薰衣草精油对抑郁症大鼠海马、杏仁核pCREB及c-fos表达影响的研究

目的探讨薰衣草精油对抑郁大鼠海马及杏仁核pCREB及c-fos的表达的影响及其对抑郁行为及学习记忆能力的改善作用。方法24只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组(n=8)、抑郁对照组(n=8)、抑郁香薰组(n=8)。抑郁对照组和抑郁香薰组采用孤养加慢性不可预见性的温和应激(Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress,CUMS)诱导抑郁症模型,造模后抑郁香薰组给持续吸入雾化薰衣草精油水溶液1 h,每天3次,持续28 d;抑郁对照组及空白对照组给吸入雾化的蒸馏水1 h,每天3次,持续28 d。采用旷场实验、糖水偏爱百分比及体质量及摄食量测定大鼠抑郁行为,采用Morris水迷宫测试记录大鼠学习记忆能力。采用免疫组化检测脑组织c-fos和pCREB的表达。结果(1)各组大鼠造模前糖水消耗百分比、水平运动及垂直活动得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。造模后,抑郁对照组和抑郁香薰组大鼠糖水消耗百分比、水平活动得分和垂直活动得分均明显降低(P<0.05),各组大鼠造模前摄食量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),造模后抑郁对照组及抑郁香薰组摄食量低于造模前(P<0.05),雾化后4周抑郁对照组摄食量同造模后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),雾化后第3周及第4周抑郁香薰组摄食量高于造模后(P<0.05),但仍低于造模前(P<0.05)。雾化后第3周及第4周抑郁香薰组大鼠摄食量高于抑郁对照组(P<0.05)。各组造模前定位巡航潜伏期差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),造模后抑郁对照组及香薰对照组潜伏期延长(P<0.05),雾化吸入后4周抑郁香薰组级抑郁对照组潜伏期较造模后减少(P<0.05),但仍长于造模前(P<0.05),且抑郁对照组长于抑郁香薰组(P<0.05)。抑郁对照组及抑郁香薰组造模后第三象限路程百分比、第三象限时间百分比及穿越平台次数均减少(P<0.05),抑郁对照组及抑郁香薰组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),雾化吸入4周后抑郁对照组及抑郁香薰组第三象限路程百分比、第三象限时间百分比及穿越平台次数较造模后均有提高(P<0.05),且抑郁香薰组高于抑郁对照组(P<0.05)。(2)与空白对照组相比,抑郁对照组海马及杏仁核区pCREB表达均明显减弱,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01);与抑郁对照组相比,抑郁香薰组海马及杏仁核区pCREB的表达均明显增加,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.05);与空白对照组相比,抑郁对照组海马及杏仁核区c-fos表达均明显减弱差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与抑郁对照组相比,抑郁香薰组杏仁核区c-fos表达高于抑郁对照组,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论薰衣草精油芳香疗法能够上调抑郁症模型大鼠海马和杏仁体pCREB及c-fos的表达,并改善大鼠学习记忆能力。     

薰衣草精油的生物活性

薰衣草精油广泛用于化妆品、食品工业和医药领域,具有镇静催眠、抗抑郁、抗菌、抗氧化、抗凝血、抗突变、驱虫等多种生物活性,其主要成分芳樟醇已为许多研究证实是薰衣草精油重要的药理活性成分。综述了近年来对薰衣草精油生物活性的研究概况。     

薰衣草精油的化学成分与药理活性

从薰衣草属植物中提取的精油广泛用于化妆品和医药领域，对薰衣草精油的化学成分及镇静催眠、抗菌等方面的研究概况加以综述。     

针刺大鼠“肾俞”穴诱导c-fos原癌基因在下丘脑室旁核中的表达

采用免疫细胞化学 ＡＢＣ法,探讨了手针和电针刺激大鼠右“肾俞”穴诱导的 ｃ－ｆｏｓ在ＰＶＮ中的表达,为探讨ＰＶＮ与“肾俞”穴针刺效应的关系提供形态学证据。结果表明：ＰＶＮ中ＦＬＮ密度值组间、组内差异显著（ Ｐ＜ ０． ０１）,电针组＞手针组＞对照组＞空白组;电针组同侧＞对侧,手针组对侧＞同侧;电针组同侧＞电针组对叙侧＞手针组对侧＞手针组同侧。提示：① ＰＶＮ参与了“肾俞”穴的针刺效应过程;②其参与作用程度因刺激方法和量的不同而不同;③ＰＶＮ对不同或相同方法刺激“肾俞”穴的这种反应上的差异,可能是导致其针刺效应方法间差异和同一方法同、对侧差异的重要环节之一。     

