Breast-conserving surgery for breast cancer: Patterns of care in a geographic region and estimation of potential applicability

Background: It has been postulated that one of the rewards of breast cancer screening is the increased likelihood of receiving breast-conserving surgery. The recent wide application of screening mammography has led to an acceleration in the otherwise gradual shift toward smaller, earlier-stage breast cancer that has been occurring since the turn of the century. Methods: We examined data from patients with pathologically diagnosed breast cancers from all general hospitals in the state of Vermont for use of breast-conserving surgery by era (1975–1984 [n=1,652] versus 1989–1990 [n=683]), method of cancer detection, age, clinical tumor-node-metastases (cTNM) stage, pathologic size, and node status. Results: Cancers detected by mammography were 2% in 1975–1984 and 36% in 1989–1990. Invasive breast cancers <2 cm maximum pathologic diameter were 34% in 1975–1984 and 50% in 1989–1990 (p<0.001). Statewide, the use of breast-conserving surgery for invasive cancer increased from 8.6% in 1975–1984 to 42.9% in 1989–1990 (p<0.001). In 1989–1990 at the single university hospital, 73% of the patients were treated with breast-conserving surgery versus 22% at the community hospitals (range 0–39%, p<0.001). Differential referral patterns related to stage and age did not appear to explain the variation, because the percentages of cTNM stage I and II patients at the university hospital were similar to those of the community hospitals. Using the university hospital as the standard, we estimated that at least 67% of all patients in the state were eligible for breast-conserving surgery in the years 1975–1984 and 73% in the years 1975–1984, a 6% increase. Conclusions: Most of the variation in breast-conserving surgery was related to factors other than patient age and stage of disease. Variation was probably related more to local community factors and physician attitudes. At least two-thirds of the women in the state were eligible for breast-conserving surgery even before the wide use of mammography screening. This article's contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute.     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术52例分析

目的评估早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效。方法2000年3月～2005年9月，我院对52例Ⅰ期及部分Ⅱ期（肿瘤≤3cm，单发病灶）乳腺癌行局部广泛切除术，全腋窝淋巴结清扫术联合术后放疗，并辅以化疗（CMF或CEF方案）、内分泌治疗（口服三苯氧胺）。结果术后病理提示个切缘无癌细胞浸润。美容效果优良率达86．5％（45／52）。50例随访10～36个月（中位时间16个月），未见局部复发与远处转移。结论选择部分Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌病例行保乳手术治疗，乳房外形及临床疗效满意，而且可以提高生活质量。     

乳腺癌门诊误切后保乳手术的选择

目的探讨乳腺癌在门诊作为良性肿瘤诊误切后保乳手术的可行性。方法对我院2003年1月～2006年1月乳腺癌门诊误切后施行保乳手术的14例病人进行总结分析。肿瘤直径在1～2cm,平均1.5cm。术前腋窝淋巴结均无扪及,术中哨兵淋巴结冰冻检查有3例转移。结果14例中施行保乳手术11例,术后均无发生并发症,平均7天出院,随访3～34个月无肿瘤复发。结论门诊误切后的乳腺癌多为早期患者,故保乳手术是其较佳的治疗选择。     

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目的 探讨乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的原则及近期疗效。方法 82例各期乳腺癌病例施保乳手术（局部乳腺切除 腋淋巴结清扫术）、术中或术后瘤床插植近距放疗 化疗。手术后2-4周再接受全乳腺外照射剂量为50Gy。激素受体阳性的病人均接受三苯氧胺治疗,随访时间中位数为42个月。结果 82例全部存活,无一例出现局部复发。1例出现骨转移。双乳对称。外形美观,其中1例为双侧乳癌,两侧病理类型不同,均做保乳手术。结论 早期乳腺癌病人接受保乳综合治疗可以取得满意的临床效果。可成为早期乳腺癌的首选治疗方法。     

经乳晕保乳手术联合常规腋窝淋巴结清扫治疗乳腺癌

目的探讨经乳晕或乳腔镜辅助保乳手术联合常规腋窝淋巴结清扫治疗乳腺癌的效果. 方法 2001年8月～2003年11月,对19例直径<2 cm、距离乳头>2 cm的乳腺癌经乳晕或乳腔镜辅助行保乳手术,腋窝脂肪溶解抽吸后常规开放性腋窝淋巴结清扫. 结果 1例术中冰冻病理报告一侧切缘镜下癌残留,经扩大切除后转阴.术后2例乳房创面皮下积液,抽洗加压包扎消失.保留的乳房形态良好,伤口小而隐蔽,所有患者对手术效果满意.术后随访2～19个月,平均10.6月,未见乳腺和腋窝肿瘤复发. 结论经乳晕或乳腔镜辅助下,借助乳腔镜器械可以方便地完成乳腺癌保乳手术,联合常规腋窝淋巴结清扫,手术效果肯定.     

