亲体小肠移植术后并发症的内镜与病理监测

目的探讨亲体小肠移植术后并发症的发生情况与防治。方法实施1例母亲为供体的小肠移植。通过内镜与病理检查对移植小肠并发症进行监测。结果移植手术过程顺利，受体生命体征稳定。术后第37天内镜和活检病理发现急性排斥反应，术后第65天活检病理发现巨细胞病毒感染。经激素冲击、OKT3抗排斥治疗，结合抗病毒治疗，病情得到控制，至发稿时已存活18个月。结论小肠移植患者容易发生急性排斥反应和感染等并发症，加强监护和采用内镜活检及病理检查可以及时发现隐匿的病情，控制病情，提高存活率。     

小肠移植急性排斥反应移植肠内免疫监测

目前，小肠移植排斥反应的诊断主要依赖组织病理学检查这一“金标准”。尽管对小肠移植排斥反应的某些病理特征已达成共识，但还没有一个完整的诊断排斥反应的标准。移植肠内的免疫指标变化可反应早期排斥反应过程，监测移植肠内免疫指标的变化可直接反映排斥反应的免疫损伤过程对诊断和预测早期排斥反应的发生是一个更直接的方法。本文对小肠移植急性排斥过程中移植肠内免疫指标监测作一综述。     

小肠移植的内镜监测

目的探讨内镜在小肠移植监测中的作用．方法动物实验，白色杂种猪行异体节段性小肠移植，移植小肠行ＴｈｉｒｙＶｅｌａ造口，由内镜通过肠造口观察应用（ｎ＝６）和未应用（ｎ＝６）免疫抑制剂移植小肠粘膜变化．临床研究，一女性短肠综合征患者接受异体全小肠移植，由内镜通过肠造口定时观察移植小肠．结果小肠移植排斥的内镜表现为局灶性肠粘膜红斑、糜烂和溃疡．弥漫性溃疡伴出血是排斥的晚期表现．结论内镜观察是小肠移植必需的监测手段．     

心脏移植术后急性排斥反应的超声心动图监测

心脏移植目前被公认为是治疗终末期心力衰竭患者的有效治疗手段,然而,心脏移植术后的急性排斥反应仍然是移植后1年内最主要的并发症和致死原因。因此,及时、准确的诊断心脏移植术后急性排斥反应尤为重要。经颈静脉心内膜心肌活检作为诊断心脏移植术后急性排斥反应的＂金标准＂已得到广泛认可,但仍存在一些局限性。超声心动图检查凭其无创、简便、可随时监测、动态连续观察指标等优点,被一些学者用于监测心脏移植术后的排斥反应。现主要介绍了各种超声心动图技术在心脏移植病人中的应用及进展。     

内镜及病理学检查在克罗恩病和肠结核鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 评价内镜及组织病理学检查在克罗恩病和肠结核的鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 回顾性复习经手术证实的克罗恩病和肠结核各30例资料，对其临床、内镜表现、手术记录等进行分析，并重新审读病理切片。结果 内镜诊断克罗恩病的灵敏度、特异度和准确性分别为80．0％、25．6％和49．3％，而在肠结核中的灵敏度、特异度和准确性分别为86．7％、46．2％和63．8％。克罗恩病的病理学特征有非干酪样肉芽肿、粘膜下层增宽、裂隙样溃疡和淋巴细胞聚集；肠结核的病理特征有肠壁或肠淋巴结干酪样坏死、粘膜下层变窄或闭缩。结论 尽管找到了克罗恩病和肠结核的临床、内镜和组织病理学特征，但手术标本的组织病理学在鉴别诊断中仍起决定作用。     