养阴活血方对糖尿病大鼠下丘脑c-fos表达影响的研究

目的：探讨养阴活血方对糖尿病大鼠下丘脑c—fos表达的影响。方法：腹腔内注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导糖尿病大鼠模型，采用免疫组化SABC法检测各组大鼠下丘脑c—fos的表达。结果：正常对照组大鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核有少量的c—fos阳性细胞；糖尿病模型组可见大量的c—fos阳性细胞；治疗组介于上述两组之间。结论：养阴活血方能抑制糖尿病大鼠下丘脑c—fos的表达。     

电针不同穴组对功能性腹泻大鼠下丘脑及结肠5-羟色胺和c-fos蛋白表达的影响

目的:通过观察电针不同组穴对功能性腹泻(FD)大鼠下丘脑及结肠组织5-羟色胺1A受体(5-HT_(1A)R)、c-fos蛋白表达的影响,初步探讨电针对FD大鼠脑-肠关系的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、电针Ⅰ组、电针Ⅱ组,每组10只。采用番泻叶加束缚制动的方法建立FD大鼠模型。电针Ⅰ组电针大鼠双侧"天枢""大肠俞",电针Ⅱ组电针大鼠双侧"曲池""上巨虚",均留针20min,每日1次,连续10d。观察并记录各组大鼠治疗前后稀便率及腹泻指数。Western blot法检测各组大鼠下丘脑及结肠组织5-HT_(1A)R、c-fos蛋白表达水平。结果:治疗前,与空白组比较,模型组、电针Ⅰ组、电针Ⅱ组稀便率及腹泻指数均升高(P<0.01)。治疗后,与空白组比较,模型组稀便率及腹泻指数均升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,电针Ⅰ组稀便率及腹泻指数均降低(P<0.01);与电针Ⅰ组比较,电针Ⅱ组稀便率及腹泻指数显著升高(P<0.01)。与空白组比较,模型组下丘脑及结肠组织中5-HT_(1A)R和c-fos蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,电针Ⅰ组下丘脑及结肠组织中5-HT_(1A)R及c-fos蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),电针Ⅱ组结肠组织中5-HT_(1A)R蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05);与电针Ⅰ组比较,电针Ⅱ组大鼠下丘脑中5-HT_(1A)R、下丘脑及结肠组织中c-fos蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05)。结论:电针"天枢""大肠俞"可减轻番泻叶诱导的FD大鼠的腹泻症状,降低下丘脑及结肠组织5-HT_(1A)R和c-fos的表达,其机制可能与脑-肠轴系统有关。     

熟地黄对毁损下丘脑弓状核大鼠学习记忆及海马c-fos,NGF表达的影响

目的 :研究熟地黄改善学习记忆的作用及机理。方法 :采用谷氨酸单钠 (MSG )毁损下丘脑弓状核大鼠模型 ,通过跳台实验和Morris水迷宫实验观察熟地黄对学习记忆的影响 ;免疫组化法观察大鼠海马c-fos ,神经生长因子 (NGF)表达。结果 :熟地黄能延长MSG大鼠跳台实验潜伏期、减少错误次数 ;缩短水迷宫实验寻台时间 ,提高垮台百分率 ;提高c-fos,NGF在海马的表达。结论 :熟地黄有改善MSG大鼠学习记忆作用 ,作用机理可能与提高c-fos,NGF在海马的表达有关。     

