Retention in a computer-based outreach intervention for chronically ill rural women.

The study's purpose was to examine retention factors in a computer intervention with 158 chronically ill rural women. After a 22-week intervention, 18.9% of the women had dropped out. A Cox regression survival analysis was performed to assess the effects of selected covariates on retention. Reasons for dropping out were tallied and categorized. Major reasons for dropping out were as follows: lack of time, decline in health status, and nonparticipation in study activities. Four covariates predicted survival time: level of computer skills, marital status, work outside the home, and impact of social events on participants' lives. Retention-enhancing strategies are suggested for implementation.     

社会支持干预对农村妇女宫颈癌检查依从性的影响

目的：探讨社会支持干预对农村妇女宫颈癌检查依从性的影响,为促进宫颈癌普查普治的开展提供指导。方法对参与宫颈癌免费普查活动的220名农村适龄妇女予以社会支持干预,观察6个月。于干预前后采用自制宫颈癌检查依从性调查问卷评定检查依从性,社会支持评定量表评定社会支持状况。结果干预前入组农村妇女检查依从性良好率仅为22．7％,干预后为53．6％,干预后较干预前显著提高（ P＜0．01）。干预后入组农村妇女社会支持评定量表总分及客观支持、主观支持、社会支持利用度维度分均较干预前显著升高（P＜0．01）。结论社会支持干预能显著改善农村妇女宫颈癌检查的依从性,提高社会支持度,有利于宫颈癌的早期诊断与治疗。     

Telephone technical support: an essential adjunct to a computer intervention for rural chronically ill women

The purposes of this article are to describe the telephone technical support system used in the Women to Women support and health education computer outreach project for chronically ill rural women, discuss the preparation and role of the information systems specialist, and examine the nature and quality of telephone support requested and received. Telephone support records were tallied and categorized to determine the number of participants requiring assistance and the nature of problems described. The quality of telephone support received was assessed through a postintervention mail survey. About one third of participants sought telephone support, most frequently for problems related to impaired Internet service provider delivery and the university's Web-application platform. The quality of telephone support was rated highly by 96% of respondents. It was concluded that telephone technical support is a useful adjunct to a computer-based intervention and that quality support can be provided by including a competent information systems specialist on the research team.     

产褥期妇女的社会支持状况调查

目的了解产褥期妇女的社会支持状况。方法应用便利抽样方法,采用社会支持评定量表回顾性调查260名产后5~9周回门诊复查的产妇的社会支持状况。结果产褥期妇女的社会支持总分及三个维度得分均高于女大学生,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05或均P<0.01)。社会支持总分及客观支持、主观支持两个维度得分均低于产后1周内的初产妇,而对支持利用度得分高于后者。结论产褥期妇女社会支持水平较高,但是随着产后时间的推移,社会支持力度有所减少。     

乡村女干部社会支持与应付方式相关研究

目的探讨乡村女干部社会支持度与应付方式的相关性,为有针对性地开展心理卫生服务提供依据。方法对101名乡村女干部采用应付方式问卷和社会支持评定量表进行调查分析。结果乡村女干部应付方式问卷中解决问题、求助因子与社会支持评定量表各维度评分均呈显著正相关（P〈0．01～0．05）,幻想与各维度评分均呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）,退避与客观支持、支持利用度、支持总分均呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）。结论乡村女干部社会支持度与积极应付方式呈正相关,与消极应付方式呈负相关。     

A need for social support. The chronically mentally ill institutionalized elderly

Now that nursing homes are playing a major role in community care of psychiatric patients, they must be evaluated for the extent to which they offer and provide opportunities for social reintegration. Reality orientation and therapeutic milieu are the interventions used most often with elderly institutionalized chronically mentally ill patients. Attention that the elderly chronically mentally ill patients receive in reality orientation or in therapeutic milieu is probably more beneficial than the treatment itself.     

I am not alone: spirituality of chronically ill rural dwellers.

Spirituality plays a vital role in adjusting to chronic illness and rehabilitation nurses strive to gain understanding of their patients' spirituality in order to improve patient care and outcomes. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the nature of spirituality in chronically ill rural dwellers and how it relates to their illness. As a part of this pilot project, 10 women with chronic illness volunteered to participate in a phone interview to discuss their spirituality. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The theme Means the World to Me described what spirituality meant to participants. The following themes described how spirituality related to chronic illness: I Am Not Alone, Putting on a Happy Face, Others Are Worse Off, Transcending Despair and Letting Go. Participants were able to use spiritual coping measures to transcend despair. Results from this study provide rehabilitation nurses with insight into the spirituality needs of chronically ill rural-dwelling women.     