血吸虫肠病的内镜诊断及病理特征

目的 探讨血吸虫肠病的内镜表现及病理特征,以引起对血吸虫肠病的重视,减少漏诊和误诊.方法 回顾性分析72例血吸虫肠病的大肠镜观察结果并结合病史、组织病理学检查分析血吸虫肠病的内镜诊断和组织学特征.结果 内镜下表现为急性肠炎型16例;慢性肠炎型27例;肠黏膜兼有急性和慢性炎症改变,称之为混合型肠炎,共29例.急性肠炎型的病理特征为大量嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,伴有未钙化的虫卵沉积;慢性型者则有大量淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润,黏膜下纤维化,伴有已钙化的虫卵沉积;混合型肠炎则兼有上述2型的组织病理学表现.并发结直肠癌5例.在外院误诊为溃疡性结肠炎7例,回盲部肿瘤5例,肠结核2例.结论 血吸虫肠病可分为急性、慢性与混合型结直肠炎3型,混合型血吸虫肠病是区别于急性和慢性血吸虫肠病的又一重要类型.内镜检查加多部位多组织活检发现虫卵沉积是诊断血吸虫肠病的重要方法.     

小肠移植中急性抗体介导排斥反应的病理学

目的:观察重度急性抗体介导排斥反应(antibody-mediated rejection,AMR)的病理形态学改变,回顾分析相关文献,为小肠移植急性AMR的诊断总结经验.方法:切除的失功能移植肠经10%中性福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋,4?m切片并行HE染色.详细观察移植物中肠壁各层及肠系膜内组织中主要的病理形态学改变,分级评价急性排斥反应及血管病变,并进行C4d免疫组织化学染色.结果:移植物内各级血管广泛受累,包括肠壁及肠系膜内各级血管.受累血管的改变以肠壁浆膜下层内的小血管及动静脉的滋养血管最为显著,主要表现为小血管壁的纤维素性坏死和/或血管内血栓形成,受累血管周围组织中性粒细胞浸润,红细胞漏出,组织水肿,部分病变血管周围伴有纤维素性坏死.免疫组织化学染色可见病变血管内膜C4d沉积.小肠黏膜固有层内血管显著扩张伴淤血,偶见血栓形成,肠黏膜隐窝上皮细胞正常,未见急性排斥反应.结论:血管壁的纤维素性坏死及血管内血栓形成是重度急性AMR的主要病理学改变.病变可以广泛累及移植物内各级血管;小肠黏膜内血管的病变可能不代表最严重的病变;临床早期确诊AMR的发生不能单纯依赖小肠黏膜活检.     

胶囊内镜在小肠疾病诊断中的作用

目的：小肠疾病很难诊断，现有的诊断技术又不尽如人意，而胶囊内镜能发现整个小肠内的微小病变。为此，我们对胶囊内镜在小肠疾病诊断中的价值进行评估。方法：自2002年5月至2003年9月，我们对经结肠镜、胃镜、X线钡餐造影、小肠钡灌造影、血管造影或核素扫描等检查未发现异常的79例疑患小肠疾病、尤其是不明原因消化道出血的患，进行胶囊内镜检查，其中不明原因的消化道出血患56例。结果：75例完成最终研究。75例患中经胶囊内镜检查共发现异常63例，检出率为84％；其中能明确解释临床病因50例，诊断率为66．6％，包括消化道血管病变21例、小肠炎症性肠病16例、小肠息肉5例、小肠恶性间质肿瘤2例、小肠类癌1例(该患同时伴升结肠脂肪瘤)、淋巴瘤1例、粘膜下肿瘤3例及憩室1例。所获取的图像质量良好。结论：胶囊内镜对小肠疾病尤其是不明原因消化道出血具有良好的诊断价值。     

胶囊内镜和双气囊内镜对小肠克罗恩病诊断价值的比较

克罗恩病（CD）是一种原因未明的慢性炎性肉芽肿性病变,可侵及全消化道各部位,约70％的病变累及小肠,诊断需联合其临床表现、内镜检查、组织病理学、影像学、实验室检生化查等。新型检查技术如胶囊内镜和双气囊内镜对评估小肠疾病具有重要作用。本文就胶囊内镜和双气囊内镜在小肠CD中的诊断率作一综述,以进一步明确两者的诊断价值。     

