头位难产采用徒手胎头旋转术的时机探讨

持续性枕横位、枕后位 ,是导致头位难产的重要原因之一。适时采用手法旋转 ,可缩短产程 ,减少产妇痛苦 ,降低剖宫产率。本文对持续性枕横位及持续性枕后位的产妇在不同时期施行徒手旋转胎头纠正胎方位 ,使难产转为顺产 ,取得了不同的效果 ,现报道如下。1　资料与方法1.1　一般资料　我院自 1997年 5月至 2 0 0 0年 12月分娩总数 3 4 95例 ,难产 14 5 6例 ,发生头位难产 70 9例 ,占难产总数的 4 8 69%,其中 3 2 3例宫颈扩张进入活跃期出现延缓或停止。随机分为三组 ,Ａ组 :宫口扩张 6～ 7ｃｍ ,先露在坐骨棘平至棘下 1 5ｃｍ ,枕横位 12 2例 …     

胎头位置异常与梗阻性难产

胎头位置异常是引起难产的首要原因。根据1985年国内19个协作单位33182例分娩资料统计，头位难产占分娩总数的23．98％，又占难产总数的81．63％，另据我院头位难产资料统计，胎头位置异常占85％。以胎头为先露分娩时，正常和异常的界限有时难以截然划分，常常需要在产程中才能发现。因此，在处理头位分娩时，应注意头位难产，警惕胎头位置异常，以做到及早诊断和及时处理胎头位置异常，这对减少母儿损害是十分重要的。     

初产妇临产时胎头浮动与难产的关系探讨

目的:观察探讨初产妇临产时出现胎头浮动的原因及其与难产的关系,总结其处理方法及临床意义。方法:选取我院2008年11月至2010年11月340例孕周≥37周的初产妇,其中临产时胎头未衔接,为临产时胎头浮动,有106例,设为观察组;临产时胎头已入盆,有234例,设为对照组,观察对比两组巨大儿、骨盆狭窄、异常胎位、难产的发生率,进行统计学分析。结果:两组巨大儿、骨盆狭窄、异常胎位、难产的发生率对比差异显著(P<0.05),具有统计学意义。结论:头盆不称是导致胎儿胎头浮动的最主要原因,容易引起难产的发生,但是并不属于剖宫产的指征,可在密切监视胎心变化下,采取助产技术协助阴道分娩,试产过程中出现胎窘或胎头下降受阻,可考虑改行剖宫产,保障母婴安全。     

头位难产识别与处理

头位难产虽然比较常见,但临产前很难识别,主要特征是产程进展缓慢或延长,如果处理不及时或延误诊断会导致母、儿损伤,严重者会留下后遗症甚至导致围产儿死亡。头位难产与很多因素相关,如产次、骨盆大小、胎儿体重、产程中的监测、医护人员的工作经验和识别能力等,但是尚无哪项单一因素能可靠地预测难产。     

头位难产161例临床分析

胎方位异常是发生头位难产的主要原因。现分析我院161例头位难产的临床资料，探讨头位难产的分娩方式。 1资料与方法 1.1一般资料2003-11—2004-05，我院分娩总数819例，其中头位786例，臀位31例，横位2例，发生头位难产161例，占分娩总数的19．7％，占头位分娩总数的20．5％。161例头位难产孕妇年龄平均25．5岁（18～32岁），孕周38^＋4～40^＋5周，初产妇148例，经产妇13例。     

持续性枕横位及枕后位的产程特点及围产儿预后

目的：探讨持续性枕横位及枕后位的产程特点及围产儿预后。方法：采用回顾性资料分析方法，对１９９５年１１月至１９９６年７月在我院分娩的持续性枕横位及枕后位孕妇的临床资料进行分析。并与同期枕位正常的９０例（对照组）孕妇进行比较。结果：枕位异常者，胎儿体重过大、宫缩乏力的比例明显增加，产程各期时间均明显延长，胎先露下降速度明显减慢，各产程异常发生率明显增加，手术产率明显增加。枕横位总手术产率为８２．８１％，枕后位为９２．３１％，胎儿宫内缺氧、新生儿窒息率明显增加。结论：持续性枕横位及枕后位是难产的主要原因之一，若处理不当，围产儿预后欠佳。     

