单孔腹腔镜技术在泌尿外科手术应用的初步体会（附20例报告）

目的 总结单孔腹腔镜技术在泌尿外科手术中应用的经验和体会。方法 回顾性分析14例单孔后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术及6例单孔腹腔镜镜双侧精索静脉曲张高位结扎术的患者临床资料,总结其手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后引流管拔除时间、术中及术后并发症、术后镇痛药使用情况及术后切口美观效果等。结果20例手术均顺利完成,手术效果良好,无术中、术后并发症,切口美容效果佳。结论单孔腹腔镜技术具有创伤小、术后恢复快、术后切口美观效果好等优点,值得在临床中广泛推广。     

腹膜后腹腔镜治疗泌尿外科疾病（附175例报告）

目的探讨腹膜后腹腔镜在治疗肾上腺、肾脏及输尿管疾病中的临床效果。方法采用腹膜后间隙小切口建立手术空间和通道的方法，对175例肾上腺疾病、肾脏良性肿瘤、肾囊性疾病、输尿管上段结石及肾盂输尿管畸形患者行腹膜后腹腔镜手术。结果166例获得成功，中转开放手术9例，无输血、无严重并发症发生，疗效满意。结论腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术、肾脏切除术、肾肿瘤剜除术、肾囊肿去顶术、输尿管切开取石术及肾盂输尿管成形术具有创伤小、出血少、并发症少等优点，临床疗效可靠，实用性较强。     

有上尿路手术史再行同侧腹腔镜输尿管手术的可行性（附7例报告）

目的探讨有肾或输尿管手术史者再行同侧腹腔镜下输尿管手术的可行性。方法2003年2月～2008年4月,我们对7例有上尿路手术史采用经腹腔途径行同侧腹腔镜手术,打开侧腹膜和肾周筋膜后,从相对不粘连部位先分离出肾或输尿管,再锐性和钝性分离相结合,游离到手术部位,完成手术。结果输尿管上段切开取石5例,输尿管中段切开取石1例,中段输尿管周围瘢痕松解1例,均获得成功。手术时间95～160min,平均128min;术中出血量50～300ml,平均165ml。7例随访2～52个月,平均22.5月,3例中度肾积水消失;4例重度肾积水中2例积水改善,2例出现患肾萎缩;2例术前肾功能不全者恢复正常。结论有同侧上尿路开放手术史者,虽然瘢痕粘连增加手术难度,但再行腹腔镜手术是可行的,经腹腔途径可能更容易完成手术。     

单孔腹腔镜在泌尿外科的应用体会:附22例报告

目的 总结单孔腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科中的应用经验和体会.方法 回顾性分析22 例应用单孔腹腔镜镜技术行肾上腺腺瘤切除、肾囊肿去顶术及精索静脉曲张高位结扎术的患者临床资料.其中肾上腺腺瘤1 例,肾囊肿5 例,精索静脉曲张16 例.记录手术时间,出血量,术后镇痛药使用情况,术后伤口引流管拔出时间,术中及术后并发症,术后下床活动时间及术后住院时间等.结果 22 例手术均获得成功,术中术后均无明显并发症发生.结论 对于选择的病例,单孔腹腔镜手术安全可行、切口美观,符合患者美容方面的需求,具有良好的应用前景.     

经脐单孔腹腔镜肾盂输尿管上段切开取石术（附24例报告）

目的：评价经脐单孔腹腔镜（1aparoendoscopic single—site surgery,LESS）。肾盂输尿管切开取石术治疗肾盂及输尿管上段结石的应用价值。方法：施行经脐LESS肾盂输尿管上段切开取石术24例26侧,男10例,女14例;年龄16～71岁,平均45．3岁;结石直径12～30mm。左侧9例,右侧13例,双侧2例。其中肾盂结石2例,输尿管上段结石22例。术前有ESWL史4例（均为单侧）,行URL治疗失败1例,行URL致输尿管穿孔1例。结果：24例手术均获成功,结石均一次取尽。单侧手术时间65～145min,平均80min;2例双侧手术时间分别为205mim和160min。术中出血量15～45m1,平均30ml。3例合并其它泌尿系疾病者同期手术治疗。术中术后均无严重并发症发生,术后3～4天拔除引流管,5～7天拔除尿管并出院。随访2～8个月,脐部瘢痕不明显,无输尿管狭窄,无结石复发。结论：经脐LESS肾盂输尿管上段切开取石术安全、可行、美容效果佳,值得临床选用。     