肝移植术后丙型肝炎复发受者肝组织病理学特征分析

目的：探讨肝移植术后丙型肝炎复发时受者肝组织病理学特征。方法收集28例明确诊断为肝移植术后丙型肝炎复发患者的54份肝组织病理学资料,回顾性分析丙型肝炎复发时肝组织病理学特点。结果肝移植术后丙型肝炎复发的主要病理学特点是：肝细胞变性和坏死,汇管区以淋巴细胞为主的炎性细胞聚集,以及较早出现的肝纤维化,同时部分病例合并有排斥反应和药物性肝损伤的组织学特点;移植术后远期（大于12 m）丙型肝炎复发者肝纤维化程度较近期（小于12 m）复发者严重[肝纤维化计分为（1.82±1.12）对（1.13±1.08）,P＜0.05;不同丙型肝炎病毒基因型导致的丙型肝炎在病理学表现上的差异无统计学意义;合并排斥反应及药物性肝损害患者肝炎活动度评分分别为（2.32±0.64）和（2.33±0.88）,显著高于无合并组患者（1.64±0.59）,（P＜0.05）。结论肝移植术后丙型肝炎复发时有特征性的肝脏病理学改变,肝组织病理学检查对移植术后丙型肝炎复发的病情判断具有重要的价值。     

Postoperative endoscopic surveillance of human living-donor small bowel transplantations

AIM: To determine the significance of endoscopic surveillance in the diagnosis of acute rejection after human living-donor small bowel transplantations. METHODS: Endoscopic surveillance was performed through the ileostomy after human living-donor small bowel transplantations. The intestinal mucosa was observed and biopsies were performed for pathological observations. RESULTS: Acute rejection was diagnosed in time by endoscopic surveillance. The endoscopic and pathological manifestations of acute rejection were described. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic surveillance and biopsy are reliable methods to diagnose the acute rejection after human living-donor small bowel transplantations.     

Endoscopic monitoring in small bowel transplantation

ＥｎｄｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇｉｎｓｍａｌｂｏｗｅｌｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎＬＩＹｏｕＳｈｅｎｇ，ＬＩＪｉｅＳｈｏｕ，ＬＩＮｉｎｇ，ＪＩＡＮＧＺｈｉＷｅｉ，ＬＩＹｕａｎＸｉｎａｎｄＬＩＸｉａｏＨｕａＳｕｂｊｅｃｔｓｈｅａｄｉ...     

Diagnosis and treatment of acute rejection in the first case of human living-related small bowel transplantation with a long-term survival in China

AIM: To report the comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of acute rejection in the first case of living-related small bowel transplantation with a long-term survival in China. METHODS: A 18-year-old boy with short gut syndrome underwent living-related small bowel transplantation, with the graft taken from his father (44-year old). A segment of 150-cm distal small bowel was resected from the donor. The ileo-colic artery and vein from the donor were anastomosed to the infrarenal aorta and vena cava of the recipient respectively. The intestinal continuity was restored with an end-to-end anastomosis between the recipient jejunum and donor ileum, and the distal end was fistulized. FK506, MMF and prednisone were initially used for post-transplant immunosuppression. Endoscopic observation and mucosal biopsies of the graft were carried out through the terminal ileum enterostomy; serum was collected to detect the levels of IL-2R, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8. The change of the graft secretion and absorption was observed. RESULTS: Acute rejection was diagnosed promptly and cured. The patient was in good health, 5 years after livingrelated small bowel transplantation. CONCLUSION: The correct diagnosis and treatment of acute rejection are the key to the long-term survival after living-related small bowel transplantation.     