艾滋病护理人员社会支持对心理健康的影响

目的调查艾滋病护理人员的心理健康及社会支持状况,分析社会支持对心理健康的影响,为有效提高他们的心理健康水平提供依据。方法采用一般健康问卷及社会支持问卷对河南省县、乡、村艾滋病定点医疗机构的104名艾滋病护理人员进行测试。结果艾滋病护理人员心理健康状况不佳的检出率为39．42％;不同年龄、职称和工作年限的护理人员心理健康不佳的检出率差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。主观支持和支持利用度对心理健康有显著影响（P〈0．05）：结论应重视艾滋病护理人员的心理健康状况,尤其要重点关注年龄小、职称低、从业时间短的护理人员的心理健康,给予他们更多的社会支持,以提高他们的心理健康水平。     

Social support in cyberspace: lessons learned.

The lessons learned from the implementation of phase one of Women to Women (WTW1), a research-based computer outreach program for rural women with chronic illness, and their influence on the development of phase two of Women to Women (WTW2) are discussed in this article. The changes implemented in WTW2 included moving from the FirstClass delivery platform to WebCT; increasing the intra- and interdisciplinary nature of the team by adding nurse experts in Web skills and women's health and non-nurse colleagues in family finance and nutrition; expanding the geographical area to be served from Montana to adjoining states; developing health teaching units that harness the internet as the major source of ever-current health information; including a control group in the study design; and selecting more pertinent, repeated measurement instruments to assess psychosocial variables.     

广州市孕妇抑郁及社会支持状况的调查

目的了解广州市孕妇的抑郁及社会支持状况,并分析探讨其两者间的相关性。方法采用便利抽样法,对广州市某综合医院产科门诊接受产前保健服务的266例孕妇的一般情况、产后抑郁情况及社会支持状况进行调查。结果 266例孕妇中有抑郁症状的46例,占17.3%;孕妇的抑郁状况与社会支持、主观支持以及对支持的利用度存在负相关。结论对产前出现抑郁症的高危人群,及时采取针对性的防治措施,对预防孕妇产前抑郁、改善母儿健康具有积极的意义。     

领悟社会支持对大学生焦虑抑郁情绪的影响

目的探讨领悟社会支持对大学生焦虑抑郁情绪的影响。方法用领悟社会支持量表、焦虑自评量表和抑郁状态问卷对253名大学生进行心理健康测评。结果253名大学生中57名（22．5％）存在焦虑症状,87名（35．2％）存在抑郁症状。高领悟社会支持组焦虑自评量表与抑郁状态问卷评分显著低于低领悟社会支持组（t=-2．62,-5．21,P〈0．05～0．01）。领悟社会支持和焦虑状况、抑郁指数均呈显著负相关（r=-0．257,-0．257,P〈0．01）。结论大学生易出现焦虑、抑郁情绪,而领悟社会支持可在一定程度上减轻或缓解其不良心理状态,提高个体心理健康水平。     

不孕症患者的社会支持状况调查研究

目的了解不孕症患者的社会支持状况,寻求并运用有效的应对策略。方法应用肖水源的社会支持评定量表,调查分析135例不孕症患者所获得的社会支持状况。结果不孕症患者获得的社会支持总均分为39.75±6.89,与常模34.56±3.73比较,有显著性差异(P<0.01),获得的社会支持高于常人。调查还发现不孕时间越长的患者获得的社会支持越低。结论应帮助不孕症患者优化社会支持网络,鼓励她们主动利用社会支持网络,护士群体也应成为社会支持的主要组成部分。     

Lean on me: Effects of social support on low socioeconomic‐status pregnant women

This study identified how close relationships are related to low‐income pregnant women's ability to cope and overall health. Previous research has shown that stress during pregnancy is related to long‐term negative physical and psychological health outcomes for both the mother and the infant. Lower socioeconomic status has been related to higher morbidity and mortality across the lifespan. Women typically rely on close relationships for social support to help reduce stress. However, stress levels can be elevated when women engage in co‐rumination. Co‐rumination is defined as excessive problem discussion with negative‐affect focus. Thirty‐one low‐income pregnant women from central Oklahoma, USA, reported their daily stressors, social support, communication habits with friends and family, and general health in a series of questionnaires at a prenatal visit. The results revealed that daily stressors, co‐rumination with friends, and the relationship with the baby's father were related to physical pain and depressive symptoms. The results suggested that specific social support dynamics, such as co‐rumination, during pregnancy have implications for the health of low‐income mothers and their infants.     

