Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is not a risk factor for post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Matched-pair design multicenter study

BACKGROUND: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a relatively common complication of kidney transplantation. The aim of our work was to compare the incidence of PTDM in kidney transplant recipients with and without autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in a matched-pair design study. METHODS: In total, 98 pairs of graft recipients, all of Caucasian origin and who received a kidney from the same cadaveric donor, were included in the study. The following clinical data were collected for statistical analysis: age, body mass index (BMI) before transplant, length and type of dialysis treatment, residual diuresis, and cold and warm graft ischemia time. Diabetes was diagnosed based on American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria. RESULTS: Incidence of PTDM was 19.4% in the ADPKD group and 18.4% in the non-ADPKD group, with no significant differences between groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the PTDM risk in the ADPKD group including age, gender, BMI, and dialysis time as independent variables indicated that only higher residual diuresis is a significant independent risk factor (OR = 5.64 per every L/24 h, 95% CI = 1.31-24.33, p = 0.017). Similarly, logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and gender in the non-ADPKD group has shown that significant independent risk factors are BMI (OR = 1.30 per every kg/m(2), 95% CI = 1.06-1.59, p = 0.0094), longer dialysis time prior to transplant (OR = 1.036 per each month, 95% CI = 1.004-1.070, p = 0.025), and a history of arterial hypertension (OR = 9.09, 95% CI = 1.20-68.66, p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: In this paired analysis, our results suggest that diagnosis of ADPKD does not increase risk of PTDM.     

肾移植术后贫血的危险因素分析

【目的】 探讨肾移植术后贫血(PTA)的发生率&#65380;风险因素&#65377; 【方法】 分析2004年1月至2008年6月在本院进行肾移植术的患者资料,并根据术后是否发生PTA将患者分成PTA组(44例)及对照组(132例),记录可能引起PTA的各项参数,分别用t检验和?字2检验进行单因素分析,对P < 0.2的参数进行Logistic多因素分析,计算其相对危险度(RR)及95%可信区间(95%CI)&#65377;【结果】 PTA(男性血红蛋白(Hb) < 120 g/L或红细胞压积(Hct) < 0.38或成年女性Hb < 110 g/L或Hct < 0.35)在本中心的发病率为31%&#65377;单因素及Logistic多因素回归分析表明:女性(RR = 8.738;95%CI 2.558 ~ 29.853; P = 0.001);平均肌酐水平(RR = 1.035;95%CI 1.018 ~ 1.052;P < 0.001)以及急性排斥(RR = 19.827;95%CI 2.056 ~ 191.19;P = 0.01)等3项因素与PTA的发生密切相关&#65377;【结论】 PTA是肾移植术后一项常见的并发症,女性&#65380;移植肾功能较差以及急性排斥的发生是PTA的危险因素&#65377;     

活体肾脏移植供者年龄和性别对术后早期发生急性排斥反应的影响

目的 探讨供肾因素导致活体肾脏移植受者早期发生急性排斥反应的危险因素.方法 采用前瞻性定群研究对2004年4月至2007年11月的117例首次活体肾脏移植受者进行随访,记录急性排斥反应.按供者年龄分为两组,应用Kaplan-Meier乘积极限法计算急性排斥反应累积发病率;并以对数秩检验比较两组差异.应用COX比例风险模型分析受者术后早期发生急性排斥反应的独立危险因素.结果 随访中位数时间为16个月(术后3～44个月).供者年龄≥50岁组的受者在移植术后2周、6周急性排斥反应发生率分别为13.0%和19.5%;高于供者年龄<50岁组(2.8%和8.5%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.010).COX比例风险模型分析显示,女性供者(RR=2.731,95%CI:1.018～7.326)、老年供肾(RR:1.054,95%CI:1.004～1.107)是受者术后早期急性排斥反应发生率的独立危险因素(均P＜0.05).结论 活体肾脏移植中,老年供者选择应更加严格;在老年供肾摘取和移植过程中应尽最避免肾脏损伤;接受老年或女性供肾的受者,术后早期免疫抑制药物应足量应用.     

