辐照干果果脯类食品卫生标准的研究

①目的探讨辐照保藏干果果脯类食品的卫生标准。②方法干果果脯类食品经６０Ｃｏ－γ射线照射，吸收剂量为０．４～１．０ｋＧｙ，室温保藏１～２年，观察保藏效果、营养成分变化。③结果辐照后的干果果脯类食品的保藏期延长，营养成分无明显变化并保持了原食品的品质。④结论０．４～１．０ｋＧｙ６０Ｃｏ－γ射线辐照对干果果脯类食品有明显杀虫作用。     

动物喂养辐照食品的安全性评价

本试验是在多种食品的基础上,加大照射剂量(吸收剂量为0.1～8.0 kGy)和提高辐照食品在膳食中比例(千重80％以上)的条件下,进行了150d的大白鼠喂养试验。通过对饲料的营养成分分析及其利用,对动物的生长发育、血液学、致突变性及病理学等项指标的检测,结果证明是安全的。本试验结果为今后辐照食品商业化提供了安全的证据。     

测定血浆皮质醇含量评价辐照食品的安全性

食品经~(60)Co-γ射线照射后,可以延长其保存期限,这对减少食品损失,丰富市场供应具有重要意义。本试验通过血浆皮质醇含量测定来评价辐照食品对机体的肾上腺皮质功能有无影响,作为安全性评价的一部分。 对象与方法 1.动物实验 选用重约50 g左右的Wistar大鼠187只,分四组:甲组(56只)全部用辐照食品饲养;乙组(54只)仅蔬菜为辐照食品;丙组(60只)用未辐照食品饲养,食谱同上,作对照组;丁组(17只)饲     

中草药保健饮料和化妆品辐照灭菌剂量研究

选择“还尔金”及“颜如玉”两种样品，根据产品的实际污染菌谱，研究保证达到产品卫生标准所采用的最低辐照灭菌剂量分别为2kGy，7．68kGy，均小于国际公认的食品辐照剂量的限值。     

血卟啉光辐照对小鼠肿瘤微循环的影响

近年来,血卟啉(HPD)光辐照诊治肿瘤受到人们的重视,对 HPD 加光辐照作用机理的研究多侧重它对肿瘤细胞直接损伤,而血卟啉光辐照对肿瘤微循环的作用研究不多。我们采用活体微循环观察方法,观察了HPD 加光辐照对小鼠耳廓肿瘤微循环的影响。材料和方法一、动物及药品:上海种小白鼠,体重20～25g,雌雄均用。血卟啉为棕色水针剂,     

中草药保健饮料和化妆品辐照灭菌剂量研究

选择“还尔金”及“颜如玉”两种样品，根据 实际污染菌谱，研究保证达到产品卫生所采用的最低辐照灭菌剂量分别为２Ｇｙ，７．６８ｋＧｙ，均小于国际公认的食品辐照剂量的限值。     

~(60)Co辐照灭菌伤复膜最佳辐照剂量选择实验

我们在~(60)Co辐照灭菌伤复膜的辐照剂量选择实验方面,分析总结了~(60)Co用于中成药灭菌的报道,参考世界食物法规委员会关于“10KGY以下辐照食品是安全的”规定,并根据该药物的特点,实验中设计了六级辐照剂量。即:20万、40万、60万、80万、100万、120万rad。并对该药物的三批样品进行辐照前后、外观性状、含量、菌数的比较,实验结果表明,以60万rad辐照灭菌伤复膜最为合适。     

辐照干果果脯类食品卫生标准的研究

目的 探讨辐照保藏干果果脯类食品的卫生标准：方法 干果果脯类食＾６０ｃｏ－γ射线照射，吸收剂量为０．４－１．０ｋＧｙ室温保藏１－２年，观察保藏效成分变化。结果 辐照后的干果果脯类食品的保藏期和延长，营养成分无明显变化并保持了原食品的品质。结论０４．－１．０ｋＧｙ＾６０Ｃｏ－γ射线辐照对干果果脯类食品有明显杀虫作用。     

辐照食品卫生学安全评价研究

辐照是食品保藏继热藏、冷冻,醃腊、脱水等传统保藏方法之后的又一新进展。由于它杀菌效果好、操作简便、成本低廉、节约能源,可有效地延长保藏时间,能显著减少食品的烂耗损失。由卫生部食品卫生监督检验所等29个单位组成的协作组,进行了辐照食品占饲料80％,辐照香肠占饲料35％的两项动物试验,共用大鼠400只,试验期为150天,观     

Tmprss6基因对小鼠放射性肠损伤的影响

目的 ·观察Tmprss6基因对小鼠放射性肠损伤的影响.方法 ·将7～8周龄雄性野生型(WT)小鼠和Tmprss6基因敲除(Tmprss6?/?)小鼠各自随机分成未辐照组以及辐照后6 h、24 h、3.5 d和7 d组.其中,辐照组采用11.5 Gy X射线全腹部照射,建立放射肠损伤模型.通过TUNEL染色观察辐照后6...     

