Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index,Dietary Patterns,Plant-Based Dietary Index and the Risk of Obesity

Evidence on the association between various dietary constructs and obesity risk is limited. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal relationship between different diet indices and dietary patterns with the risk of obesity. Non-obese participants (n = 787) in the North West Adelaide Health Study were followed from 2010 to 2015. The dietary inflammatory index (DII^®), plant-based dietary index (PDI) and factor-derived dietary pattern scores were computed based on food frequency questionnaire data. We found the incidence of obesity was 7.62% at the 5-year follow up. In the adjusted model, results from multivariable log-binomial logistic regression showed that a prudent dietary pattern (RR_Q5 vs. _Q1 = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.15–0.96), healthy PDI (RR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.12–0.77) and overall PDI (RR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.23–1.33) were inversely associated with obesity risk. Conversely, the DII (RR = 1.59; 95% CI: 0.72–3.50), a Western dietary pattern (RR = 2.16; 95% CI: 0.76–6.08) and unhealthy PDI (RR = 1.94; 95% CI: 0.81–4.66) were associated with increased risk of obesity. Based on the cubic spline analysis, the association between an unhealthy PDI or diet quality with the risk of obesity was non-linear. In conclusion, an anti-inflammatory diet, healthy diet or consumption of healthy plant-based foods were all associated with a lower risk of developing obesity.     

Associations between Dietary Patterns and Inflammatory Markers during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review

Elevated inflammation in pregnancy has been associated with multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes and potentially an increased susceptibility to future chronic disease. How maternal dietary patterns influence systemic inflammation during pregnancy requires further investigation. The purpose of this review was to comprehensively evaluate studies that assessed dietary patterns and inflammatory markers during pregnancy. This review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Included studies were sourced from EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus and evaluated using The Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Inclusion criteria consisted of human studies published in English between January 2007 and May 2020 that addressed associations between dietary patterns and inflammatory markers during pregnancy. Studies focused on a single nutrient, supplementation, or combined interventions were excluded. A total of 17 studies were included. Despite some inconsistent findings, maternal diets characterized by a higher intake of animal protein and cholesterol and/or a lower intake of fiber were shown to be associated with certain pro-inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), IL-8, serum amyloid A (SAA), and glycoprotein acetylation (GlycA)). Future studies that explore a broader range of inflammatory markers in the pregnant population, reduce measurement errors, and ensure adequate statistical adjustment are warranted.     

Dietary Inflammatory Index Score and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers in Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

BackgroundPatients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Environmental factors like diet and nutrition are known to play a key role in modulating inflammation and the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases.ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between Dietary Inflammatory Index score and cardiovascular disease risk markers in a population of women with SLE.DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted in women with SLE recruited from 2016 through 2017.Participants/settingsClinically stable women with SLE were enrolled from three public hospitals in the Andalusian region of Spain. Participants with chronic renal failure, active infections, recent trauma, pregnancy, and/or other autoimmune diseases were excluded.Main outcome measuresA 24-hour diet recall was used to estimate Dietary Inflammatory Index score and physical activity was assessed through the International Physical Activity Questionnaires. Cardiovascular disease risk markers included blood lipid profile (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, and homocysteine levels, along with diagnosis of obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and ankle-brachial index measurement.Statistical analysisComparisons of cardiovascular disease risk markers across Dietary Inflammatory Index score tertiles were analyzed through a one-way analysis of variance and linear regressions adjusting for age, physical activity level, and medical treatment.ResultsA total of 105 women (aged 45.4±12.8 years) were included. Linear regression analysis revealed that Dietary Inflammatory Index score was significantly associated with total cholesterol levels (β=.26, 95% CI 1.66 to 14.28; P=0.014) after adjusting for age, physical activity, and the use of medical treatment. No significant associations were observed between Dietary Inflammatory Index score and the other cardiovascular markers considered.ConclusionsHigher inflammatory potential of the diet was positively associated with higher total cholesterol levels in women with SLE. These findings suggest that the inflammatory potential of a person’s diet may play a role in lipid profiles in this population. Future intervention studies are needed to build on these results and explore the effect of anti-inflammatory diets on health outcomes in individuals with SLE.     