影响乳腺癌保乳手术切缘阳性多因素分析

目的探讨乳腺癌保乳手术切缘阳性与多因素的关系。方法2003年7月至2004年12月对112例原发性乳腺癌行保乳手术。0期9例，Ⅰ期51例，Ⅱ期50例，Ⅲ期2例，采用单因素和多因素分析切缘阳性与临床病理因素的关系。结果单因素分析，手术术式、乳腺X线片微钙化范围、组织学分级及EIC是影响切缘阳性与否的重要因素（P〈0、05）。多因素分析，影响切缘阳性的因素依次为：手术术式；组织学分级；广泛导管内癌成分（EIC），微钙化范围。结论乳腺癌保乳手术前，常规高质量乳房X线（如全数字化钼铑双靶）检查和切缘距病灶≥1cm对防止切缘阳性有重要意义。环行连续切取切缘及近肿瘤缘至少两张切片病理检查能有效预防切缘的假阴性。     

基层医院乳腺癌保乳手术的体会

目的探讨基层医院乳腺癌保乳手术的可行性。方法自2003年10月至2005年10月对早期乳腺癌共施行了15例保乳手术,肿瘤直径在2～3cm,手术切除肿瘤范围约2cm的正常组织以确保切缘阴性,清扫是达到腋淋巴结Ⅰ水平。结果术中冰冻病理报告所有标本各切缘无癌残留,腋淋巴结均无转移。所有病例乳房形态保持良好,患者满意。无术后切口感染、积血、积液和皮肤坏死。术后随访1～48个月,未见局部复发和远处转移。结论只要严格掌握手术指征,在基层医院施行保乳手术是可行的。     

Transaxillary retromammary route approach of video-assisted breast surgery enables the inner-side breast cancer to be resected for breast conserving surgery

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic surgery for inner-side breast cancer usually is performed by periareolar approach, but leaves deformation or malposition, and sensory disturbance. We devised an approach of retromammary route without subcutaneous removal, from an axillary skin incision, to treat distant cancers and also to preserve sensation to skin touch. METHODS: We have performed video-assisted breast surgery on 230 patients. The transaxillary retromammary-route approach was performed on 20 patients with early breast cancer. From a 2.5-cm axillary incision, we dissected the major pectoral muscle fascia to detach retromammary tissue. We cut the proximal side of the gland vertically, and dissected the skin flap over the tumor by the tunnel method. Then we cut each side of the gland vertically and removed it through the axillary port. RESULTS: All surgical margins were negative. The surgical time was 45 minutes longer than the conventional video-assisted breast surgery. The postoperative esthetic results were good. CONCLUSIONS: The transaxillary retromammary-route approach leaves no injury on whole breast, and can become a single standard method for breast-conserving surgery wherever a cancer is situated.     

Application of Ultimate Oncoplastic Surgery in Breast-Conserving Surgery

ObjectiveTo investigate the application of oncoplastic surgery in breast-conserving surgery.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 103 breast cancer patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University. All the patients were female whose tumor volume-to-breast volume ratio was greater than 20%. Fifty-two patients were treated with oncoplastic breast-conversing surgery (observation group), and 51 patients were treated with traditional breast-conserving surgery (control group). The volume of resected tissue, subjective satisfaction with breast shape, objective score of breast shape, and follow-up were compared between the two groups.ResultsIn the observation group, the weight of resected breast tissue was 64.2–172.1 g, with a median of 98.7 g. In the control group, the weight of resected breast tissue was 67.5–175.7 g, with a median of 102.3 g. After 12 months of follow-up, the subjective satisfaction rate and objective score of breast shape in the observation group were significantly better than those in the traditional breast-conserving surgery group (P < 0.05). There was no recurrence, metastasis, or death in the two groups. There was no significant difference in postoperative complications between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionOncoplastic breast-conserving surgery leads to better cosmetic results and a more satisfactory clinical results.     

腋下隐蔽小切口早期乳腺癌保乳手术

目的探讨经腋下隐蔽小切口早期乳腺癌保乳手术的可行性及效果. 方法全麻下经腋下入路,通过小切口,必要时辅助乳腔镜,结合腋窝脂肪溶解抽吸技术,完成保乳手术21例. 结果术中冰冻病理报告所有标本各切缘无癌残留.3例腋窝淋巴结有转移(1/13、2/24和3/19).平均手术时间81.6 min.1例出现皮下积液,经抽液加压包扎后,术后13天消失.所有病例乳房形态保持良好,患者满意.术后随访3～15个月,平均9个月,未见复发和远处转移迹象. 结论经腋下入路隐蔽小切口早期乳腺癌保乳手术可行,效果良好,病人生活质量提高.     