SAFETY EVALUATION OF 35 KINDS OF IRRADIATED HUMAN FOODS

Results of double.blind observations on volunte- ers eating 35 kinds of iuadiated foods as their main diet for 90 days are reported. They included 70 medicarl students and 8 staff members of Shanghai Medical University and were randomly divided into two groups. One group was supplied with irradiated food, the other served as controls, taking the same diet of nonirradiated foods. The 35 kinds of irradiated foods consisted of grain, meat products, vegetables, fruit, dried fruit, etc. The absorption dose of irradiation of the processed foods varied from 0.1 t0 8.0 kGy. The irradiated foods accounted for 60.3% of the total intake by weight. All subjects were satisfied with their diets and no adverse effects on health were noted. Clinical and laboratory examinations included routine blood and urine tests, blood biochemical examinations, hepatic and renal function tests, endocrinologicak assays, cdllular immunity tests and mutagenic studies including the incidences of polyploid cells, chromoso- mal structural aberration, rates of sister chromatid exchanges, micronuclei test and urine Ames test. The results of this investigation showed that these foods are safe for human consumption.     

1104名中老年健康查体分析

目的：探讨中老年群体健康状况，旨在指导性预防和治疗。方法：对1104名中老年人全部进行内科、外科、神经科、眼、耳鼻喉科，妇科等物理检查，详细询问病史。辅助检查包括：X光拍片，钡餐透视，心电图，B超，TCD，肝功，血脂，血糖，CEA，血、尿、便常规等检查。结果：共查出疾病63种，累计3528人次，其中980人患有疾病，占88．8％，平均每人患3种以上疾病，最多者8种疾病并存。完全健康，无任何器质性病变者124人，占11．2％。结论：对中老年进行健康查体十分必要，将为中老年人生活质量提供保障，在提高老年整体健康水平方面起到事半功倍的效果。     

杂粮食品胰岛素指数的评估

目的对具有代表性的山西粗杂粮食品进行胰岛素指数（Insulin index,II）测定。方法 40名空腹健康志愿者分别试食含碳水化合物50g的葡萄糖粉、炒小米、煎饼等15种粗杂粮食品,于2h内不同时点分别测其胰岛素水平。结果以葡萄糖II值为100,食用粗杂粮食品后胰岛素峰值（30min）及胰岛素应答曲线下面积比显著低于葡萄糖粉（P〈0.05）。结论不同来源的碳水化合物食品有不同胰岛素应答,粗杂粮食品具有吸收缓慢而持久的特点,可维持餐后血糖稳态,降低餐后胰岛素分泌,提高机体对胰岛素的敏感性。     

辐照保藏花生仁及卫生标准的研究

本文研究了辐照花生仁的保藏效果。经~(60)Coγ射线0.2kGy照射,即可达到保藏目的;0.2、0.1kGy的辐照花生仁,在不同的保藏期,其蛋白质、脂肪及17种主要氨基酸与对照组花生仁均无明显差别。90天动物喂养及致畸、致突变试验证明,对实验动物均无不良影响,人体食用试验表明,体重、血液指标、生化指标及致突变指标等均属正常,无不良反应,对辐照前后的花生仁,作了砷、汞、六六六、滴滴涕、黄曲霉毒素及放射性物质测定,并参照原粮、食用植物油等卫生指标,制定了《辐照花生仁卫生标准》。     

Safety evaluation of irradiated foods in China: a condensed report

Eight trials, with 439 human volunteers who consumed irradiated foods including rice, potatoes, mushrooms, peanuts, and Chinese sausages, as well as diets composed of multiple irradiated foods (irradiated at dosages of 0.2 to 8 kGy) that accounted for 60-66% of the entire diet, were carried out for 2-3 months according to a unified protocol. No adverse effects on body weight, blood pressure, ECG, hematology, blood enzyme activities, serum lipids or blood or urine 17-hydroxycortisol contents and no chromosomal aberration of peripheral blood lymphocytes were found. It is especially worthwhile to note that there was no change in the polyploidy after consumption of irradiated diets. On the basis of these results and a comprehensive analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of irradiated foods, temporary hygienic standards for irradiated rice, potatoes, onions, garlic, Chinese sausages, peanuts, and mushrooms were promulgated by the Chinese Ministry of Public Health.     

