HPLC同时测定乳癖消颗粒中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的含量

目的观察4-氨基水杨酸钠(4-ASANa)结肠靶向微丸对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的干预作用及其机制。方法采用三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)法制备大鼠实验性溃疡性结肠炎模型,通过4-ASANa结肠靶向微丸干预14d,观察大鼠结肠大体形态损伤、组织学变化和白细胞介素-1B(IL-1B)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)等指标的变化。结果4-ASANa结肠靶向微丸能减轻溃疡性结肠炎的病理损伤,显著降低溃疡性结肠炎大鼠血清IL-1B和TNF-a含量,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),降低结肠组织中MDA和MPO含量,而提高SOD活性,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),对化学因素引起的结肠炎有较好的治疗作用。结论4-ASANa结肠靶向微丸对TNBS诱导的大鼠结肠炎具有治疗作用,抑制IL-1B和TNF-a的增殖和表达,减轻自由基的损害可能是作用机制之一。     

4-氨基水杨酸钠结肠靶向微丸对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠免疫机制影响

目的 观察 4-氨基水杨酸钠(4-ASANa)结肠靶向微丸对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的干预作用及其机制。方法 采用三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)法制备大鼠实验性溃疡性结肠炎模型,通过4-ASANa结肠靶向微丸干预14 d,观察大鼠结肠大体形态损伤、组织学变化和白细胞介素-1B(IL-1B)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)等指标的变化。结果 4-ASANa结肠靶向微丸能减轻溃疡性结肠炎的病理损伤,显著降低溃疡性结肠炎大鼠血清IL-1B和TNF-a含量,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),降低结肠组织中MDA和MPO含量,而提高SOD活性,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),对化学因素引起的结肠炎有较好的治疗作用。结论 4-ASANa结肠靶向微丸对TNBS诱导的大鼠结肠炎具有治疗作用,抑制IL-1B和TNF-a的增殖和表达,减轻自由基的损害可能是作用机制之一。     

5-氨基水杨酸治疗结肠炎的抗氧化作用及对细胞因子表达的影响

目的探讨5-氨基水杨酸(5-ASA)灌肠治疗对三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导大鼠结肠炎的抗氧化作用及对细胞因子表达的影响。方法建立TNBS结肠炎模型,给予5-ASA灌肠治疗,同时设正常对照组和模型组。于治疗后1、2周,评价结肠大体、组织学损伤及髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平,逆转录-多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测结肠组织白细胞介素(IL)-1β和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-αmRNA表达水平。结果5-ASA灌肠治疗能明显降低结肠炎大鼠的大体、组织学评分及MPO活性(P<0.05),升高SOD活性(P<0.05),降低MDA水平(P<0.05),降低IL-1β和TNF-α表达水平(P<0.05)。结论5-ASA灌肠治疗TNBS诱导的大鼠结肠炎疗效显著,其机制与抗氧化作用及抑制IL-1β和TNF-α的表达有关。     

复方甘草酸苷对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠结肠组织SOD、MDA、MPO酶的影响

目的探讨复方甘草酸苷对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠的治疗作用。方法将50只SD大鼠随机分成正常对照组(10只,不做任何处理)和模型组[40只,采用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)法复制UC大鼠模型]。造模3 d后,模型组又随机分成模型组对照组(0.9%氯化钠溶液)、复方甘草酸苷低、高剂量组(剂量分别为12.5,50 mg.kg-1.d-1)和阳性对照组(300 mg.kg-1.d-1美沙拉嗪溶液)。各组按设计剂量灌胃给药10 d后,取结肠组织观察病变程度并评分,并测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的含量。结果各治疗组肠炎病变评分和MDA含量与模型对照组比较显著下降(P<0.05),SOD、MPO未见统计学差异。结论复方甘草酸苷对UC的治疗作用可能与减轻或阻断组织的脂质过氧化反应及改善组织的病变程度有关。     

美沙拉嗪缓释剂对2，4，6-三硝基苯磺酸诱导大鼠溃疡性结肠炎的治疗作用

目的 研究美沙拉嗪缓释剂对2,4,6 三硝基苯磺酸(2,4,6-trinitro picrylsulfonic acid,TNBS)诱导的溃疡性结肠炎肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL) 1β、IL-6表达的影响,探讨美沙拉嗪缓释剂的抗炎机制. 方法 应用TNBS/乙醇建立大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,实验设正常对照组、模型组、药物治疗组(给予美沙拉嗪溶液100 mg&#8226;kg^-1&#8226;d^-1), 阳性对照组(给予5-对氨基水杨酸100 mg&#8226;kg^-1&#8226;d^-1),每组10只,每天灌胃2次,给药时间从造模后第1天开始至实验结束,共7 d,观察大鼠疾病活动指数(disease index,DAI)、体质量变化及结肠病理学改变,生化法检查大鼠结肠组织髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)活性,逆转录聚合酶链反应(Real-time PCR)检测肠组织TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6mRNA的表达水平. 结果 与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠结肠组织MPO活性及TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6mRNA表达量明显增多(P<0.05).与模型组和阳性对照组比较,药物治疗组MPO活性及结肠组织TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6mRNA的表达明显减少(P<0.05).模型组和阳性对照组差异无统计学意义. 结论 美沙拉嗪缓释剂对大鼠实验性溃疡性结肠炎具有治疗作用,其机制与通过降低中性粒细胞的浸润、抑制促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6mRNA等的表达有关.     

