长期吸烟者隐原性大咯血的血管内栓塞治疗

目的 探讨血管内栓塞治疗长期吸烟者隐原性大咯血的临床价值.方法 对21例有长期吸烟史的隐原性大咯血者行经导管动脉栓塞术(TAE).术中行系统的主动脉和锁骨下动脉造影,对支气管动脉(BA)和非支气管性体动脉进行评估,并对发现的病理性体动脉进行血管造影和栓塞术.分析血管造影表现,随访观察TAE的临床效果和术后胸部CT表现.结果 21例患者的病理性体动脉均为BA,共35支,均有末梢不同程度的增生,累及右肺24支,累及上叶25支.BA主干增粗24支,正常11支.所有BA均成功完成血管内栓塞术.所有患者术后均获得即刻止血,在随访时间内除1例有偶发痰中带血外其余均未再复发咯血.随访的胸部CT示除原有肺气肿表现外,肺内均未见其他异常.结论 长期吸烟可致大咯血,责任血管为BA,血管内栓塞的效果显著.     

肺结核与支气管扩张症咯血的支气管动脉栓塞治疗

目的 探讨肺结核和支气管扩张症咯血的支气管动脉差异与栓塞方法。方法 临床治疗肺结核咯血25例,支气管扩张症咯血15例,行选择性支气管动脉造影并对病变血管用明胶海绵行栓塞术,32例加用弹簧圈。结果 40例咯血,共对63支有出血征象的动脉行BAE,即时止血率92．5％（37／40）。肺结核咯血以体-肺血管分流多见,支气管扩张症以血管增粗、扭曲多见。结论 肺结核咯血BAE宜注重小血管栓塞,支气管扩张症咯血BAE宜以主干栓塞为主。     

高流量对比剂注射速率下CTA对支气管动脉源性咯血栓塞治疗的价值

目的评价高流量对比剂注射流速下320排CT血管成像(CTA)对支气管动脉栓塞(BAE)治疗咯血的术前指导价值。方法纳入95例咯血患者,通过分析支气管动脉开口位置和起源,以及血管形态学等特征来评估行栓塞治疗的可行性,并根据CTA提供的相关血管解剖路径图,行选择性血管造影,一旦证实为异常即行栓塞治疗,评估BAE术后临床成功率及技术成功率。结果在95例咯血患者中,320排CTA检测到297根支气管动脉,其中右侧155根,左侧142根,根据CTA提供的支气管动脉解剖学信息,228根支气管动脉成功进行了选择性支气管动脉造影,支气管动脉CTA与数字减影血管造影(DSA)表现为高度一致性,其中90例患者中的132根支气管动脉经DSA证实为责任血管,5例患者中因5根异常的支气管动脉未能成功插管,故未进行BAE,其余异常血管均成功栓塞。4例患者BAE术后仍有少量咯血。临床成功率为95.6%(86/90),技术成功率为96.2%(127/132)。结论高流量对比剂注射速率下,320排CTA可以清晰的显示咯血的支气管动脉的解剖学信息,可为介入治疗提供重要的参考信息,从而获得较高的成功率。     

支气管动脉栓塞治疗支气管扩张大咯血的技术探讨

目的:探讨支气管动脉栓塞(BAE)治疗支气管扩张大咯血的疗效。方法:31例支气管扩张大咯血患者,选择性支气管动脉造影明确咯血病灶后,对靶血管用明胶海绵颗粒及小条进行栓塞治疗,其中11例同时加用弹簧钢圈行多重栓塞治疗。所有病例门诊随访。结果:31例患者BAE术后30例咯血完全停止,即时止血率96.77%(30/31)。3例在栓塞术后1周内复发大咯血,1例再次行BAE治疗后咯血停止,2例改行手术治疗,近期复发率9.68%(3/31)。中、远期复发少量咯血2例,复发率为6.45%(2/31),总有效率93.55%(29/31)。结论:支气管动脉栓塞术治疗支气管扩张大咯血是一种安全、高效、简便、损伤小的治疗方法,采用多重栓塞可有效降低复发率。     

儿童咯血介入栓塞治疗后复发8例

【摘要】 目的 分析儿童咯血经导管支气管动脉栓塞术（BAE）后复发的原因,为预防复发提供支持。方法 回顾性分析2014年6月至2018年6月46例咯血患儿经BAE治疗后复发的8例临床资料,通过支气管动脉再次造影综合分析复发原因。结果 BAE术后8例咯血复发患儿再次造影发现,复发咯血由原责任血管再通所致2例,异常供血支气管动脉遗漏栓塞所致2例,病灶新生侧支循环供血动脉建立所致3例,血管变异超选失败所致1例。二次BAE治疗后随访6个月至3年。7例患儿未再出现咯血症状,1例再次出现咯血,给予外科右肺下叶切除后治愈。结论 BAE可有效治疗咯血,完全栓塞是关键。但术中造影应仔细,避免遗漏,再通和新发动脉也值得注意,是咯血复发原因之一。     