Postprandial glucose control in Type 2 diabetic patients visiting two different primary care clinics in Trinidad, West Indies

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in postprandial glucose levels between Type 2 diabetic patients visiting two different primary care clinics after ingestion of three carbohydrate test foods. Thirty-eight Type 2 diabetic patients visiting the Chaguanas and Arima Lifestyle Disease Clinics and 27 healthy non-diabetic subjects were studied on three different occasions, seven days apart, after an overnight fast. On each day of the study, anthropometric indices were measured and after collecting fasting blood samples, subjects randomly consumed three pre-selected carbohydrate test foods: bread, roti or rice within 10 minutes and water taken as wished. Subsequently, seven millimetres of venous blood samples were collected at 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes for insulin, glucose and lipid determinations. Age, body weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences did not differ between the healthy subjects and diabetic patients or between patients of the two clinics (p > 0.05). The mean fasting and 2.5-hour postprandial glucose values for the patients visiting the Chaguanas clinic were higher, after consuming at least one test food, than those of patients visiting the Arima clinic (p < 0.05). The mean HbA1c, and 2.5-hour glucose levels for the diabetic patients visiting either of the two clinics exceeded the internationally recommended cut-off values; this is worst in patients visiting the Chaguanas clinic. It is suggested that primary care physicians should start by targeting glycaemic control based on international standards while a more aggressive diabetes dietary education should be reinforced at the clinics, especially Chaguanas.     

Duration of appearance of Vi antigen and Salmonella typhi in blood and urine of infected models.

Salmonella typhi (S typhi) infected models were established to evaluate the latex agglutination test (LAT) and staphylococcal coagglutination test (SCT) for the detection of S typhi Vi antigen in blood and urine. Antigens in serum or urine were detected within 7 days after infection with positive cultures, and decreased in 2 weeks. LAT and SCT were positive in 7 mice with no bacteria isolation from blood and urine but their spleen aspirates yielded S typhi. Both tests are rapid and sensitive and may be used for the diagnosis of typhoid infection, especially in partially treated patients when their blood cultures are negative.

     

The potential of schistosomal skin test as a diagnostic method in the detection of schistosomiasis

One hundred and sixty seven volunteer medical students were exposed to intradermal skin tests for schistosomiasis. 35(21%) were positive. On further screening using routine stool and urine examinations, only 11(6.6%) were found to have eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. We conclude that although a useful procedure, schistosomal skin test should not be used alone for the diagnosis of schistosoma infections but should be complimented with the routine stool and urine examinations.     