单孔腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科应用的初步体会(附95例手术报告)

目的总结单孔腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科应用的初步体会和经验。方法2011年10月至2013年10月我科行单孔腹腔镜手术95例,其中肾囊肿去顶减压术40例,精索静脉结扎术12例,肾癌根治术10例,肾上腺肿瘤切除术15例,无功能肾切除术2例,输尿管切开取石术14例,膀胱憩室切除术1例,膀胱肿瘤切除术1例。记录手术时间、术中失血量、术后住院天数、并发症或中转开放手术例数、术后患者疼痛指数等。结果所有手术均取得成功,术中、术后均无明显并发症发生。结论证明了单孔腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科应用的可行性和安全性。随着手术器械的改进,手术例数的增加,手术者经验的累积,单孔腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科领域的应用将更加广阔。     

耻骨上辅助经脐单孔腹腔镜上尿路全切除术（附8例报告）

目的：探讨耻骨上辅助经脐单孔腹腔镜（SA—LESS）上尿路全切除术的可行性、有效性和技术要点。方法：对2例肾盂癌,2例输尿管癌,1例肾盂癌合并输尿管癌,2例肾结核,1例巨输尿管症并积脓、肾萎缩患者施行SA—LESS上尿路全切除术。患者全麻,取健侧70°卧位,于脐缘内侧置人两个Trocar,自患侧耻骨联合上方置人一个Trocar,分别置入远端可弯曲腹腔镜及操作器械。先游离患侧输尿管下段,予Hem—0—lok夹闭;向上游离肾脏并离断。肾动静脉,切除肾脏;向下行袖套状切除输尿管末端周围膀胱壁,缝合膀胱切口;标本装袋,延长耻骨上切口取出。结果：8例手术均顺利完成。中位手术时间165（115～220）min,术中中位失血量140（50～200）ml。均未输血,术中未出现肠管、实质性器官和大血管损伤等并发症。均于术后第1天下床活动,第2～3天拔除腹腔和盆腔引流管,第6～7天拔除导尿管（肿瘤患者行膀胱灌注后）,第8天出院。结论：SA-LESS上尿路全切除术安全可行,术后恢复快,住院时间短,美容优势明显,值得临床应用。     

腹膜后腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科重建手术中的应用（附258例报告）

目的：评价腹膜后腹腔镜手术用于泌尿外科重建手术的疗效、安全性,并总结治疗体会。方法：应用腹膜后腹腔镜手术行肾部分切除术54例,肾固定术26例,肾盂切开取石术12例,肾盂成形术82例,输尿管切开取石术84例。结果：254例成功,4例中转开放手术。手术时间30~150min,平均80min,术中出血20~400ml,平均150ml。术后住院4~23d,平均14d。无严重并发症发生。结论：腹膜后腹腔镜重建手术治疗泌尿外科疾病安全、有效,患者创伤小,痛苦轻,术后康复快。     

腹腔镜在肾上腺肿瘤切除术中的应用（附8例报告）

2000年10月-2001年6月在电视腹腔镜下施行肾上腺肿瘤切除术8例，除1例因术中出血，止血困难转为开放手术外，其余均顺利完成手术，无手术后并发症。对腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤手术适应证、手术技巧、及并发症进行了讨论。     

泌尿外科腹腔镜手术并发症

泌尿外科腹腔镜手术的开展仅有十余年历史，但其发展却令人震惊。随着腹腔镜技术的不断完善，手术适应证已涉及了泌尿外科的各个方面，如根治性肾切除术、肾上腺切除术、肾囊肿去顶术、膀胱手术、腹膜后淋巴结清除术、精索静脉结扎术以及隐睾术^[1-3]，甚至在腹腔镜下也能完成多种十分困难的破坏或重建性手术^[4]，如前列腺癌根治术以及肾盂输尿管成形术和膀胱全切加正位新膀胱形成^[5,6]，并且与传统的开放手术相比，显示出极大的优越性。     