肾移植受者BK病毒血症危险因素荟萃分析

目的 应用荟萃分析系统评价肾移植受者发生BK 病毒血症（BKV viremia） 的相关危险因素。 方法 系统检索中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学数据库、PubMed 数据库、西文生物医学数据库2000 年1 月- 2013 年8 月公开发表的关于肾移植受者BK 病毒血症相关危险因素的研究论文,并查阅各个研究中引用的参考文献来补充。观察性研究（ 队列研究和病例对照研究） 参照文献关于观察性研究方法学质量评估的建议进行评价;随机对照研究利用Jadad 量表进行评价。应用Stata11.0 软件进行一致性检验,使用固定效应模型及随机效应模型进行合并,计算相对危险度（relative risk,RR） 及其95% CI。 结果 纳入16 篇文献,共计925 例肾移植术后BK 病毒血症患者。BK 病毒血症发生的危险因素为高龄[1.032（1.017 -1.047）,P =0.000]、冷缺血时间长[1.737（1.191 - 2.535）,P =0.004]、人类白细胞抗原（human leukocyte antigen,HLA） 错配数4个及以上[1.303（1.103 - 1.540）,P =0.002]、使用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白免疫诱导[1.230（1.041 - 1.453）,P =0.015]、急性排斥反应[3.672（2.106 - 6.402）,P =0.000]、移植肾功能恢复延迟[1.57（1.08 - 2.29）,P =0.018]、使用FK506＋MMF 免疫维持[1.632（1.329 - 2.005）,P =0.000]、巨细胞病毒感染[2.182（1.286 - 3.700）,P =0.004]。多种相关危险因素并存时BK 病毒血症的风险大于单一因素。 结论 高龄、冷缺血时间长等均是肾移植受者BK 病毒血症发生的危险因素。     

Predictors of acute complications in children with type 1 diabetes

CONTEXT: Diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia are acute complications of type 1 diabetes that are related, respectively, to insufficient or excessive insulin treatment. However, little is known about additional modifiable risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia in children with diabetes and to determine the factors that predict these complications. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 1243 children from infancy to age 19 years with type 1 diabetes who resided in the Denver, Colo, metropolitan area were followed up prospectively for 3994 person-years from January 1, 1996, through December 31, 2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of ketoacidosis leading to hospital admission or emergency department visit and severe hypoglycemia (loss of consciousness, seizure, or hospital admission or emergency department visit). RESULTS: The incidence of ketoacidosis was 8 per 100 person-years and increased with age in girls (4 per 100 person-years in < 7; 8 in 7-12; and 12 in > or =13 years; P<.001 for trend). In multivariate analyses, sex-adjusted and stratified by age (<13 vs > or =13 years), the risk of ketoacidosis in younger children increased with higher hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) (relative risk [RR], 1.68 per 1% increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45-1.94) and higher reported insulin dose (RR, 1.40 per 0.2 U/kg per day; 95% CI, 1.20-1.64). In older children, the risk of ketoacidosis increased with higher HbA(1c) (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.30-1.58), higher reported insulin dose (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02-1.25), underinsurance (RR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.65-2.95), and presence of psychiatric disorders (for boys, RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 0.96-2.65; for girls, RR, 3.22; 95% CI, 2.25-4.61). The incidence of severe hypoglycemia was 19 per 100 person-years (P<.001 for trend) and decreased with age in girls (24 per 100 patient-years in < 7, 19 in 7-12, and 14 in > or =13 years). In younger children, the risk of severe hypoglycemia increased with diabetes duration (RR, 1.39 per 5 years; 95% CI, 1.16-1.69) and underinsurance (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.08-1.65). In older children, the risk of severe hypoglycemia increased with duration (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.51), underinsurance (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.11-1.81), lower HbA(1c) (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.12-1.32), and presence of psychiatric disorders (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.23-1.98). Eighty percent of episodes occurred among the 20% of children who had recurrent events. CONCLUSIONS: Some children with diabetes remain at high risk for ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia. Age- and sex-specific incidence patterns suggest that ketoacidosis is a challenge in adolescent girls while severe hypoglycemia continues to affect disproportionally the youngest patients and boys of all ages. The pattern of modifiable risk factors indicates that underinsured children and those with psychiatric disorders or at the extremes of the HbA(1c) distribution should be targeted for specific interventions.     