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiometabolic Risk in Ecuadorian Women

Low-grade systemic inflammation is implicated in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiometabolic diseases. Diet is hypothesized to be an important low-grade inflammation modifier. However, few studies have examined the association of dietary inflammation with MetS and cardiometabolic risk in Latin American populations and their findings are inconsistent. Our cross-sectional study examined the association of dietary inflammatory potential with MetS and cardiometabolic risk components in 276 urban Ecuadorian women. Dietary inflammation was evaluated using an energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII), divided into quartiles (Q). E-DII scores ranged from −4.89 (most anti-inflammatory) to 4.45 (most pro-inflammatory). Participants in the most pro-inflammatory (Q4) compared to the least inflammatory E-DII quartile (Q1) had a 4.4 increased adjusted odds for MetS (95% C.I. = 2.0, 9.63; p < 0.001). Every one-unit increase in E-DII was associated with a 1.4 increase in MetS (95% CI = 1.22, 1.52; p < 0.001). In other adjusted models, the most pro-inflammatory E-DII quartile (Q4) was positively associated with total blood cholesterol and triglycerides (p < 0.001), LDL-c (p = 0.007), diastolic blood pressure (p< 0.002), mean arterial pressure (p < 0.006), waist circumference (p < 0.008), and Framingham risk score (p < 0.001). However, the previously identified associations with pulse wave velocity and BMI were no longer evident in the models. These findings suggest that more pro-inflammatory diets may contribute to poorer cardiometabolic health. Promoting healthier diets with a lower inflammatory potential may help to prevent or slow development of cardiometabolic disorders.     

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Leukoaraiosis in Patients with Ischemic Stroke

The journal of nutrition, health & aging - Diet may change the chronic levels of systemic inflammation, which in turn influence the development of leukoaraiosis (LA). This study aimed to...     

2型糖尿病患者踝臂指数与糖尿病肾病的关系研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者踝臂指数(ABI)与糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)之间的关系. 方法 485例T2DM患者及56例健康体检者为研究对象.根据24 h尿白蛋白定量将T2DM患者分为正常尿白蛋白组(尿白蛋白＜30 mg)、微量尿白蛋白组(尿白蛋白30～300 mg)和临床尿白蛋白组(尿白蛋白＞300mg).观察各组之间踝臂指数的差异,探讨踝臂指数与糖尿病肾病的关系. 结果 T2DM患者踝臂指数高于正常对照组(P＜0.05).T2DM患者中,微量尿白蛋白组的ABI较正常尿白蛋白组高(P＜0.05),大量尿白蛋白组的ABI高于其他两组(P＜0.01).尿白蛋白与ABI相关性分析显示尿白蛋白与ABI呈负相关(r=- 0.216,P＜0.01).糖尿病肾病患者的肾小球滤过率与ABI亦呈负相关(r=-0.529,P＜0.05). 结论 ABI对糖尿病肾病有很好的早期预测价值,且与糖尿病肾病严重程度相关.     

Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Findings from a Case-Control Study

Scientific evidence shows that dietary patterns are associated with the risk of IBD, particularly among unhealthy and Western dietary patterns. However, Western dietary patterns are not exclusive to Western countries, as Jordanians are steadily moving towards a Western lifestyle, which includes an increased consumption of processed foods. This study aims to investigate the association between dietary patterns and the risk factors for IBD cases among Jordanian adults. This case-control study was conducted between November 2018 and December 2019 in the largest three hospitals in Jordan. Three hundred and thirty-five Jordanian adults aged between 18–68 years were enrolled in this study: one hundred and eighty-five IBD patients who were recently diagnosed with IBD (n = 100 for ulcerative colitis (UC) and n = 85 for Crohn’s disease (CD)) and 150 IBD-free controls. Participants were matched based on age and marital status. In addition, dietary data was collected from all participants using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis and principal component analysis were used to determine the dietary patterns. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a multinomial logistic regression model. Two dietary patterns were identified among the study participants: high-vegetable and high-protein dietary patterns. There was a significantly higher risk of IBD with high-protein intake at the third (OR, CI: 2.196 (1.046–4.610)) and fourth (OR, CI: 4.391 (2.67–8.506)) quartiles in the non-adjusted model as well as the other two adjusted models. In contrast, the high-vegetable dietary pattern shows a significant protective effect on IBD in the third and fourth quartiles in all the models. Thus, a high-vegetable dietary pattern may be protective against the risk of IBD, while a high-protein dietary pattern is associated with an increased risk of IBD among a group of the Jordanian population.     