Endoscopic findings in transplanted allo-intestine of rats after discontinuance of immunosuppressive agent

In clinical practice, graft rejection in small-bowel transplantation should be diagnosed before irreversible condition of the graft. We have already reported the usefulness of endoscopic examination for the early detection of acute rejection in a rat model. Here we evaluated rejection after discontinuance of methyl-deoxyspergualin by endoscopy. Heterotopic small-bowel transplantation was performed by the cuff method from a DA to a LEW rat. Endoscopic and histological examinations were performed through the stomas. Two-week administration of methyldeoxyspergualin significantly prolonged graft survival. Graft rejection after discontinuance of the agent occurred much more slowly than rejection without the immunosuppressive drug. Erosive mucosal changes were endoscopically observed in the early phase of rejection in rats that did not receive the immunosuppressant. However, endoscopic findings after discontinuance of methyl-deoxyspergualin indicated edematous changes and thickening of the wall without erosion, and, histologically, the grafted intestine showed slowly-progressing rejection with flattened villi. If we pay attention to edematous changes and hardening of intestinal wall, and take selective biopsies, endoscopic examination may improve the early diagnosis of slowly progressive rejection in the clinical setting. (Received May 12, 1997; accepted Nov. 28, 1997)     

Fulminant second-set allograft rejection and endoscopic findings following small bowel transplantation in the rat

In the presensitized recipient who has been exposed to donor antigens, second-set rejection takes the form of severe hyperacute graft rejection. Secondset allograft rejection was studied following small bowel transplantation in the rat. Heterotopic intestinal grafting was performed from DA (RT1^a) donors to PVG (RT1^c) recipients 4 weeks after DA skin sensitization. The endoscopic images and histological specimens were compared with those of syngeneic and firstset rejected grafts. Endoscopically, diffuse erosions of the graft were detected from day 1. Mucosal necrosis progressed rapidly, and was accompanied by massive bleeding on days 3–5. These findings were similar to the course of severe necrotizing hemorrhagic enteritis. Histologically, interstitial edema and hemorrhage with massive infiltrations of neutrophils were manifested from day 1. Mesenteric vessels were completely occluded by thrombi on days 3–5. The grafted intestine had became totally necrotic by day 5. Microscopic findings strongly suggested that destructive graft necrosis was due to vascular damage caused by humoral factors. All the presensitized rats (n=11) died showing systemic septic signs by day 11 after small bowel transplantation. We concludes that lethal hyperacute rejection occurred in presensitized recipients, even when the graft was transplanted heterotopically. Endoscopic evaluation is beneficial for the early diagnosis of graft rejection. Immediate graft removal should be mandatory as a rescue treatment in second-set rejection of the small intestine.     

Scabies in a bilateral hand allograft recipient: An additional mimicker of acute skin rejection in vascularized composite allotransplantation

Vascularized composite tissue allografts include skin, which frequently undergoes, in the early post‐graft period, acute rejections. The diagnosis of acute rejection may be difficult as it can be mimicked by several dermatoses. We present a bilateral hand allograft recipient who developed, 16.5 years post‐graft, cutaneous lesions raising suspicion about rejection. Physical examination and skin biopsy were diagnostic of scabies. This ectoparasitosis should be added in the list of dermatoses that can mimic allograft rejection in vascular composite allografts.     

肝移植术后急性排斥反应的病理诊断--200例次肝穿刺活检的病理组织学分析

目的观察同种异体肝移值术后急性排斥反应病理组织学表现,探讨相关的病理鉴别诊断。方法对136例(200例次)同种异体肝移植术后肝组织穿刺活检明确诊断为急性排斥反应的病理组织学资料进行回顾性分析。结果同种异体肝移植术后的急性排斥反应病理组织学表现为：汇管区内炎细胞浸润136例(200例次);小叶间静脉和(或)中央静脉内皮炎116例(170例次);小叶间胆管上皮变性和(或)炎细胞浸润136例(200例次);肝细胞和毛细胆管淤胆103例(151例次);肝细胞水肿和气球样变性83例(126例次);肝细胞嗜酸性变和点、灶性坏死76例(161例次)。结论同种异体肝移植术后肝组织穿刺活检的病理组织学变化对急性排斥反应的诊断及术后各种并发症的鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