Cardiovascular risk factors and acculturation in Yaquis and Tepehuanos Indians from Mexico

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors are influenced by behavioral, cultural, and social factors, suggesting that acculturation plays a significant role in the emergency and growth of chronic disease. The objective of this study was to determine the relation between CV risk factors and the main components of acculturation, in Yaquis and Tepehuanos Indians from Mexico. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional population-based study in Yaquis and Tepehuanos communities from the Yaqui Valley in Sonora and the Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains in Durango, in northwest Mexico. Acculturation status is different in both ethnic groups, with Tepehuanos living in small and remote communities retaining their traditional lifestyle and Yaquis living in well-communicated communities that have assumed Westernized lifestyles. RESULTS: A total of 278 indigenous (120 Tepehuanos and 158 Yaquis) were randomly enrolled. Prevalence of obesity (48.1 and 6.7%, p <0.001), diabetes (18.3 and 0.83%, p <0.001), hypertriglyceridemia (43.0 and 15.0%, p <0.001), alcohol consumption (46.8 and 26.6%, p >0.001), and smoking (29.7 and 15.0%, p = 0.006) were significantly higher in Yaquis Indians. High blood pressure (6.3 and 3.3%, p = 0.40) and low HDL-cholesterol (42.4 and 34.2%, p = 0.22) were similar between Yaquis and Tepehuanos. Multivariate regression analysis adjusted by sex and age showed a significant association between calorie intake from saturated fat, but not other nutrients of customary diet, with hyperglycemia (OR 7.4, 95% CI 2.6-20.1), hypertriglyceridemia (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.5-6.3), and obesity (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.6-10.1). CONCLUSIONS: Among the components of acculturation, intake of saturated fat is the most strongly associated with the development of CV risk factors.     

剖宫产瘢痕妊娠患者侧支动脉的形成及其危险因素分析

目的：探讨剖宫产瘢痕妊娠行子宫动脉栓塞术时发现侧支动脉形成的概率及其危险因素。方法：分析2009年1月至2014年6月在中南大学湘雅三医院进行子宫动脉栓塞术的剖宫产瘢痕妊娠患者资料,并根据有无侧支动脉的形成将患者分成有侧支动脉组(34例)及无侧支动脉组(对照组,110例)。记录可能引起侧支动脉形成的各项参数,分别用t检验、χ2检验及Fisher精确检验法进行单因素分析,对P<0.20的参数进行logistic多因素分析,计算其相对危险度(RR)及95%可信区间(95%CI)。结果：有侧支动脉形成的剖宫产瘢痕妊娠患者的发病率为23.4%。单因素及logistic多因素回归分析表明：胎盘前置(RR=78.556,95%CI：2.869~2 150.651,P=0.010)、盆腔炎症(RR=6.633,95% CI：1.595~27.592,P=0.009)、人流手术史(RR=18.381,95%CI：1.683~200.752,P=0.017)及子宫肌瘤或腺肌症(RR=12.580,95%CI：1.004~157.550, P=0.050)与剖宫产瘢痕妊娠侧支动脉的形成密切相关。结论：前置胎盘、盆腔炎症、人流手术史以及子宫肌瘤或腺肌症是剖宫产瘢痕妊娠患者侧支动脉形成的危险因素。     