吸入不同浓度薰衣草精油对大学生血压的影响

目的:探讨吸入不同浓度薰衣草精油对健康大学生血压的影响及其可能作用机制。方法:采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析薰衣草精油化学成分;选择健康大学生,嗅觉检查采用改良康涅狄格州化学感觉临床研究中心(CCCRC)的方法检测嗅觉正常162名,随机分为4组,分别吸入薰衣草精油浓度为100%、1%、1‰和蒸馏水后均采用24h动态血压仪观测血压和心率变化;测定血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅰ(AngⅠ)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和醛固酮(ALD)等指标。结果:①GC-MS分析共确认薰衣草精油29种化学组分,其主要化学成分为芳樟醇(25.49%)和乙酸芳樟酯(25.54%);②100%薰衣草精油组吸入后15min平均动脉压(MAP)下降(P0.05),作用持续60min;1%薰衣草精油组吸入后15min MAP下降(P0.05),作用持续120min;1‰薰衣草精油组吸入30min后MAP下降(P0.05),作用持续60min。4组实验前后心率差异均无统计学意义;③1%薰衣草精油组吸入1%薰衣草精油后血浆PRA、AngⅠ、AngⅡ和ALD均降低(P0.05);而蒸馏水组吸入蒸馏水后血浆PRA、AngⅠ、AngⅡ和ALD均无明显变化。结论:吸入3种不同浓度薰衣草精油均能降低健康人MAP,其中1%薰衣草精油组血压降低较明显,作用时间久,且对心率均没有影响,其可能作用机制是通过降低血浆PRA、AngⅠ、AngⅡ和ALD的浓度而降低血压。     

参附益心颗粒对心衰大鼠心肌c-fos,c-myc表达的影响

目的:探讨参附益心颗粒对心衰大鼠心肌c-fos,c-myc表达的影响。方法:随机将150只雄性SD大鼠分为造模组130只,假手术组20只。造模组结扎左冠状动脉前降支,假手术组手术方法同上,仅在冠状动脉前降支下穿线不结扎。造模8周后,经超声测定大鼠左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)<50%者随机分为5组(模型组、卡托普利组、氯沙坦组、参附益心颗粒(5.48,21.90 g.kg-1.d-1)2个剂量组,每组10只,另选假手术组大鼠10只。假手术组及模型组以纯净水ig,药物干预组将药物溶于纯净水中ig给药,每天1次,疗程4周。4周后超声测定LVEF,称重后,处死测左室重量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI),免疫组化法检测大鼠心肌中c-fos,c-myc表达。结果:21.90 g.kg-1.d-1参附益心颗粒可显著提高心衰大鼠LVEF,降低LVMI,抑制心衰大鼠心肌中c-fos,c-myc表达。结论:参附益心颗粒能够通过抑制心衰大鼠心肌中c-fos,c-myc表达,抑制心肌重塑。     

痛宁胶囊对硝酸甘油型偏头痛模型大鼠下丘脑、脑干c-fos表达的影响

目的 观察痛宁胶囊(全蝎、钩藤、紫河车)对硝酸甘油诱导的偏头痛模型大鼠下丘脑、脑干即刻早期基因c -fos表达的影响.方法 将48只SD大鼠随机分成空白对照组、模型对照组、琥珀酸舒马普坦组、痛宁胶囊高、中、低剂量组,皮下注射硝酸甘油法复制大鼠偏头痛模型,采用免疫组化SABC法观察下丘脑、脑于c-fos蛋白表达的情况,并运用图像分析系统测定阳性细胞的平均面积,进行组间比较.结果 模型对照组大鼠下丘脑、脑干c -fos蛋白表达明显增强,与空白对照组比较具有显著性差异(P＜0.05);痛宁胶囊尤其是高剂量组能显著抑制偏头痛大鼠下丘脑、脑干c-fos蛋白的表达,与模型对照组比较,差异显著(P＜0.05).结论 痛宁胶囊可以降低c -fos蛋白的表达,从而进一步减弱下丘脑、脑干神经元的兴奋性,阻止痛觉信息的传递.     

Biological activities of lavender essential oil

Essential oils distilled from members of the genus Lavandula have been used both cosmetically and therapeutically for centuries with the most commonly used species being L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. stoechas and L. x intermedia. Although there is considerable anecdotal information about the biological activity of these oils much of this has not been substantiated by scientific or clinical evidence. Among the claims made for lavender oil are that is it antibacterial, antifungal, carminative (smooth muscle relaxing), sedative, antidepressive and effective for burns and insect bites. In this review we detail the current state of knowledge about the effect of lavender oils on psychological and physiological parameters and its use as an antimicrobial agent. Although the data are still inconclusive and often controversial, there does seem to be both scientific and clinical data that support the traditional uses of lavender. However, methodological and oil identification problems have severely hampered the evaluation of the therapeutic significance of much of the research on Lavandula spp. These issues need to be resolved before we have a true picture of the biological activities of lavender essential oil.     