Diagnosis of acute rejection in liver transplantation

Eleven acute rejections were found in 9 patients with liver transplantation due to end-stage liver cirrhosis. The rejections were diagnosed with fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) giving the cellular picture of immunoactivation in the liver graft when compared to a simultaneous sample of peripheral blood. s-Alkaline phosphatase and s-bilirubin increased within 1 week after onset of rejection in 7 and 10 cases, respectively. s-Alanine amino-transferase and b-ammonium were of no value in the diagnosis of acute rejection. A core biopsy was obtained only in a case of severe liver damage, mainly to estimate the need for retransplantation. One year after grafting, 6 out of 7 cirrhotic patients are well, all with normal liver function. Two have died of sepsis. One patient died from pulmonary metastases of occult liver carcinoma 6 months after the transplantation. FNAB seems helpful in detecting early acute rejection and also excluding such an event in the liver graft.     

Myocardial changes in cardiac transplant-associated coronary arteriosclerosis: potential for timely diagnosis.

Graft arteriosclerosis is the major limitation to long-term survival after heart transplantation. In this study, myocardial pathologic changes, especially those that might permit early diagnosis, were characterized in endomyocardial biopsy specimens and hearts obtained at retransplantation or autopsy from nine orthotopic heart transplant recipients. All had severe diffuse proliferative arterial stenoses without plaque rupture or coronary thrombi. Eight patients died with and one underwent retransplantation because of graft arteriosclerosis less than 12 months (six patients) or greater than 46 months (three patients) after operation. Six patients had antecedent symptoms of congestive heart failure and six had angiographically demonstrated epicardial coronary artery graft arteriosclerosis; four had both. Myocardial ischemic lesions included subendocardial myocyte vacuolization (seven patients) and microfocal to regional coagulation necrosis and granulation tissue or scar, or both (seven patients). Subendocardial myocyte vacuolization (indicative of sublethal ischemic injury) was diagnosed at prior right ventricular biopsy in two patients and was noted at autopsy in areas accessible to right-sided biopsy in three additional patients. Three patients had pathologic changes diagnostic of acute infarction on right or left ventricular biopsy, or both. Thus, all nine patients had lesions, of which five had biopsy-identified myocardial abnormalities caused by graft arteriosclerosis. It is concluded that graft arteriosclerosis yields not only myocardial pathologic changes similar to those associated with typical coronary atherosclerosis, but also lesions resulting from focal or diffuse ischemia caused by small vessel obstructions. This is manifest as subendocardial myocyte vacuolization or microfocal infarction. Recognition of these biopsy-accessible myocardial changes associated with graft arteriosclerosis may allow early recognition and appropriate therapeutic intervention.     

Spectrum and diagnosis of myocardial rejection

Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy has become the mainstay for the diagnosis of acute cardiac rejection. The intelligent inerpretation of endomyocardial biopsy specimens requires knowledge of the artifacts inherent to the procedure as well as specific rejection and nonrejection pathology. Myocardial contraction bands, artifactual tissue spreading, and prior biopsy site changes should not be misinterpreted as evidence of myocyte damage, interstitial edema, or rejection, respectively. The Billingham criteria for acute cardiac rejection (mild, moderate, and severe) are still the most widely utilized, although other schemes for rejection have also shown clinical usefulness. Additionally, there is increasing evidence that some patients may develop a vascular or humoral rejection that may be more difficult to diagnose by endomyocardial biopsy without utilization of special techniques--for example, immunofluorescence. Nonrejection pathology frequently seen post-transplantation includes ischemia or catecholamine effect, interstitial fibrosis, myocardial calcification, cyclosporine-associated endocardial infiltrates (Quilty effect), myocyte hypertrophy, and infections (CMV, toxoplasmosis). Coronary artery disease continues to be the most significant threat to long-term survival. The spectrum of pathologic changes in the vessels range from mild intimal thickening to severe concentric intimal fibrosis involving extramural, as well as intramural, coronaries to lesions virtually identical to native atherosclerosis. Patients with diffuse narrowing involving large and small intramyocardial vessels appear to be at greater risk for myocardial infarction, death, or retransplantation than patients with other types of coronary pathology. Although important, these large vessel changes are rarely identified by endomyocardial biopsy.