伴急性/亚急性间质性肺炎的临床无肌炎皮肌炎1年生存随访及危险因素分析

目的 了解伴发急性/亚急性间质性肺炎的临床无肌炎皮肌炎患者在不同治疗方案干预后1年的生存状况,并分析其危险因素.方法 回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院风湿科于1998年1月-2007年12月收治的伴发急性/亚急性间质性肺炎的成人临床无肌炎皮肌炎患者51例,追踪1年时的生存情况,采用Kaplan-Meier法比较不同治疗方案干预后1年的生存曲线,以COX回归分析该组患者的危险因素.结果 Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,联合激素+免疫抑制剂方案(95%CI值为8.10～10.69)优于单纯激素治疗方案(95%CI值为1.03～4.57,P<0.001).与硫唑嘌呤+激素治疗方案(95%CI值为4.49～10.11)相比,应用环孢素+激素治疗方案的生存时间显著延长(95%CI值为8.27～12.66,P=0.045).通过COX回归分析,筛选到的危险因素分别是治疗方案未联合使用免疫抑制剂(RR=2.73,P=0.001),间质性肺炎为急性型(RR=3.10,P=0.020),以及治疗初始已出现低氧血症(RR=6.17,P=0.005).结论 在现有各种药物治疗干预下伴急性/亚急性间质性肺炎的临床无肌炎皮肌炎预后仍不乐观,间质性肺炎的类型固然是预后的决定因素之一,但早期用药、联合激素与免疫抑制剂治疗能延长患者的生存时间,其中联合环孢素的治疗方案更佳.     

致敏受者肾移植急性排斥反应的影响因素

目的 探讨致敏受者肾移植急性排斥反应的影响因素。方法 对102例术前致敏患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨群体反应抗体(PRA)水平、氨基酸残基配型、术后PRA水平升高及细胞因子基因型对急性排斥反应发生率的影响。结果和结论 102例致敏肾移植受者术后随访期间发生急性排斥反应33例次,其中PRA水平、氨基酸残基相配程度、术后PRA水平升高、TNF-α高产量基因型和IL-10高产量基因型对移植肾的急性排斥发生率均有显著性影响。术前综合评估这些因素,有利于制订合理的免疫抑制方案。     

致敏受者肾移植急性排斥反应的影响因素

目的：探讨致敏受者肾移植急性排斥反应的影响因素。方法：对102例术前致敏患者临床资料进行回顾性分析．探讨群体反应抗体(PRA)水平、氨基酸残基配型、术后PRA水平升高及细胞因子基因型对急性排斥反应发生率的影响。结果和结论：102例致敏肾移植受者术后随访期间发生急性排斥反应33例次，其中PRA水平、氨基酸残基相配程度、术后PRA水平升高、TNF-α高产量基因型和IL-10高产量基因型对移植肾的急性排斥发生率均有显著性影响。术前综合评估这些因素，有利于制订合理的免疫抑制方案。     

关节置换术后发生急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的探讨关节置换术后急性肾损伤（AKI）的发生率和危险因素,为临床防治关节置换术后发生AKI提供参考。方法回顾性选取2009年1月至2016年12月行关节置换术的患者3238例,筛选出所有术后发生AKI的患者,以未发生AKI的患者为对照,按1:3配对。单因素分析两组患者的临床资料,并采用logistic回归分析关节置换术后发生AKI的危险因素。结果关节置换术后发生AKI的患者共71例,发生率为2.2%。高龄（OR=1.055,95%CI：1.014~1.098）、BMI高（OR=1.384,95%CI：1.147~1.670）、高血压（OR=6.646,95%CI：3.251~13.587）、术前肾功能异常（OR=8.594,95%CI：2.934~25.168）、围术期输血（OR=4.458,95%CI：1.578~12.597）是关节置换术后发生AKI的独立危险因素（均P＜0.05）。结论高龄、高BMI、高血压、术前肾功能异常、围术期输血患者关节置换术后应警惕发生AKI,做好预防措施。     