Reproducibility and Validity of a Chinese Food Frequency Questionnaire

ObjectiveThis study was design to develop a semi-quantitative Chinese Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and to conduct a validation study for the questionnaire.MethodsBased on the survey experience in recent years, a new Chinese food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 149 items in 17 food categories was developed. A validation study on this new FFQ was conducted in Jiangsu and Beijing of China between 1999 and 2001. The period of study covered 1 year and the FFQ was validated by comparing with data obtained by a six repeated 24-hour recalls for 3 consecutive days, or a totally 18-day 24-hour recall throughout the year. A total of 271 healthy adult subjects were enrolled in the study.Food and nutrient intakes measured by the 18-day dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) were computed in the National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, China CDC using the existing nutrition database. The average daily intake of foods and nutrients over the 18-day recall was used to compare with FFQ1 and FFQ2, which was conducted at the beginning and the end of the year, respectively. All statistical analyses were carried out using SAS software version 6.12.ResultsThe reproducibility of FFQ in this study was evaluated at three levels between FFQ1 and FFQ2, i.e. comparison of the mean intake of foods and nutrients; correlation analysis of their intake; and cross-classification and agreement on their corresponding intake. The results showed a high degree of reproducibility for both foods and nutrients. Except for wheat flour and fishes, there were no significant differences in the mean intake of all other foods including rice, other cereals, fresh vegetables, salted vegetables, fresh fruits, nuts, pork, poultry, egg, milk, vegetable oil, soy sauce, salt, and liquor; and this is also true for all nutrients except thiamin. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.43 to 0.90 for foods and 0.23 to 0.73 for nutrients.Relative validity was tested by comparing the results of food consumption and nutrient intake from both FFQ1 and FFQ2 with those from the average of the 18-day 24-hour recall. The relative validity of FFQ1 was performed in the absence of the possible bias due to a learning effect in FFQ2. This was closer to the real situation where subjects were deprived of any previous experience in quantifying their diet. However, the relative validation of FFQ2 covered the same period as the 24-hour recall.By comparing the mean intake of foods and nutrients between FFQ1 and FFQ2 and the 24-hour recall significant differences were revealed in most foods and nutrients.The crude correlation coefficients between FFQ1 and means of the 24-hour recall ranged from 0.12 to 0.87 for foods and from 0.33 to 0.63 for nutrients. The crude correlation coefficients between FFQ2 and the 24-hour recall ranged from 0.33 to 0.85 for foods and from 0.22 to 0.84 for nutrients. The strongest correlations were found for staple food (rice and wheat flour), pork, poultry and fishes, milk, and liquor. The weakest correlations were found for foods which are not consumed regularly such as potatoes, nuts, legume, and products; and also for fresh vegetables. Adjustment for energy and for attenuation improved correlation for nutrients. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.27 to 0.86 for FFQ1 and the 24-hour recall and ranged from 0.39 to 0.99 for FFQ2 and the 24-hour recall.DiscussionReproducibility: In conducting a reproducibility evaluation, it is unrealistic to administer the questionnaire at a very short interval, such as in a few days or weeks. When a longer interval of time is used, true changes in dietary intake, as well as variation in response, may lead to reduced reproducibility. This study used one year as an interval between the two interviews which was the most desirable one used in other studies. The reproducibility of FFQ in this study was evaluated in three aspects between FFQ1 and FFQ2, i.e. comparison of the mean intake of foods and nutrients; correlation analysis of their intake; and cross-classification and agreement on their intake A high degree of reproducibility was shown for both food consumption and nutrient intake.Validity: Relative validity was tested by comparing the results of food consumption and nutrient intake from both FFQ1 and FFQ2 with those from the average of the 18-day 24-hour recall. The correlation of FFQ2 with the average of the 18 day 24-hour recalls was generally stronger than that of FFQ1. The relative validity of FFQ1 was performed in the absence of the possible bias due to a learning effect in FFQ2. This was closer to the real situation where subjects were deprived of any previous experience in quantifying their diet. However, the relative validation of FFQ2 covered the same period as the 24-hour recall.Among the available and feasible comparison methods of validating a FFQ, diet records are likely to have the least correlation with FFQ which are due to the restrictions imposed by a fixed list of foods, memory, perception of portion size, and interpretation of questions. These sources of error are minimally shared by diet records because diet records are open-ended, do not depend on memory (foods are recorded on a meal-by-meal basis), and allow direct assessment of portion size. The primary alternative for the use of diet records as a standard of evaluating FFQ is the collection of multiple 24-hour recalls. The results of an evaluation of relative validation depend on several factors which include choice of reference method, the degree of homogeneity of intake values within the population, recall period, and the number of the days recorded. The standard method in our study was a six repeated 24-hour recall for three consecutive days, or a totally 18-day 24-hour recall, over one-year period. Our study subjects were a group of adult residents with a fairly fixed lifestyle. These may partly contribute to stronger correlations obtained in our study.A trend that FFQ overestimates the mean intake for most of the food groups and nutrients included in the study has been observed. There have been few studies to reveal information on over- or under-estimates of both food consumption and nutrient intake by FFQ and the 24-hour recall. The overestimates of both food and nutrient intake in our study may possibly be explained by the fact that the 24-hour recall estimates of food and nutrient intake are derived directly from reports of actual diet of 18 days and that in FFQ the intake comes from summaries or averages of foods consumed during the year and the 18 day 24-hour recall may be not long enough to estimate individual one year diet intake since diet variation exists cross the season and day to day. The results of high degree of reproducibility strongly support the assumption that FFQ could reflect the one year dietary information of the individual.Despite some overestimation of both foods and nutrients by FFQs, agreement on cross-classification is comparable to what other studies have shown, and classification in the same quartile in our study shows a mean of over 45% agreement, while classification in the same and next quartile reveals an mean agreement over 75%.Application: FFQ developed by this study has been applied in several other studies including the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002.ConclusionIn this study, the reproducibility and validity of FFQ were all satisfactory. The results have shown that FFQ can be used to classify study subjects according to their food consumption or nutrient intake over a one-year period. These findings have also confirmed that FFQ is an appropriate instrument to measure the usual food consumption and nutrient intake, as well as to assess the dietary patterns of adult Chinese. It could be used in studies with different purposes, especially in studying the relationship between diet, nutrition and chronic diseases.