Construct validation of the Dietary Inflammatory Index among African Americans

Objective

Chronic inflammation is linked to many chronic conditions. One of the strongest modulators of chronic inflammation is diet. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) measures dietary inflammatory potential and has been validated previously, but not among African Americans (AAs).

Design

Cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from the Healthy Eating and Active Living in the Spirit (HEALS) intervention study.

Setting

Baseline data collection occurred between 2009 and 2012 in or near Columbia, SC.

Participants

African-American churchgoers.

Measurements

Baseline data collection included c-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 from blood draws, anthropometric measures, and numerous questionnaires. The questionnaires included a food frequency questionnaire which was used for DII calculation. The main analyses were performed using quantile regression.

Results

Subjects in the highest DII quartile (i.e., more pro-inflammatory) were younger, more likely to be married, and had less education and greater BMI. Individuals in DII quartile 4 had statistically significantly greater CRP at the 75th and 90th percentiles of CRP versus those in quartile 1 (i.e., more anti-inflammatory).

Conclusion

Construct validation provides support for using the DII in research among AA populations. Future research should explore avenues to promote more anti-inflammatory diets, with use of the DII, among AA populations to reduce risk of chronic disease.

     

Association Between a Dietary Inflammatory Index and Prostate Cancer Risk in Ontario,Canada

Background: Evidence exists showing that various aspects of diet are implicated in the etiology of prostate cancer, although results across studies remain inconsistent. Methods: We examined the ability of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) to predict prostate cancer in a case-control study conducted in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, between 1997 and 1999. The study included 72 cases of incident primary prostate cancer patients and 302 controls of urology clinic patients who had prostate conditions other than prostate cancer. The DII was computed based on intake of 18 nutrients assessed using a 67-item food frequency questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs). Results: Men with higher DII scores were at increased risk of prostate cancer using DII score fit both as a continuous [OR = 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–2.38] and categorical variable [compared to men in the lowest DII quartile, men in the highest quartile were at elevated risk (OR = 3.50, 95% CI 1.25–9.80; p_trend = 0.02)]. There was no significant heterogeneity by weight status, but stronger association was observed in men with body mass index >25 kg/m² versus <25 kg/m². Conclusion: These findings suggest that a proinflammatory diet, as indicated by increasing DII score, is a risk factor for prostate cancer.     

Diet Quality and Dietary Inflammatory Index in Dutch Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) share common culprit foods and potential pathophysiological factors. However, how diet may contribute to disease course and whether this differs between both entities is unclear. We therefore investigated the association of dietary indices with intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal symptoms in both IBD and IBS patients. Food frequency questionnaires from 238 IBD, 261 IBS and 195 healthy controls (HC) were available to calculate the overall diet quality by the Dutch Healthy Diet-Index 2015 (DHD-2015) and its inflammatory potential by the Adapted Dietary Inflammatory Index (ADII). Intestinal inflammation and symptoms were evaluated by faecal calprotectin and the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, respectively. The DHD-2015 was lower in IBD and IBS versus HC (p < 0.001), being associated with calprotectin levels in IBD (b = −4.009, p = 0.006), and with abdominal pain (b = −0.012, p = 0.023) and reflux syndrome (b = −0.016, p = 0.004) in IBS. ADII scores were comparable between groups and were only associated with abdominal pain in IBD (b = 0.194, p = 0.004). In this side-by-side comparison, we found a lower diet quality that was differentially associated with disease characteristics in IBD versus IBS patients. Longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate the role of dietary factors in the development of flares and predominant symptoms.     

2型糖尿病患者踝臂指数与尿微量白蛋白的联系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者踝臂指数(ABD和尿微量白蛋白(MAU)的联系.方法 52例2型糖尿病患者分为非PAD组(ABI≥0.9)29例和PAD组(ABI<0.9)23例,分析两组的病程、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)、尿微量白蛋白(MAU)等指标.结果 PAD组的病程[(32.35±15.50)a]、收缩压[(154±1,08)mm Hg]、HbA10[(8.69±1.08)%]、MAU(105.13±129.38)mg/L]、BUN[(6.53±1.12)mmol/L]、Scr[(108.0±21.7)μmol/L]水平均高于非PAD组[(24.21±11.51)a、(140±21)mm Hg、(8.03±1.20)%、(44.15±33.72)mg/L、(5.99±0.69)mmol/L、(96.2±18.1)μmol/L],差别有统计学意义(P<0.05);逐步回归分析显示,MAU和BUN是影响ABI的独立因素.结论 ABI与MAU和BUN密切相关;伴有MAU的2型糖尿病患者更需要周围血管病变的检测.     