Risk factors of recipient receiving living donor liver transplantation in the comprehensive era of indication and perioperative managements

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has become one of the chief methods of saving patients with end-stage liver disease due to liver cirrhosis. Accumulation of knowledge about indication and perioperative managements improve outcome of this treatment. In this study, we elucidate the risk factors of LDLT, which still exist today. Sixty-one patients received LDLT in our institute between 2003 and 2009 were included in this study. Recipient age and sex, donor age and sex, etiology, preoperative model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), graft versus recipient weight ratio (GRWR), cold and warm ischemic time, operation time, blood loss, ABO compatibility, rejection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, biliary stricture, and calcineurin inhibitor (FK506 or cyclosporin A) were the factors investigated. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant in the proportional hazard model. In univariate analysis, the recipients' age (p = 0.024) and rejection episode (p = 0.046) were selected as significant risk factors. In multivariate analysis including the factors that showed p < 0.2 (recipient age, GRWR, ABO compatibility, rejection episode) in univariate analysis, recipient age (p = 0.008, HR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.09-1.80) and rejection episodes (p = 0.002, HR: 13.33; 95% CI: 2.53-71.43) were still selected as significant independent risk factors after LDLT. Recipient age was shown to be 1.40 times risk per 1 year older and the rejection episode was shown to be 13.33 times risk in the recent era with comprehensive indication and preoperative management for LDLT. Indication must be cautious for elderly patients, and prevention of rejection is crucial for the improvement of results for LDLT.     

Use of marginal organs in kidney transplantation for marginal recipients: too close to the margins of safety?

Objective

Due to organ shortage, average waiting time for a kidney in Germany is about 4 years after start of dialysis. Number of kidney grafts recovered can only be maintained by accepting older and expanded criteria donors. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of donor and recipient risk on kidney long-term function.

Methods

All deceased kidney transplantations were considered. We retrospectively studied 332 patients between 2002 and 2006; divided in 4 groups reflecting donor and recipient risk.

Results

Non-marginal recipients were less likely to receive a marginal organ (69 of 207, 33%) as compared to marginal recipients, of whom two-thirds received a marginal organ (p < 0.0001). Graft function significantly differed between the groups, but detrimental effect of marginal recipient status on eGFR after 12 months (-6 ml/min/1.73 qm, 95% CI -2 to -9) was clearly smaller than the effect of marginal donor status (-10 ml/min/1.73 qm, 95% CI -7 to -14).

Conclusions

As we were able to show expanded criteria donor has a far bigger effect on long-term graft function than the "extra risk" recipient. Although there have been attempts to define groups of recipients who should be offered ECD kidneys primarily the discussion is still ongoing.     

Effect of Aidi injection plus transarterial chemoembolization on primary hepatic carcinoma: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of Aidi injection plus transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with primary hepatic carcinoma.

Hemorrhagic cystitis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence, risk factors and association with CMV reactivation and graft-versus-host disease

Background The definite pathogenesis of hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has not been well elucidated. The role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the development of HC remains obscure. This study determined the incidence and risk factors for HC after allo-HSCT and analyzed its association with CMV reactivation and GVHD.Methods We retrospectively studied 250 patients at high risk for CMV disease who underwent allo-HSCT all based on busulfan/cyclophosphamide (BU/CY) myloablative regimens. The incidence, etiology, risk factors and clinical management of HC were investigated. Results HC developed within 180 days of transplant in 72 patients, with an overall incidence of 28.8% and an incidence of 12.6% in patients with HLA-matched related donors (MRD), 34.38% in those with HLA-matched unrelated donors (MUD), 49.45% in those with mismatched related donors (MMRD). CMV-viremia significantly increased the incidence of later onset HC (LOHC); however, only 9 out of 15 patients with CMV viruria actually developed LOHC. Multiple regression analysis identified grade II–IV acute GVHD (RR=2.75; 95% CI 1.63–4.66; P&lt;0.01) and grafts from MUD or MMRD (RR=2.60; 95% CI 1.52–5.20; P&lt;0.01) as independent risk factors for HC. Event sequence analysis indicated a majority of HC episodes began around GVHD initiation.Conclusions CMV-viremia is a high risk factor for LOHC. Our data also showed a correlation between acute GVHD and HC, which suggested that alloimmunity may be involved in the pathogenesis of HC.     