Effect of lavender essential oil on LPS-stimulated inflammation

Lavender essential oil (LEO) is one the most favorite and widely used essential oils in aromatherapy. Many studies have demonstrated its functions in calming, assisting sleep, reducing pain and muscular spasms and its antiseptic function. To date, however, the mechanism of LEO on inflammation response is not well understood. In this study, we examined the effect of LEO on 5 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation reaction in human monocyte THP-1 cells. We found treatment of 0.1% LEO significantly increased cell viability and inhibited the IL-1β and superoxide anion generation in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. Treatment with LEO down-regulated both LPS-induced protein levels of phospho-NF-κB and membrane Toll-like receptor 4. To determine whether the chaperone protein was involved in the reaction, we determined the levels of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70). Our results showed that LEO increased HSP70 expression in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells, suggesting that the LEO inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory effect might be associated with the expression of HSP70.     

Effect of lavender oil on motor function and dopamine receptor expression in the olfactory bulb of mice

Aim of the study

Although treatment with the essential oil of lavender induces neuroemotional changes, there is a lack of data regarding its specific effects on neurotransduction, especially dopaminergic neurotransduction. We investigated the relationship between altered motor activity and changes in the expression of dopamine receptors (DR), particularly the receptor subtypes D2 and D3, in lavender oil-treated mice.

Materials and methods

After the administration of lavender oil (intraperitoneal injections of 10–1000 mg/kg lavender oil once per day for 5 days), motor coordination and dopamine receptor expression were examined in the olfactory bulb and the striatum of the mouse brain.

Results

After 5 days, mice treated with 1000 mg/kg lavender oil showed significantly increased rotarod activity when compared to controls. Although DRD2 expression showed no change in the olfactory bulb or striatum of lavender-treated mice, DRD3 expression increased significantly in the olfactory bulb; this increase was dose-dependent and was observed at both the mRNA and protein levels.

Conclusions

These data indicate that altered dopamine D3 receptor subtype homeostasis in the olfactory bulb may contribute to lavender oil-induced behavioral change.     

电针预处理对急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠小脑顶核及下丘脑外侧区c-fos蛋白表达的影响

目的:观察电针预处理对急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)大鼠小脑顶核(FN)与下丘脑外侧区(LHA)c-fos蛋白表达的影响,探讨FN和LHA在电针心经抗急性MIRI效应中的作用及机制.方法:将70只Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、电针心经组和电针肺经组,每组14只;以及损毁LHA+电针心经组(简称LHA+电针心经组)和损毁FN+电针心经组(简称FN+电针心经组),每组7只.除假手术组外,其余5组采用冠状动脉左前降支结扎法建立急性MIRI大鼠模型.采用电针心经治疗的3组针刺神门和通里;电针肺经组针刺太渊和列缺.所有电针组于造模前接受电针刺激,电流强度1 mA,频率2 Hz,每次20 min,每日1次,共7 d.假手术组及模型组不予电针.监测大鼠心电图,分析ST段位移和心律失常评分.采用免疫组织化学法检测FN及LHA中c-fos蛋白的表达.结果:与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠ST段位移、心律失常评分以及FN和LHA的c-fos蛋白表达明显升高(均P<0.05).与模型组比较,电针心经组大鼠ST段位移、心律失常评分以及FN和LHA的c-fos蛋白表达明显降低(均P<0.05).与电针心经组比较,电针肺经组、LHA+电针心经组和FN+电针心经组大鼠ST段位移和心律失常评分明显升高(均P<0.05);电针肺经组及LHA+电针心经组大鼠FN的c-fos蛋白表达明显升高(均P<0.05);电针肺经组及FN+电针心经组LHA的c-fos蛋白阳性表达明显升高(均P<0.05).结论:FN和LHA参与了针刺心经改善急性MIRI效应的作用机制,小脑可能是通过小脑-下丘脑投射参与了针刺改善心脏功能的作用.     