糖尿病患者尿蛋白及踝肱指数异常的相关性分析

目的了解糖尿病肾病（DKD）与下肢动脉病变（PAD）的关系及相关因素。方法分析了4031例2型糖尿病患者的临床资料,将患者分为正常蛋白尿、微量蛋白尿和临床蛋白尿组,并根据踝肱动脉压指数（ABI）分为正常组与异常组,统计各组中尿蛋白和ABI的异常率,采用Logistic回归方法分析PAD与DKD相关性及其影响因素。结果全组患者中尿蛋白异常率26．35％,ABI异常率17．73％;异常组与正常组相比,年龄大,病程长,糖化血红蛋白（HbAIC）高,血压高,脉压差大。正常蛋白尿、微量蛋白尿和临床蛋白尿组的ABI异常率分别为14．55％,21．92％和28．42％;ABI正常和ABI≤0．9、ABI〉1．3的患者DKD患病率分别为23．79％,41．43％,30．60％;多因素分析发现,年龄、性别、尿蛋白异常、体质指数（BMI）、立位收缩压、立位舒张压、空腹血糖、总蛋白（TP）、血清白蛋白（AIB）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、肌酐（Cr）是PAD的独立危险因素;年龄、病程、ABI异常、BMI、卧位收缩压、卧位舒张压、餐后血糖、HbA。白蛋白、白蛋白／球蛋白（MG）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）,Cr、尿素氮（BUN）是DKD的主要危险因素。结论糖尿病肾病与下肢动脉病变密切相关,可相互促进病情发展。     

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED Study

Previous studies have reported an association between a more pro-inflammatory diet profile and various chronic metabolic diseases. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was used to assess the inflammatory potential of nutrients and foods in the context of a dietary pattern. We prospectively examined the association between the DII and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD: myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death) in the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) study including 7216 high-risk participants. The DII was computed based on a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals of CVD risk were computed across  quartiles of the DII where the lowest (most anti-inflammatory) quartile is the referent. Risk increased across the quartiles (i.e., with increasing inflammatory potential): HR_quartile2 = 1.42 (95%CI = 0.97–2.09); HR_quartile3 = 1.85 (1.27–2.71); and HR_quartile4 = 1.73 (1.15–2.60). When fit as continuous the multiple-adjusted hazard ratio for each additional standard deviation of the DII was 1.22 (1.06–1.40). Our results provide direct prospective evidence that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular clinical events.     

Long-Term Dietary Patterns Are Reflected in the Plasma Inflammatory Proteome of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Diet plays an important role in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)). However, little is known about the extent to which different diets reflect inflammation in IBD beyond measures such as faecal calprotectin or C-reactive protein. In this study, we aimed to unravel associations between dietary patterns and circulating inflammatory proteins in patients with IBD. Plasma concentrations of 73 different inflammation-related proteins were measured in 454 patients with IBD by proximity extension assay (PEA) technology. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) were used to assess habitual diet. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to extract data-driven dietary patterns. To identify associations between dietary patterns and plasma proteins, we used general linear models adjusting for age, sex, BMI, plasma storage time, smoking, surgical history and medication use. Stratified analyses were performed for IBD type, disease activity and protein intake. A high-sugar diet was strongly inversely associated with fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF-19) independent of IBD type, disease activity, surgical history and deviance from recommended protein intake (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05). Conversely, a Mediterranean-style pattern was associated with higher FGF-19 levels (FDR < 0.05). A pattern characterised by high alcohol and coffee intake was positively associated with CCL11 (eotaxin-1) levels and with lower levels of IL-12B (FDR < 0.05). All results were replicated in CD, whereas only the association with FGF-19 was significant in UC. Our study suggests that dietary habits influence distinct circulating inflammatory proteins implicated in IBD and supports the pro- and anti-inflammatory role of diet. Longitudinal measurements of inflammatory markers, also postprandial, are needed to further elucidate the diet–inflammation relationship.     