静脉溶栓联合早期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的荟萃分析

目的 系统评价静脉溶栓联合早期经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(24 h)的有效性和安全性.方法 计算机检索MEDLINE、EMBASE、Elsevier、Cochrane数据库及中国万方、中国知网(CNKI)数据库,收集静脉溶栓联合早期PCI治疗急性ST段抬高心肌梗死的随机对照试验(RCT),2名研究者独立检索和评价相关文献,应用RevMan 5.0和Stata 10.0软件进行数据统计学处理.结果 共纳入8项研究(NORDI-STEMI,TRANSFER-AMI,WEST,CARESS-AMI,CAPITAL-AMI,GRACIA-Ⅰ,SIAMI Ⅲ,PRAGUE-Ⅰ),3157例病人.(1) 溶栓后早期PCI治疗组30d复合终点事件低于对照组(RR=0.52,95％CI 0.42～0.65,P<0.001);(2)溶栓后早期PCI治疗组30 d非致死性心肌梗死发生率低于对照组(RR=0.57,95％CI 0.40～0.81,P=0.002);(3) 溶栓后早期PCI治疗组30 d再发心肌缺血发生率低于对照组(RR=0.27,95％CI 0.14～0.52,P<0.001);(4) 溶栓后早期PCI治疗组30 d出血并发症发生率(RR=1.07,95％CI 0.78～1.46,P=0.69)、30d心血管性死亡发生率(RR=0.86,95％CI 0.62～1.20,P=0.38),组间比较差异无统计学意义.结论 静脉溶栓联合早期PCI治疗急性ST段抬高心肌梗死能够降低30 d复合终点事件、非致死性心肌梗死发生率和再发心肌缺血发生率,而不增加出血和死亡风险.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of early percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 24 hours of thrombolysis in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Methods The databases of Medline, EMBASE, Elsevier, Cochrane library, Wanfang and CNKI were searched for randomized controlled trials. Quality assessment and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. Statistical analyses were conducted with Stata 10.0 and RevMan 5.0 software. Results Eight studies (NORDI-STEMI, TRANSFER-AMI, WEST, CARESS-AMI, CAPITAL-AMI, GRACIA-Ⅰ, SIAMI Ⅲ & PRAGUE-Ⅰ) involving a total of 3157 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis results showed that, as compared with the control group, (1) the combined endpoint of 30 day mortality, re-infarction and ischemia was significantly lower in early PCI within 24 h of thrombolysis group [relative risk (RR)=0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI)0.42-0.65, P<0.001]; (2) 30-day re-infarction decreased in early PCI within 24 h of thrombolysis group (RR=0.57, 95% CI 0.40-0.81, P=0.002); (3) 30-day ischemia had a significant reduction in early PCI within 24 h of thrombolysis group (RR=0.27, 95% CI 0.14-0.52, P<0.001); (4) 30-day major hemorrhage or mortality rates were not significantly different between two groups (RR=1.07, 95% CI 0.78-1.46, P=0.69; RR=0.86, 95% CI 0.62-1.20, P=0.38 respectively). Conclusion When primary PCI is not feasible, our meta-analysis favors early PCI within 24 h of thrombolysis for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Early PCI is associated with a lowered recurrence of major adverse cardiac events, ischemia and re-infarction. But there is no elevated risk of major hemorrhage and mortality.     