产程中改变产妇体位矫正胎方位的探讨

目的：探讨产程中改变产妇体位以矫正胎方位的临床效果。方法：选择先兆临产至潜伏期经Ｂ超检查判断为枕后位的初产妇２４０例，随机分为两组，各１２０例。研究组在产程中指导产妇取侧俯卧位，利用胎儿重力、羊水浮力、子宫间歇收缩的合力作用，使胎头在下降时逐渐从枕后位转至枕前位娩出，并与对照组比较。结果：研究组１０６例（８８．３％）胎儿从枕后位转到枕前位经阴道娩出。剖宫产１４例（１１．７％）。对照组经阴道娩出仅２０例（１６．７％），剖宫产１００例（８３．３％）。两组比较，差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．００１）。研究组第一产程平均时间３０２．６分钟，第二产程平均５９．８分钟。对照组第一产程平均４８３．７分钟，第二产程平均１５６．７分钟。两组比较，差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：在产程中指导产妇取侧俯卧位矫正胎头枕后位是降低难产发生率的有效方法。     

内倒转术的临床应用

经阴道实施内倒转术存在一定风险,在临床上很少使用。但在无法立即实施紧急剖宫产的医疗单位,对于双胎第二个胎儿的分娩和忽略性肩先露死胎的处理方面存在一定价值。本文重点阐述内倒转术适宜病例的选择和手术步骤及注意事项,旨在加强临床医护人员对内倒转术临床应用的认识。     

前不均倾位的早期识别、诊断与处理

前不均倾位是导致难产的重要原因之一,属严重胎头位置异常,一般需剖宫产分娩。前不均倾位早期难以识别,易误诊和漏诊,对母儿危害极大。本文重点阐述经阴道试产中胎儿前不均倾位的临床特点、诊断和处理方法,旨在加强临床医护人员对前不均倾位的认识和重视,防止诊断、处理不及时对母儿造成严重伤害。     

胎儿胆红素代谢及其与胎儿结局的关系

胆红素代谢对人体有重要作用,游离型胆红素可自由穿过脂膜和血脑屏障等,产生细胞毒性而引发新生儿核黄疸.胎儿胆红素代谢与成人不同,胎儿期肝脏尚未发育成熟,其体内只有少量胆红素可经肝脏转化为无毒的结合型胆红素,大部分是非结合型胆红素以胆红素-白蛋白复合物的形式溶于血浆中,通过胎盘上的胆红素转运载体运送至母体代谢.当胎儿体内胆...     

Fetal tachycardia and meconium staining: A sign of fetal infection

A retrospective study was carried out on 72 liveborn babies in whom perinatal infection was suspected. Twenty-nine of the 72 neonates were effectively infected. Analysis of intrapartum FHR recordings showed that tachycardia (base line FHR above 160 beats/min) during labor, occurred more often among infected babies (P < 0.001). When fetal tachycardia is associated with meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF), the relative risk of fetal infection is 51 times as great as in babies without MSAF. Fetal tachycardia is not related to maternal fever nor to prematurity. It is not a sign of limited placental or amniotic fluid infection, but implies infection of the fetus itself. Since most infected babies displayed infectious diarrhea immediately at birth, it is suggested that MSAF may eventually be due to antenatal intestinal infection and intrauterine emission of infected stools. Although great caution is advocated for the management of labor in the presence of fetal tachycardia, MSAF should not be always regarded as a sign of acute fetal distress when antenatal infection of the fetus is suspected.     