牛磺酸对肾性高血压大鼠肥厚心肌原癌基因c-fos表达的影响

 目的观察牛磺酸(taurine,Tau)对肾血管性高血压大鼠肥厚心肌原癌基因c-fos表达的影响。方法建立二肾一夹(2K1C)肾动脉狭窄性高血压大鼠模型。羟脯氨酸法测定大鼠心肌胶原含量(myocardial collagen concentration,MCC);放免法测定心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ含量(myocardial local AngⅡconcentration,MAC)及醛固酮含量(myocardial local aldosterone concentration,MDC); 免疫组化方法检测c-fos蛋白表达,原位杂交方法检测c-fos mRNA表达。结果2K1C组大鼠尾动脉收缩压(systolic blood pres sure,SBP)、左心室/体重比(left ventricular weight index,LVWI),MCC,MAC及MDC较sham组显著增加(P<0.01);MCC与心肌MAC,MDC显著正相关(r=0.832 3,0.901 9,P<0.01);c-fos蛋白及c-fos mRNA表达高于sham组(P<0.01);Tau(50 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,ig×8周)显著降低2K1C大鼠SBP,LVWI,MCC,MAC,MDC,心室肌c-fos mRNA及蛋白表达量亦明显下降(P<0.01)。结论Tau可通过降低心肌局部肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotension-aldosterone system,RAAS)活性及c-fos表达,从而抑制心肌细胞肥大及胶原纤维增生,有效防治肾血管性高血压心肌肥厚。     

Studies on the mode of action of the essential oil of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia P. Miller).

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia, P. Miller) is used in aromatherapy as a holistic relaxant and is said to have carminative, antiflatulence and anticolic properties. Its sedative nature, on inhalation, has been shown both in animals and man. Lavender has a spasmolytic activity on guineapig ileum and rat uterus in vitro and it also decreases the tone in the skeletal muscle preparation of the phrenic nerve-diaphragm of rats. As the mechanism of action has not been studied previously, the spasmolytic activity was studied in vitro using a guinea-pig ileum smooth muscle preparation. The mechanism of action was postsynaptic and not atropine-like. The spasmolytic effect of lavender oil was most likely to be mediated through cAMP, and not through cGMP. The mode of action of linalool, one of lavender's major components, reflected that of the whole oil. The mode of action of lavender oil resembled that of geranium and peppermint oils.     

电针对氯胺酮成瘾大鼠海马CA1区酪氨酸羟化酶、c-fos表达的影响

目的:探讨电针对氯胺酮滥用成瘾戒毒治疗的物质基础。方法:将40只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、生理盐水(10 mL/kg)对照组、氯胺酮(100 mg/kg)组、氯胺酮(100 mg/kg)加电针组。按上述设定剂量,经腹腔注射给药,每天1次,连续7 d。氯胺酮加电针组于给药1周开始低频(2 Hz)电针交替刺激双侧"足三里"与"三阴交"穴位,每次30 min,每天1次,连续1周。采用免疫组织化学染色方法显示大鼠海马CA1区酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、c-fos的表达。结果:与正常对照组和生理盐水对照组比,氯胺酮组大鼠海马CA1区TH、c-fos免疫反应阳性神经元的数目和阳性产物的表达水平明显增强(P<0.05,P<0.01)。与氯胺酮组比,氯胺酮加电针组TH、c-fos免疫反应阳性神经元的数目和阳性产物的表达显著减弱(P<0.01)。结论:电针"足三里"三阴交"可明显抑制氯胺酮成瘾引起的海马CA1区TH、c-fos表达的增强,提示电针可能通过抑制海马多巴胺神经元的活动改善氯胺酮成瘾。     

逍遥散对肝郁脾虚证大鼠下丘脑基因表达谱的影响

目的:在全基因组水平上系统探讨逍遥散对慢性束缚应激肝郁脾虚证大鼠下丘脑基因表达谱的影响及其抗应激调节机制。方法:采用Agilent大鼠全基因组表达谱芯片检测慢性束缚应激肝郁脾虚证大鼠模型(每天束缚3 h,连续21 d)正常组、模型组、逍遥散组(大、中、小剂量)下丘脑基因表达的差异,筛选出组间两两比较的差异基因表达谱,并利用生物信息学技术对差异基因表达谱进行GO功能分析、信号通路分析。结果:模型组、逍遥散大、中、小剂量组具有不同的差异基因表达谱,多条生物过程和信号通路的功能被显著上调或下调,其中模型组、逍遥散大、中、小剂量组差异基因参与的显著生物过程分别有909、712、516、1322个功能基因群,参与的显著信号通路分别有60、57、41、90条。结论:肝郁脾虚证具有下丘脑差异表达基因组学背景,逍遥散大、中、小剂量对肝郁脾虚证大鼠下丘脑众多差异表达基因及功能改变的信号通路、生物过程均有一定的干预作用,大剂量和中剂量结果显示优于小剂量。