Coagulase-negative staphylococcus and enterococcus as predominant pathogens in liver transplant recipients with Gram-positive coccal bacteremia

Background Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus have been a common cause of infection among liver transplant （LT） recipients in recent decades. The understanding of local epidemiology and its evolving trends with regard to pathogenic spectra and antibiotic susceptibility is beneficial to prophylactic and empiric treatment for LT recipients. This study aimed to investigate etiology, timing, antibiotic susceptibility and risk factors for multidrug resistant （MDR） Gram-positive coccal bacteremia after LT.Methods A cohort analysis of prospectively recorded data was performed to investigate etiologies, timing, antibiotic susceptibility and risk factors for MDR Gram-positive coccal bacteremia in 475 LT recipients.Results In 475 LT recipients in the first six months after LT, there were a total of 98 episodes of bacteremia caused by Gram-positive cocci in 82 （17%） patients. Seventy-five （77%） bacteremic episodes occurred in the first post-LT month.The most frequent Gram-positive cocci were methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus （CoNS, 46 isolates）,methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA, 13） and enterococcus （34, E. faecium 30, E. faecalis 4）. In all Gram-positive bacteremic isolates, 59 of 98 （60%） were MDR. Gram-positive coccal bacteremia and MDR Gram-positive coccal bacteremia predominantly occurred in patients with acute severe exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B and with fulminant/subfulminant hepatitis. Four independent risk factors for development of bacteremia caused by MDR Gram-positive coccus were： LT candidates with encephalopathy grades Ⅱ-Ⅳ （P=0.013, OR： 16.253, 95% CI：1.822-144.995）, pre-LT use of empirical antibiotics （P=0.018, OR： 1.029, 95% CI： 1.002-1.057）, post-LT urinary tract infections （P 〈0.001, OR： 20.340, 95% CI： 4.135-100.048） and abdominal infection （P=0.004, OR： 2.820, 95% CI：1.122-10.114）. The main infectious manifestations were coinfections due to gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli.Conclusions Methicillin-resistant CoNS and enterococci are predominant pathogens among LT recipients with Gram-positive coccal bacteremia. Occurrences of Gram-positive coccal bacteremia may be associated with the severity of illness in the perioperative stage.     

Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals

CONTEXT: Microalbuminuria is a risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events. The relationship between the degree of albuminuria and CV risk is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the risk of CV events in high-risk individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) and without DM who have microalbuminuria and to determine whether levels of albuminuria below the microalbuminuria threshold increase CV risk. DESIGN: The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation study, a cohort study conducted between 1994 and 1999 with a median 4.5 years of follow-up. SETTING: Community and academic practices in North and South America and Europe. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 55 years or more with a history of CV disease (n = 5545) or DM and at least 1 CV risk factor (n = 3498) and a baseline urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) measurement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or CV death); all-cause death; and hospitalization for congestive heart failure. RESULTS: Microalbuminuria was detected in 1140 (32.6%) of those with DM and 823 (14.8%) of those without DM at baseline. Microalbuminuria increased the adjusted relative risk (RR) of major CV events (RR, 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64-2.05), all-cause death (RR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.84-2.38), and hospitalization for congestive heart failure (RR, 3.23; 95% CI, 2.54-4.10). Similar RRs were seen for participants with or without DM, even after adjusting for other CV risk factors (eg, the adjusted RR of the primary aggregate end point was 1.97 [95% CI, 1.68-2.31] in those with DM and 1.61 [95% CI, 1.36-1.90] in those without DM).Compared with the lowest quartile of ACR (<0.22 mg/mmol), the RRs of the primary aggregate end point in the second quartile (ie, ACR range, 0.22-0.57 mg/mmol) was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.95-1.30); third quartile, 1.38 (95% CI, 1.19-1.60; ACR range, 0.58-1.62 mg/mmol); and fourth quartile, 1.97 (95% CI, 1.73-2.25; ACR range, >1.62 mg/mmol) (P for trend <.001, even after excluding those with microalbuminuria). For every 0.4-mg/mmol increase in ACR level, the adjusted hazard of major CV events increased by 5.9% (95% CI, 4.9%-7.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that any degree of albuminuria is a risk factor for CV events in individuals with or without DM; the risk increases with the ACR, starting well below the microalbuminuria cutoff. Screening for albuminuria identifies people at high risk for CV events.     