支气管动脉造影导管在咯血治疗中的应用

目的 探讨分析支气管动脉造影导管在支气管动脉栓塞术(BAE)治疗咯血中的应用.方法 收集2013年1月至2016年5月接受BAE术治疗的97例咯血患者临床资料.根据影像所示开口及走行方向将责任动脉分为开口向上、开口水平走行向上、开口水平走行向下、开口向下等4种类型,选择合适的造影导管(MIK导管、胃左动脉导管、Cobra导管、Simmon-1导管、Simmon-2导管)超选至责任动脉作造影,分析导管选用对所有患者的治疗效果.结果 97例患者中责任血管180支,开口向上42支、开口水平走行向上54支、开口水平走行向下46支、开口向下38支.MIK导管、胃左动脉导管、Cobra导管、Simmon导管超选成功率分别为83.3％(35/42支)、92.6％(50/54支)、87.0％ (40/46支)、89.5％(34/38支,Simmon-1导管30支,Simmon-2导管4支).BAE术后所有患者责任血管闭塞,停止咯血,术后6个月复发率为7.2％(7/97).结论 BAE术治疗咯血安全有效,关键是根据责任动脉开口及走行方向正确选择造影导管.     

大咯血的栓塞治疗

目的 观察选择性支气管动脉栓塞(bronchial artery embolization,BAE)加肺动脉栓塞(pulmonery artery embolism,PAE)对大量咯血的治疗效果.方法 对48例大量咯血病例进行了栓塞治疗,其中43例行选择性支气管动脉造影和使用白芨微球BAE治疗,3例在选择性支气管动脉造影和BAE的基础上同时进行了选择性肺动脉造影和PAE治疗,2例进行了肺动脉栓塞.结果 48例均显示不同形式的异常动脉造影表现,栓塞术后48例即刻止血.随访6个月3例复发,但咯血量减少.结论 大咯血在BAE无效的情况下,应同时进行肺动脉造影和PAE治疗.     

老年肺结核并发肺曲霉病大咯血介入栓塞治疗

目的 回顾性分析支气管动脉栓塞术(BAE)治疗老年肺结核并发肺曲霉病大咯血患者的效果.方法 对15例确诊的老年肺结核并发肺曲霉病大咯血患者作支气管动脉及相关动脉造影,了解参与病变动脉类型和支数,并对责任动脉进行栓塞治疗.结果 15例患者中找到出血动脉39支,其中支气管动脉21支(53.85％),肋间动脉10支(25.64％),胸廓内动脉6支(15.38％),膈下动脉2支(5.13％),全部予以栓塞.13例(86.67％)患者即刻栓塞成功止血,1例术后24 h内再次大咯血经二次栓塞后止血,1例术后间歇少量咯血经内科对症处理后咯血停止,无严重并发症发生.结论 对于内科治疗无效又无外科手术条件的肺结核并发肺曲霉病大咯血患者,BAE术是一种有效的抢救性止血方法.     