踝/臂血压指数与传统心血管疾病危险因素聚集关系

目的 探讨踝/臂血压指数(ABI)与传统心血管疾病危险因素间聚集关系.方法 选取广西地区2 005人作为研究人群.采用t检验比较高血压、高TC、高血糖、低HDL-C、超重和肥胖、吸烟者与相应正常人群ABI值的差异.采用Logistic回归(后剔除法,进入P值0.05,移出P值0.10)分析ABI与年龄、性别、血压、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆同醇(HDL-C)、体质指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FPG)、吸烟等因素间的关系.结果 该组人群中超重和肥胖、低HDL-C及吸烟者与相应正常人群间ABI值差别有统计学意义(P<0.05),高血压、高TC、高血糖者与相应正常人群间ABI值差别无统计学意义(P>0.05).Logistic回归分析表明性别(OR=3.874,95%CI:1.920～7.814)、高血压(OR=1.550,95%CI:1.013～2.372)、吸烟(OR=2.018,95%CI:0.930～4.376)为低ABI(ABI<0.9)的主要危险因素;男性以年龄(OR=2.125,95%CI:0.951～4.752)、吸烟(OR=2.332,95%CI:0.981～5.545)为低ABI的主要危险因素;女性以高血压(OR=1.595,95%CI:0.962～2.643)为其危险因素.60岁以上组人群的性别(OR=4.625,95%C/:1.803～11.867)、高血压(OR=2.085,95%CI:1.205～3.608)、吸烟(OR=3.617,95%CI:1.362～9.607)为其危险因素;其中,男性以吸烟(OR=6.817,95%CI:1.558～29.829)为主要危险因素,女性以高血压(OR=2.681,95%CI:1.345～5.342)为主要危险因素.60岁以下组人群的性别(OR=3.636,95%CI:1.721～7.681)为其主要危险因素,其中男女性均无独立危险因素.结论 ABI与传统心血管疾病危险因素间存在聚集关系.女性、高血压、吸烟增加低ABI的危险.     

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Associations with Sarcopenia Symptomology in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Low-grade systemic inflammation is a key driver of muscle degeneration in older adults, and diets with pro-inflammatory properties may further contribute to loss of muscle mass, strength and function. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the associations between the inflammatory potential of the diet and measures of sarcopenia symptomology in community-dwelling older adults. Upper (handgrip strength, HGS) and lower extremity (sit-to-stand) muscle strength, physical performance (timed-up-and-go, TUG) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was assessed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People version 2 (EWGSOP2) criteria. Multiple 24-hr dietary recalls were used to calculate the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), which was then used to group participants into anti- and pro-inflammatory dietary groups. Multiple linear regression investigated associations between DII, muscle strength, physical performance, and muscle quantity adjusted for age, gender, comorbidities, waist circumference and physical activity. Adults 65–85 years (n = 110, 72.1 ± 4.7 years, 76.4% female) were recruited. One participant was identified with sarcopenia, 35.2% were pre-frail, or frail. More participants with a pro-inflammatory DII score had low muscle quantity than those with anti-inflammatory DII (3.4% vs. 6.4%, x² = 4.537, p = 0.043) and DII was negatively associated with HGS (β = −0.157, p = 0.016) and ASM (β = −0.176, p = 0.002) which remained significant after adjusting for covariates. In this population, DII was associated with less favorable muscle strength, physical performance, and muscle quantity.     

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer in a Case-Control Study from Iran

Diet and inflammation have been suggested to be important risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study, we examined the ability of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) to predict ESCC in a case-control study conducted in Iran. This study included 47 ESCC cases and 96 controls hospitalized for acute nonneoplastic diseases. The DII was computed based on dietary intake assessed by a previously validated food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for age, energy, sex, body mass index, years of education, physical activity, smoking and gastroesophageal reflux. Subjects with higher DII scores (i.e., with a more proinflammatory diet) had a higher risk of ESCC, with the DII being used as both a continuous variable [OR_continuous = 3.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.76–7.26; one unit increase corresponding to ≈16% of its range in the current study] and a categorical variable (OR_{dii>1.20 vs ≤1.20} = 8.24, 95% CI: 2.03–33.47). These results indicate that a proinflammatory diet is associated with increased risk of ESCC.