Polymorphisms in cytokine genes and their association with acute rejection and recurrence of hepatitis B in Chinese liver transplant recipients

BACKGROUND: Acute rejection (AR) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) are the two major complications leading to chronic graft dysfunction. Genomic polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha and transforming growth factor (TGF)beta1 genes have been found to affect the susceptibility to certain diseases. However, the relationship between cytokine gene polymorphisms and risk of AR as well as HBV recurrence after LT in Han Chinese has not been reported. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association of polymorphisms within these cytokine genes with the risk of AR as well as HBV recurrence. METHODS: One hundred eighty six Chinese LT recipients in which 41 patients developed AR and 29 patients experienced HBV recurrence were enrolled; 151 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals were selected as controls. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at loci of IL-10 -1082, -819, -592, and TNFalpha -308, -238, as well as TGFbeta1 -988, -800, -509, +869, and +915 were determined by using DNA sequencing and then confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Analyses of linkage disequilibrium and haplotype frequency were performed using Haploview program. RESULTS: The -819 and -592 polymorphisms in the IL-10 gene were in complete linkage (r(2) = 1). Another linkage was found at -509 and +869 in the TGFbeta1 gene (r(2) = 0.66). A significant difference was observed in the distribution of allelic frequencies at position -819 and -592 in the IL-10 gene between ARs and non-ARs (p = 0.036, OR = 1.134, 95% CI 0.999-1.287 and p = 0.036, OR = 1.134, 95% CI 0.999-1.287, respectively). After adjustment for a Bonferroni correction, there was no significant difference between the polymorphism and AR (p >0.05). Furthermore, the overall genotype distribution between HBV recurrence patients and non-HBV recurrence patients was also not significantly different (p >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that gene polymorphisms of IL10, TNFalpha, and TGFbeta1 do not have a major independent role in AR and HBV recurrence after LT and may not be risk factors of AR and HBV recurrence after LT in Chinese liver transplant recipients.     

Efficacy and tolerability of one-site versus two-site phaco- trabeculectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials

Background Phacotrabeculectomy can be performed using one-site or two-site incisions.This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of one-site versus two-site phacotrabecuiectomy in the treatment of patients with coexisting cataract and glaucoma.Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed according to the Cochrane Collaboration methodology toidentify randomized controlled clinical trials comparing one-site with two-site phacotrabeculectomy.Studies meeting our predefined criteria were included in the meta-analysis.Efficacy estimates were measured by weighted mean difference （WMD） for the percentage intraocular pressure （IOP） reduction from baseline to end point, relative risk （RR） for the proportion of patients with a best-corrected visual acuity （BCVA） of 0.5 or better after surgery and complete success rates.Tolerability estimates were measured by RR for adverse events.All of outcomes were reported with 95% confidence interval （95% CI）.Data were synthesised by Stata 10.1 for Windows.Results Two-site phacotrabeculectomy was associated with greater reductions in IOP than the one-site procedure （WMD： -5.99, 95% CI： -10.74-1.24, P=0.01）.A greater proportion of patients also achieved a BCVA of 0.5 or better （RR：0.91, 95% CI： 0.74-1.12, P=0.36） and the target IOP without anti-glaucoma medication at the study end point （RR： 0.94,95% CI： 0.83-1.07, P=0.34） after two-site than one-site phacotrabeculectomy, but the differences were not significant.There were no significant differences in adverse events between two surgical procedures.Conclusions Two-site phacotrabeculectomy is superior to one-site phacotrabeculectomy in reducing IOP, but other post-operative effects are similar.One-site and two-site phacotrabeculectomies have similar adverse event rates.