Testing a bioecological model to examine social support in postpartum adolescents.

PURPOSE: The purpose was twofold and included examining a bioecological model as a framework to describe social support in postpartum adolescents. The second purpose was to determine the relationship between a comprehensive view of the context of social support and symptoms of depression. DESIGN: Cross-sectional design with convenience sampling (n=85) of adolescents at 4-6 weeks postpartum, recruited from two community hospitals. METHODS: Approval was received from the university's IRB (institutional review board), each recruitment site, the adolescent mothers, and their parents or guardians. Data were collected by a research assistant during home visits using a battery of self-report instruments to measure macro, meso, and microsystems of social support. Demographics, exposure to community violence (macrosystem), social support, social network (mesosystem), and perceived stress, mastery, and self-esteem (microsystem) were predictor variables. Depressive symptoms were measured by using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression (CES-D) Scale. FINDINGS: Variables from each system were significant predictors of depressive symptoms but perceived stress was the strongest predictor. Many postpartum adolescents reported that they had been victims of violence. Significant symptoms of depression were identified in 37% of the postpartum adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Context is important to consider in comparing international studies of social support. Researchers and clinicians should investigate variables associated with the low incidence of treatment for depressive symptoms in postpartum adolescents. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Feelings of high self-esteem and mastery should be fostered in nursing interventions with postpartum adolescents and routine screening for symptoms of depression should be considered in relevant healthcare settings.     

Postpartum Taiwanese women: their postpartum depression, social support and health-promoting lifestyle profiles

Background. To reach the Millennium Development Goals, maternal health‐promoting behaviours need to be encouraged after childbirth; little is known about the health‐promoting behaviour among first‐time mothers during their postpartum period. Aim. To examine levels of engagement in health‐promoting behaviours and related factors among postpartum women in Taiwan. Methods. This cross‐sectional study was conducted through a convenience sample of 122 qualified women. Participants self‐completed a questionnaire and mailed it back using a stamped, self‐addressed envelope from July to September 2003. Instruments of this study included a demographic questionnaire as well as three Likert‐type scales: the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile scale, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale and a self‐developed social support scale. Results. The average overall Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile score was low (mean, 2·83 SD 1·35), with exercise rated lowest among the six subscales. Postpartum women perceived that they had high levels of social support from their mothers‐in‐law, mothers and husbands. An astonishing 42·6% of women experienced postnatal depression. Based on results of multiple regressions, 25% of the variance in health‐promoting lifestyle practices was explained by postpartum depression and social support. Social support was found to predict all subscales significantly except exercise. Postpartum depression can significantly predict self‐actualization, interpersonal relationships, nutrition and stress management. All modifying factors were excluded from the regression model. Conclusions. This study validates the theoretical relationships among concepts in the Health Promotion Model. Nursing interventions are recommended which are tailored to enhance women's social support and decrease their depression to promote their pursuit of healthy lifestyles. Relevance to clinical practice. This study highlights the implications of social support to nursing practice, especially in Chinese culture which has a strict ritual during a women's postpartum period. Findings of this study provide information and data for service planning and community care to support postpartum care in the communities.     

社区慢性病患者社会支持与自我效能相关性研究

目的:了解社区慢性病患者社会支持与自我效能的关系,探索提高社区慢性病患者自我效能的新方法。方法:采用社会支持评定量表和慢性病自我效能量表对社区234例慢性病患者进行问卷调查并进行分析。结果:社区慢性病患者的社会支持水平评分为(39.65±8.39)分,自我效能感总量表均分为(6.68±2.30)分,社会支持与自我效能呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论:社区慢性病患者的社会支持与自我效能密切相关,在社区慢性病管理过程中应帮助患者建立有效的社会支持系统,从而提高患者的自信心与自我管理水平。