110例乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的临床观察

目的探讨乳腺癌保乳手术的临床疗效。方法对我院2002年1月-2008年12月收治的110例乳腺癌保乳手术患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果110例患者术后均恢复良好,随访半年～6年,无一例死亡,无一例局部复发,出现肝及肺转移2例,保乳手术后患者美容效果满意率为83．6％。结论掌握乳腺癌患者保乳的手术指征结合术后的综合治疗,可降低乳腺癌保乳术后局部复发,并取得满意的美容效果。     

保乳手术治疗高龄乳腺癌患者的临床分析

目的:探讨保乳手术治疗早期高龄乳腺癌患者的临床效果。方法:筛选114例早期高龄(≥60岁)乳腺癌患者,随机分为乳腺癌局部扩大泛切除术组,即保乳手术组(57例)和传统乳腺癌根治术组(57例),分析比较两组的围手术期观察指标和临床疗效。结果:保乳手术围手术期的出血量和总引流量少,引流管拔除时间短,与传统手术组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);保乳手术组美容效果优良率为94.74%,远高于传统手术组(3.51%);保乳手术组与传统手术组在局部复发率、远处转移率和生存率等方面无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:保乳手术联合术后辅助治疗,对老年乳腺癌患者机体损伤小、恢复快,可满足患者的美学要求,因此,保乳手术联合术后辅助治疗的方案可在早期老年乳腺癌患者中推广。     

Oncoplastic surgery and cancer relapses: Cosmetic and oncological results in 489 patients

During the past 20 years, breast conservation has become the preferred treatment modality for breast carcinoma, and in recent times there is an increased expectation from breast cancer patients to retain their “normal breast appearance”. For large tumor-to-breast ratio excision, the subspecialty of oncoplastic surgery is born, helping to achieve a good oncologic and esthetic result. In our study we have considered 767 patients undergone a mastectomy or quadrantectomy, and especially 489 undergone quadrantectomy. We have used our protocol for breast reshaping and analyzed our data in terms of oncologic safety and esthetic results. Considering the lesions, they were placed like this: 214 (44%) in the SEQ, 58 lesions (12%) in the SIQ, 54 lesions (11%) in the IEQ, 24 lesions (5%) in the IIQ, 45 lesions (9%) respectively in the CQ and between the SQ, 39 lesions (8%) between the EQ, 5 lesions (1%) respectively between the internal quadrants and between the inferior quadrants. We have chosen simple breast reshapings in case of operations on the superior quadrants, while, in case of operations on the inferior quadrants, we have chosen complex techniques, like reshapings according to a “key hole” reductive mammaplasty, which requires also a contralateral reshaping. We have done simple and monolateral reshapings respectively in 372 (76%) and 296 (60.5%) cases. We have had early complications in 98 (20%) cases: 12 infections (2.4%), 10 hematomas (2%), 11 seromas (2.2%), 65 liponecrosis. As late complications, we have found scar retractions and minus areas in 20 cases (4.08%), while we have found asymmetries and bigger deformities in 34 cases (6.95%). We have not found any cancer relapse after one year of follow up, while we have had 3 cases of relapse (0.6%) after 5 years of follow up, respectively after 5, 4 and 2 years. This result has to be attributed to our preoperatory project of surgery derived from many factors, among which stands out the MRI done in all the cases. We think that an immediate breast reshaping following quadrantectomy is the best esthetic and psychologic option for breast cancer patients.     

乳腺癌保乳手术治疗148例分析

目的研究乳腺癌保乳治疗方法的选择,探讨保乳手术适应证及疗效. 方法回顾分析1996年1月～2003年10月我院接受保乳治疗的148例乳腺癌临床资料.0期5例,Ⅰ期85例,Ⅱ期55例,Ⅲ期3例.手术方式为象限切除或肿块局部广泛切除联合腋窝淋巴结清扫.术后常规行辅助放疗、化疗和内分泌治疗. 结果手术标本石蜡病理检查各切缘均无癌浸润.经过54个月中位随访期(范围2～84个月),局部复发率为2.7%(4/148),其中乳腺3例,腋窝1例;远处转移率3.4%(5/148),手术至远处转移间期6～43个月,转移部位分别为肺、肝、脑膜和骨,其中3例死亡.对保乳综合治疗结束后满1年的108例患者进行乳房外形的评估,优32.4%(35/108),良49.1%(53/108),差18.5%(20/108). 结论对早期乳腺癌及部分经新辅助化疗降期后的局部进展期乳腺癌进行保乳手术治疗效果满意.规范化的切除和术后放疗、全身综合治疗是保乳治疗成功的关键.保乳手术后大部分患者乳房外形良好.     