Fetal fibronectin: A new tool for the prediction of successful induction of labor

OBJECTIVE: The Bishop score is the only available tool for predicting successful labor induction. Vaginal fetal fibronectin has been shown to predict which patients will enter labor spontaneously, usually within 2 weeks. This study was designed to determine whether fetal fibronectin can also predict the success of labor induction. STUDY DESIGN: Term patients undergoing labor induction had a single swab from the vagina tested for fetal fibronectin before initiation of cervical ripening or oxytocin. The swab was tested with a blinded qualitative immunoassay for fetal fibronectin (positive ≥50 ng/ml). RESULTS: Of the overall 160 subjects, 108 had a positive and 52 had a negative fetal fibronectin result. Patients with a positive result had a lower cesarean section rate (15% vs 27%, p = 0.05) and shorter intervals to delivery, including first dose of prostaglandin to delivery interval (21.3 vs 35.8 hours, p = 0.0001) and first stage of labor (14.8 vs 21.2 hours, p = 0.0009). These differences remain similar even in nulliparous women with Bishop scores ≤5, with patients with positive results having statistically shorter intervals to delivery and similar differences in cesarean section rates (22% vs 35%), although this difference was not significant. In this subgroup more than half the patients in the negative results group (11/20) were undelivered after 24 hours and were judged to require a second dose of prostaglandin compared with only 2 of 53 in the group with positive results (p = 0.000001). By stepwise logistic regression analysis the predictive ability of a positive result for fetal fibronectin was found to be independent of the Bishop score. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal fetal fibronectin appears to be an efficacious new test that independently predicts which patients will have shorter and easier inductions of labor and lower cesarean section rates, even nulliparous patients with low Bishop scores. This test has the potential for clinical utility and cost reduction. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1516-21.)     

瘦素水平与胎儿生长发育的关系研究

目的 :研究母血、脐血和羊水中的瘦素水平与胎儿生长发育的关系 ,探讨瘦素检测的临床价值。方法 :选择5 2例正常产妇 ,根据其新生儿出生体重分为 :大于胎龄儿 14例 ,适于胎龄儿 2 1例 ,小于胎龄儿 17例。采用放射免疫法检测母血、脐血、羊水中的瘦素水平 ,分析瘦素与胎盘重量、新生儿体重、新生儿Ponderal指数 (PI)、孕妇体重、孕妇体重指数 (BMI)、胎儿性别的关系。结果 :①孕妇血清瘦素水平与孕妇体重和体重指数呈正相关。孕妇血清瘦素水平与胎盘重量、新生儿体重、脐血瘦素水平无明显相关性。②大于胎龄儿的脐血瘦素水平高于适于胎龄儿 ,适于胎龄儿又高于小于胎龄儿 ,脐血瘦素水平与新生儿体重、新生儿Ponderal指数、胎盘重量呈正相关。③大于胎龄儿的羊水瘦素水平高于适于胎龄儿 ,适于胎龄儿又高于小于胎龄儿。羊水瘦素水平与新生儿体重、新生儿Ponderal指数、胎盘重量呈正相关。④男婴和女婴脐血和羊水瘦素水平无明显差异。结论 :检测脐血或羊水瘦素水平可以判断胎儿宫内生长发育状况。     

胎头吸引术的技术与技巧

使用胎头吸引器是第二产程助产的重要手段。操作时最重要的是吸引器的放置位置,即"俯屈点",使吸引器的杯面中心点位于矢状缝上后囟下3 cm处。随宫缩间歇性的牵引,滑脱3次或三阵宫缩产程没有进展应停止吸引器助产,最长时间不宜超过20 min。     

Fetal blood sampling during pregnancy with use of a needle guided by ultrasound: a study of 606 consecutive cases

Because of various prenatal diagnoses, 606 fetal blood samplings were carried out in 562 pregnancies from the gestational week 17 to 38 with use of a 20-gauge needle guided by ultrasound. The procedure was performed on outpatients under local anesthesia and without medication before or after the procedure. Pure fetal blood was obtained at the first attempt in 588 cases. A second attempt was necessary in 18 cases. Maternal blood contamination was never present. Amniotic fluid dilution was noted in 15 cases. At the beginning of our experience only three cords could not be punctured. The duration of the procedure was less than 10 minutes in 90% of cases. Fifty-eight pregnancies were terminated after consideration of the results of the diagnosis, and 504 pregnancies were continued. The complications found in these pregnancies were premature delivery (5%), growth retardation (8%), in utero death (1.1%), and spontaneous abortion (0.8%). In the future this new procedure could replace fetoscopy and initiate an important field of new investigations.