栀子有效部位的溃疡性结肠炎活性及其化学成分研究

目的研究栀子浸膏35%和70%乙醇洗脱部位对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)/乙醇诱导的大鼠溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)的治疗作用,并采用液质联用鉴定活性洗脱部位的化学成分。方法采用TNBS诱导大鼠UC模型,不同洗脱部均按生药量2.1 g·kg-1连续灌胃给药7 d,进行体质量测定,疾病活动指数(DAI)评分,结肠组织病理评分,比较各组大鼠结肠组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平。采用液质联用鉴定药效较好部位的化学成分。结果与模型组相比,35%洗脱部位组体质量下降明显改善,DAI和组织病理评分降低,组织中MPO、NO、MDA、TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1β含量均降低,SOD含量升高(P <0.01)。液质联用共鉴定出19个化学成分,其中11个为环烯醚萜类成分。结论栀子35%洗脱部位对UC大鼠有明显治疗作用,环烯醚萜类成分可能是其发挥作用的物质基础。     

结肠炎奇效颗粒对葡聚糖硫酸钠所致溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的影响

摘 要 目的：观察结肠炎奇效颗粒对实验性溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠的治疗作用。方法: 180～220g Wistar大鼠,采用饮用4%葡聚糖硫酸钠溶液方法制备大鼠实验性溃疡性结肠炎（UC）模型,按2.70,1.35,0.68 g·kg^-1·d^-1剂量灌胃给予结肠炎奇效颗粒7 d后,分别检测血清丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮(NO)、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）及结肠的髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、结肠黏膜细胞间黏附分子（ICAM-1）的蛋白表达和核因子（NF-kBp65）的蛋白表达。 结果: 与模型组相比,结肠炎奇效颗粒高、中剂量组明显提高结肠炎大鼠血中SOD活性（P<0.05或P<0.01）,显著降低MDA、TNF-α、IL-6的含量（P<0.05或P<0.01）;明显减低溃疡性结肠炎大鼠结肠黏膜中MPO活性（P<0.05或P<0.01）;显著降低结肠炎大鼠结肠炎症反应中核因子蛋白（NF-kBp65）和细胞黏附因子（ICAM-1）蛋白含量（P<0.01）。结论:结肠炎奇效颗粒对葡聚糖硫酸钠溶液所致溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠治疗作用明显。     

TNBS/乙醇法建立溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型的实验研究

目的评价2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)/乙醇法致溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠模型。方法采用TNBS与不同体积分数的乙醇配比诱导大鼠UC模型,每日观察大鼠体重、肛温、粪常规等,造模8 d后处死大鼠,结合溃疡面积、粘连指数、结肠黏膜的组织病理学变化及黏膜组织肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)等的表达,综合评价TNBS/不同体积分数乙醇致UC大鼠模型。结果 TNBS/40%乙醇组给药4 h后大鼠出现腹泻、水样便、血便等现象,8 d后大鼠肠壁明显增厚,皱褶消失并出现大面积坏死,肠黏膜多处充血水肿并可见明显的溃疡面,有些还伴有组织增生,结肠黏膜TNF-α及COX-2阳性表达水平较正常对照组明显升高,差异具有统计学意义。结论 TNBS/40%乙醇可成功诱导UC大鼠模型。     

西红花酸对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型的作用及其机制研究

目的：研究西红花酸（crocetin）对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）／乙醇诱导的大鼠溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerativecolitis,UC）的作用及可能机制。方法：采用TNBS／乙醇混合复制溃疡性结肠炎模型,用不同剂量的西红花酸进行干预。观察大鼠结肠组织形态变化;检测髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性;ELISA法测定肿瘤坏死因子-a（TNF—a）和白介素-1B（IL-1J3）含量;实时荧光定量PCR（Q—PCR）检测Toll样受体4（TLR4）和核转录因子-eBp65（NF-kBp65）基因的表达;免疫组化分析TLR4和NF-kBp65蛋白的表达。结果：西红花酸能改善UC大鼠结肠形态及组织病理学变化;西红花酸能抑制MPO活性、降低MDA含量、提高SOD活性;西红花酸能下调TNF—a和IL-1B的含量;西红花酸能降低TLR4和NF-kBp65基因与蛋白的表达。结论：西红花酸能有效改善溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的结肠炎症反应,其作用机制与抗氧化、抑制TLR4／NF—KB信号通路等有关。     

4-氨基水杨酸口服结肠定位包衣片的体内药效学研究(英文)

目的：评价自制的4-氨基水杨酸口服结肠定位包衣片在大鼠体内的药效学。方法：以2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)的乙醇溶液灌肠,制作溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型。将大鼠随机分为7组：健康对照组,TNBS对照组,TNBS+低剂量(包衣片)组,TNBS+中剂量(包衣片)组,TNBS+高剂量(包衣片)组,TNBS+柳氮磺吡啶(SASP)组,TNBS+中剂量非包衣片组。大鼠连续给药5 d后,对结肠部位的大体形态学改变、组织学损伤以及组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性进行评分或测定,评价4-氨基水杨酸(4-ASA)结肠定位包衣片在大鼠体内的药效学。结果：以TNBS灌肠可一次性制作大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型。与4-ASA非包衣片组相比,包衣片组或SASP组显示,给药后动物结肠的大体形态改变评分、组织损伤评分及MPO活性均有所降低；高剂量组对各指标的影响与SASP无显著差异(P>0．05)。结论：与非包衣片比较,自制的4-氨基水杨酸口服结肠定位包衣片在治疗大鼠溃疡性结肠炎方面有更好的疗效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.