内压等,预防并及时处理各种并发症)。结果治疗后6个月,亚低温组GOS评分明显优于常温组(P0.05)。治疗后12个月,亚低温组KPS评分明显优于常温组(P0.05)。结论在常规治疗的同时,采用亚低温措施对重型颅脑损伤病人的治疗有较好疗效,但应注意并发症等情况的预防和处理。     

亚低温治疗重型外伤性颅脑损伤的临床对照观察

目的 比较亚低温治疗和常温治疗重型外伤性颅脑损伤的治疗效果,方法 50例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为常温组26例和亚低温组24例.入院后病人均持续监测颅内压7 d.对照组维持正常体温,亚低温组入院后在3～7 h内将肛温降至33℃左右,并维持3～7 d.比较2组GCS评分、颅内压、临床预后指标.结果 在伤后第7天,亚低温组和...     

体感诱发电位对亚低温治疗重型颅脑创伤临床疗效的评估

目的 探讨体感诱发电位对亚低温治疗重型颅脑创伤患者临床疗效的评估价值。方法55例经手术治疗后的重型颅脑创伤患者,随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组。亚低温治疗组于手术后施以亚低温治疗,直肠温度降至33℃～35℃;对照组体温维持在36.5℃～37.5℃。共治疗3～7d,分别于术后第1d及第8d对两组患者进行GCS疗效和体感诱发电位评估;6个月后进行GOS预后评估。结果 亚低温组患者经治疗后,GCS评分及体感诱发电位测定结果均优于对照组(均P<0.05);随访6个月亚低温组患者GOS预后评估也优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 亚低温是治疗重型颅脑创伤的有效手段之一,而体感诱发电位是评估颅脑创伤预后的客观指标之一。     

局部亚低温对重症脑梗死患者血清NSE的影响

目的 探讨局部亚低温对重症脑梗死患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平的影响.方法 84例重症脑梗死患者分为治疗组和对照组各42 例,对照组采用常规治疗,亚低温组在此基础上进行局部亚低温治疗,两组患者均在治疗前和治疗后第3 、7、14 d测定血清NSE 水平,并在治疗后14 d进行临床疗效的判定.结果 亚低温组第7 d和第14 d的NSE明显低于对照组(P<0.05).亚低温组治疗14 d后临床疗效明显高于对照组(P<0.05) 结论亚低温治疗可降低重症脑梗死患者血清NSE 水平,改善重症脑梗死患者的预后.     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤患者的血清S-100B蛋白含量分析

目的 通过检测亚低温治疗后重型颅脑损伤患者血清S-100B蛋白含量的变化来证实亚低温治疗的脑保护作用,探讨其可能的作用机制.方法 选取100例正常体检者为对照组,选取100例重型颅脑损伤患者(GCS≤8分1并分为亚低温治疗组50例和常温治疗组50例,分别于伤后早期(2～6 h)及伤后不同时间(1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、10 d)采血,检测血清中S-100B蛋白含量,比较其在伤后不同时期的血清S-100B蛋白含量.结果 正常体检者血清S-100B蛋白含量测定结果证实,正常人血清S-100B蛋白含量与年龄、性别无关.亚低温治疗组、常温治疗组患者伤后血清S-100B蛋白含量与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).伤后1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、10 d时亚低温治疗组血清S-100B含量明显低于常温治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P(0.05).结论 血清S-100B蛋白在重型颅脑损伤的诊断巾有高度敏感性和特异性,是一种有效的生化指标.亚低温治疗对重型颅脑损伤具有脑保护作用.     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤44例临床分析

目的研究亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤病人治疗作用及临床效果。方法共88例病人（GCS昏迷≤8分）随机分为亚低温治疗组44例,尽快采用亚低温治疗。直肠温度控制在33℃～35．5℃,持续1～7d。对照组44例,常规治疗,直肠温度控制在36．5℃～37．5℃。两组病人均于伤后3个月时根据GOS评估法判定疗效。结果与对照组相比．亚低温治疗组恢复良好率提高,病死率降低,预后显著改善,无严重并发症。结论亚低温具有肯定的脑保护作用,用于治疗急性重型颅脑损伤病人,可降低病死率,提高生存质量,无严重并发症。     

选择性亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤男性患者红细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨选择性亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤男性患者红细胞免疫功能的影响.方法 急性重型颅脑损伤男性患者60例,平均分为亚低温组和常温组.常温组给予常规综合治疗,亚低温组在常规综合治疗的基础上给予头颈部选择性亚低温治疗.治疗后1、3、5 d分别取静脉血检测红细胞补体受体1(CR1),红细胞C3b受体花环率(RC3bRR)、红细胞C3b受体免疫复合物花环率(RICR).结果 治疗后5 d亚低温组CR1和RC3bRR均明显高于常温组(P<0.05),而RICR明显低于常温组(P<0.05).亚低温治疗后5 d CR1和RC3bRR明显高于治疗后1和3 d(P<0.05),而RICR明显低于治疗后1和3 d(P<0.05).结论 选择性亚低温治疗后可明显提高急性颅脑损伤男性患者红细胞免疫功能,且随治疗时间的延长红细胞免疫功能水平逐渐增强.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.