单孔腹腔镜在泌尿外科手术中的应用体会

目的：总结单孔腹腔镜手术在我院泌尿外科初步应用的临床经验。方法：采用单孔三通道Triport建立操作通道,使用常规腹腔镜器械完成41例单孔腹腔镜手术,其中包括单孔腹腔镜经脐双侧精索静脉高位结扎术20例,经腹膜后途径单孔腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术15例,单孔腹腔镜无功能肾切除术6例。结果：所有手术均在单孔腹腔镜操作下完成,患者术后均无明显并发症发生。结论：单孔腹腔镜手术安全可靠,随着更多的临床实践,单孔腹腔镜手术具有更广阔的临床应用价值。     

Usefulness of short-term retrievable ureteral stent in pediatric laparoscopic pyeloplasty

PURPOSE: Methods of stenting after laparoscopic pyeloplasty have included indwelling Double-J stents and percutaneous nephrostomy tubes. The disadvantages of these methods are that they necessitate a second surgery for stent removal or require an external drainage bag. To circumvent these issues, the tolerance, safety and outcomes of using a Double-J ureteral stent with a dangler, permitting early office removal, was investigated in a series of pediatric laparoscopic pyeloplasties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records from a consecutive series of pediatric patients undergoing transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasties were reviewed. Indications for surgery included ipsilateral flank pain with severe hydronephrosis (12 patients), recurrent pyelonephritis with severe hydronephrosis (2), and hematuria and flank pain (6). All patients were discharged home within 24 to 48 hours of the procedure with prophylactic oral antibiotics. The stent was removed by postoperative day 18 during a followup office visit. Patient tolerance of the indwelling stent, outpatient removal and success of pyeloplasty were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty by 1 surgeon (LAB) between 2001 and 2005. All patients underwent cystoscopy and retrograde Double-J ureteral stent placement before pyeloplasty under the same anesthesia. Mean patient age at operation was 11.3 years (median 11.3, range 4.6 to 17.2). Stents were left indwelling for a mean of 10.3 days (median 10, range 7 to 18). All patients tolerated the Double-J stent well, with 2 requiring anticholinergic therapy for mild urgency symptoms and 1 demonstrating urinary tract infection. All patients tolerated outpatient stent removal via the dangler at the office without discomfort. One patient was lost to followup. At a mean followup of 1.04 years (range 0.1 to 2.88) 17 of 19 patients (89%) had resolution of flank pain/urinary tract infections, with sonographic improvement in hydronephrosis with or without endoscopic intervention. Six patients (30%) had flank pain with or without continuous hydronephrosis and required re-stenting, and 3 also required balloon dilation. Of these 6 patients 2 (10%) had recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction and required open pyeloplasty. All patients are now clinically and radiologically unobstructed and asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty with indwelling Double-J ureteral stent with a dangler is successful and the stent is well tolerated. Whether the duration of ureteral stenting affects the surgical success will require further controlled long-term studies.     

Early results of robot assisted laparoscopic lithotomy in adolescents

PURPOSE: The treatment of large stone burdens in children is difficult and often requires multiple procedures using a combination of therapies. Recently, laparoscopy has been shown to be effective in the management of larger stone burdens. We report our experience with robot assisted laparoscopic lithotomy in adolescents, and describe our technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with robot assisted laparoscopic pyelolithotomy in 5 patients operated on between 2002 and 2005. Mean patient age at surgery was 16.6 years, and mean followup was 15.4 months. RESULTS: Cystine was the etiology in 4 patients with staghorn stones. The remaining patient had calcium oxalate stones and concurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction. After pyelotomy stones were removed by a robotic grasper or by a flexible cystoscope introduced through a robotic port. One of the patients had an indwelling ureteral stent placed preoperatively, while 4 had stents placed robotically intraoperatively. Mean operative time was 315.4 minutes (range 165.0 to 462.0), and mean estimated blood loss was 19.0 ml (0.0 to 50.0). Mean hospital stay was 3.8 days (range 2.3 to 5.7), and mean narcotic usage was 2.1 mg/kg morphine (1.5 to 3.5). One patient with a cystine staghorn calculus required conversion to an open procedure because of inability to remove the stone. Of the 4 cases completed robotically 3 were rendered stone-free and 1 had a residual 6 mm lower pole stone. CONCLUSIONS: The early results of robot assisted laparoscopic lithotomy reveal that the procedure is safe and efficacious. Further prospective studies comparing other minimally invasive procedures used for similar stone burdens are needed to determine the benefits of this procedure and its role in stone management.     