肿瘤大小对保留乳房手术后美容效果的影响

目的探讨肿瘤大小对保乳术后美容效果的影响。方法对1999年9月至2005年9月，肿瘤大小明确的170例保乳患者美容效果进行评价。结果术后患者美容效果满意率为84％（143／170）。当肿瘤直径大小〉3cm时，美容效果满意率为45．5％：肿瘤直径大小≤3cm时，满意率为86．8％。二者具有明显的统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论肿瘤大小是影响术后美容效果的重要因素。     

早期乳腺癌手术的乳房轮廓保留策略

乳房轮廓保留(BCP)是指通过保乳手术(BCS),乳房切除即刻乳房重建(IBR)的外科策略,保留乳腺癌患者术后乳房的轮廓。随着乳腺外科技术的发展,乳腺癌患者的术后外形和生活质量获得了明显改善,最近的研究报道中,将BCP作为一项新的指标来衡量或评价乳腺癌治疗效果。在早期乳腺癌手术中,需要根据术前对乳腺癌患者全身情况和乳房肿瘤的全面评估以及乳房的形态特点,制定个体化的手术策略,合理提高乳腺癌术后的BCP率,改善患者的术后外形效果。结合我国女性乳房的形态特点,不仅可以通过BCS和IBR保留乳房轮廓,在部分乳腺癌患者中,保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术也可作为保留乳房轮廓的术式选择,从而减少乳房缺失给患者带来的身心影响。     

早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术68例疗效分析

目的探讨早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析汕头市中心医院肿瘤外科2000年6月至2008年6月共628例0～Ⅱ期乳腺癌手术患者的临床病理资料和随访结果。其中保乳手术68例,全乳切除术560例。中位随访时间65个月。结果保乳手术患者占同期乳腺癌手术患者的5．7％（68／1198）,占0～Ⅱ期乳腺癌手术患者的10．8％（68／628）。保乳组5年无复发生存率97．1％。有2例出现局部复发,年龄分别为30岁和34岁,分别发生于术后44个月和49个月。保乳组与全乳切除组的5年生存率分别为100％和95．2％（P=0．210）。结论早期乳腺癌保乳手术临床效果良好;由于局部复发率较高,35岁以下乳腺癌选择保乳手术应谨慎。     

新辅助化疗联合乳腔镜保乳手术64例临床分析

目的探讨新辅助化疗联合乳腔镜保乳手术近期疗效及美容效果.方法64例乳腺癌接受CEFi方案化疗2～4周期后行乳腔镜保乳术.结果CEFi方案新辅助化疗CR 5例,PR 52例,SD 5例客观有效率92.0%(57/62),病理学完全缓解率6.5%(4/62),保乳手术后对乳腺形态满意率98.4%(63/64).随访2～30个月,平均18个月,未发现局部复发.结论早期乳腺癌新辅助化疗,肿物降低分期,便于保乳治疗.乳腔镜保乳并发症少,乳腺形态变化小,美观效果好.     

基于Bevilacqua模型的乳腺癌保乳术患者术后淋巴水肿风险预测的临床研究

目的验证Bevilacqua乳腺癌术后淋巴水肿风险预测模型的临床适用性及可行性。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2015年12月203例乳腺癌患者临床资料,临床数据分析使用统计学软件SPSS 24.0。Cox回归模型分析乳腺癌患者术后发生上肢淋巴水肿的危险因素,以P<0.05为有统计学意义;绘制ROC曲线,以曲线下面积检验模型预测效果;应用Hosmere-Lemeshow检验评估预测值与实际值的校准程度,以P>0.05为预测模型校准能力较好,预测与实际没有区别。结果所有患者随访共计62~86个月,中位随访时间70个月。术后5年内共发生上肢淋巴水肿患者45例(22.2%)。Cox回归模型分析结果显示,高身体质量指数(BMI)、接受过新辅助化疗、全腋窝淋巴结清扫、接受过放疗是上肢淋巴水肿的独立危险因素。Becilacqua上肢淋巴水肿风险预测模型ROC曲线分析结果显示,模型AUC值为0.711,95%CI(0.651~0.760),有较好的的预测效果。Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果显示,风险预测模型预测风险与实际无明显差异(P=0.262),校准能力较好,与实际差别不大。结论Bevilacqua术后6个月淋巴水肿风险预测模型的准确性及适用性较高,可用于临床对乳腺癌保乳术后淋巴水肿的预测,可为预防淋巴水肿的发生制定干预决策提供参考。