Kidney folding: the Y-plasty--a means of creating a dependent ureteropelvic junction in the child with giant hydronephrosis

PURPOSE: Occasionally, in the presence of severe dilatation and parenchymal thinning, postoperative obstruction or stasis may secondarily occur even after creation of a funneled ureteropelvic junction. Preferential filling of a severely dilated lower pole may kink or distort the ureteropelvic junction, causing this problem. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A requirement for renal folding is a large hydronephrotic kidney with severe mid renal parenchymal thinning. After pyeloplasty if it is apparent that secondary obstruction is a possibility, and simple lateral or posterior fixation of the lower pole to retroperitoneal fascia will not resolve the problem, the lower pole can be brought superiorly adjacent to the upper pole and fixed in position with 2 or 3, 2-zero or 3-zero polyglactin sutures, creating a "Y" configuration with the ureteropelvic junction dependent from all calices. We reviewed the records of 5 children who underwent this procedure. RESULTS: Five patients with severe upper tract dilatation were treated successfully. Four underwent primary pyeloplasty with concomitant renal folding, and 1 had persistent hydronephrosis with recurrent pyonephrosis before undergoing this procedure secondarily. All patients achieved excellent results with normal drainage postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Renal folding is a simple surgical maneuver that can be applied easily and successfully when the situation warrants. It allows creation of a dependent, funneled ureteropelvic junction in the presence of giant hydronephrosis.     

自制单孔多通道平台后腹腔镜技术在肾脏手术中的应用

目的探讨自制单孔多通道平台后腹腔镜技术在肾脏手术中应用的安全性和可行性。方法 2011年5月~2014年4月,采用自制单孔多通道平台,利用常规腹腔镜器械完成87例后腹腔镜肾脏手术,包括14例亲属活体供肾切取术,10例肾部分切除术,63例肾癌根治术。结果 14例亲属活体供肾切取术的手术时间、术中出血量、热缺血时间分别为(146.6±30.6)min(110~207 min),(66.7±90.6)ml(20~350 ml),(2.6±0.8)min(1.9~4 min);10例肾部分切除术和63例肾癌根治术的手术时间、术中出血量分别为(126.5±5.7)min(118~130 min)和(131.7±13.9)min(120~150 min),(30.0±20.4)ml(15~60 ml)和(36.9±9.7)ml(30~50 ml)。无中转行常规腹腔镜和开放手术,无输血,仅肾癌根治术组发生2例并发症(心房纤颤、切口愈合延迟)。结论采用自制单孔多通道平台的后腹腔镜肾脏手术技术可行,术式安全可靠,无须使用专用的特殊腹腔镜器械,降低了学习难度。     

Training postgraduate urologists in laparoscopic surgery: the current challenge

PURPOSE: We established a new mini-fellowship training model for teaching laparoscopic urological surgery to practicing urologists that provides a learning experience beyond that of a pelvic trainer or hands-on, animal laboratory based laparoscopic course. It provides the practitioner with clinical experience under mentor direct guidance and supervision before embarking on independent laparoscopic surgery at an individual hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mini-fellowship model was developed that consists of 3 phases, namely 1) completing a 2 to 3-day hands-on course in laparoscopy, including pelvic trainers and an animal model, 2) observing a clinical mentor perform 6 or more major renal laparoscopic cases and 3) performing 6 or more major renal procedures under mentor direct guidance in trainee patients at the mentor or trainee hospital after obtaining appropriate temporary privileges. RESULTS: Two community urologists underwent the mini-fellowship program in 2000. Trainee 1 performed 30 laparoscopic procedures, including 17 radical nephrectomies, 4 simple nephrectomies, 4 nephroureterectomies, 4 renal cyst ablations and 1 renal biopsy, within the first 8 months after training and hospital accreditation. Trainee 2 performed 10 laparoscopic procedures within the first 3 months after training and hospital accreditation. CONCLUSIONS: This mini-fellowship model provides practicing urologists with a clinically applicable teaching experience to learn a new surgical concept using a familiar training pattern. It may be a more rapid and safe process of disseminating laparoscopic urological surgery to community urologists. Based on this model it would be possible for centers of excellence in each state to establish similar training programs for the corresponding urological community, thereby, bringing the teaching of new surgical skills to a more clinically relevant level.