非支气管性体动脉引起咯血的发病情况及介入栓塞疗效分析

目的 观察非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)引起咯血的发生率、与原发疾病的关系及行经导管动脉栓塞术(TAE)栓塞责任NBSA治疗咯血的效果.方法 对139例接受TAE治疗的咯血患者行系统的主动脉和锁骨下动脉造影.患者原发病为:肺结核66例(2例有胸廓改良术史、1例有肺叶切除术史、1例合并室间隔缺损),单纯性支气管扩张41例(其中1例有肺叶切除术史、1例有动脉导管未闭结扎术史),支气管肺癌15例,隐原性咯血7例,尘肺3例,支气管结石3例,支气管囊肿1例,脓胸1例,肺癌术后1例,慢性肺栓塞1例.对发现的责任NBSA行栓塞术,观察NBSA引起咯血的发生概率、责任NBSA分布情况及与原发病的关系.随访观察临床疗效和并发症.随访时间6个月至5年.结果 139例中73例(52.5%)咯血与出现病理性NBSA有关.共计181支责任NBSA,包括肋问后动脉88支、胸廓内动脉27支、膈下动脉21支、食管固动脉20支、胸外侧动脉9支、肩胛下动脉7支、肋颈干5支、甲状颈干4支.肺结核患者咯血的责任NSBA以肋间后动脉(75支)和锁骨下、腋动脉的分支(44支)为主,单纯性支气管扩张者以食管固有动脉(16支)和膈下动脉(17支)为主.本组患者TAE后,即刻止血 69例,包括1次以上支气管动脉栓塞术后支气管动脉(BA)已闭塞无效和复发的19例、BA正常的初治者4例.本组中除1例行锁骨下动脉造影术后出现同侧小脑梗死和1例行BA和胸廓内动脉栓寨术后发生呼吸衰竭外无其他严重并发症.获6个月以卜的随访60例.术后间断性痰中带血16例;11例复发,10例再次TAE后停止咯血8例、间断性痰中带血2例,1例外科肺叶切除后咯血停止;其余未再咯血,但1例术后8个月死于肿瘤进展,1例术后2周死于原呼吸衰竭加莺.结论 相邻病灶的刺激和肺血流灌注不良或缺失的心血管疾病可致相应的NBSA参与肺内供血并成为咯血的责任血管,系统的血管造影和完整的TAE可提高咯血的治疗效果.     

支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血

目的：探讨支气管动脉栓塞(BAE)治疗大咯血的临床应用价值。方法：57例大咯血患者支气管动脉插管造影明确病变血管后，经导管缓慢注入明胶海绵颗粒栓塞出血血管，18例患者使用微导管超选择性BAE治疗。结果：出血完全停止44例，出血量减少9例，无效4例，有效率92．9％。结论：支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血是一种安全、有效、操作简便、损伤小的治疗方法。     

Bronchial Artery Embolization for Hemoptysis Due to Benign Diseases: Immediate and Long-Term Results

Purpose: To clarify the immediate effect and long-term results of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) for hemoptysis due to benign diseases and the factors influencing the outcomes. Methods: One hundred and one patients (aged 34–89 years) received bronchial artery embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles and gelatin sponge for massive or continuing moderate hemoptysis caused by benign pulmonary diseases and resistant to medical treatment. Results: After BAE, bleeding stopped in 94 patients (94%). The immediate effect was unfavorable in cases where feeder vessels were overlooked or the embolization of the intercostal arteries was insufficient. Long-term cumulative hemoptysis nonrecurrence rates after the initial embolization were 77.7% for 1 year and 62.5% for 5 years. In bronchitis (n = 9) and active tuberculosis (n = 4) groups, an excellent (100%) 5-year cumulative nonrecurrence rate was obtained. The rate was lower in groups with pneumonia/abscess/pyothorax (n = 8) or with pulmonary aspergillosis (n = 9) (53.3%, 1-year cumulative nonrecurrence). There were higher incidences of early recurrence among patients with massive hemorrhage or more marked vascularity and systemic artery–pulmonary artery shunt in angiography: however, these trends were not statistically significant Conclusions: BAE can yield long-term benefit in patients with hemoptysis due to benign diseases. Technical problems in the procedure had an impact on the short-term effect. The degree of hemorrhage or the severity of angiographical findings were not significant factors affecting the outcome. The most significant factor affecting long-term results was whether the inflammation caused by the underlying disease was medically well controlled.     

咯血患者支气管动脉栓塞治疗后复发原因分析

目的:探讨咯血患者支气管动脉栓塞(BAE)术后咯血复发的原因及预防措施.方法:632例咯血患者接受支气管动脉栓塞术,进行分阶段疗效追踪,全部病例随访12～14个月,复发病例通过再次手术,确定咯血的复发原因.结果:632例中有114例咯血复发,复发的原因主要有病变血管漏栓(3例)、肺循环供血(2例)、病变血管再通(32例)、侧支循环形成(55例)和原发病进展(54例).采用合理的栓塞技术和栓塞物质组合联合栓塞,寻找所有可能对病变区域供血的血管(支气管动脉、肋间动脉、胸廓内动脉、食管固有动脉、膈动脉等)并予以栓塞,并积极的治疗原发病是预防咯血复发的主要措施.结论:充分认识患者支气管动脉栓塞术后咯血原因对降低复发率有重要的意义.     

Cryptogenic Hemoptysis: Effectiveness of Bronchial Artery Embolization Using N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate

Purpose

To describe angiographic findings and assess safety and effectiveness of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) in patients with cryptogenic hemoptysis (CH).

Bronchial artery embolization in adults with cystic fibrosis: impact on the clinical course and survival

PURPOSE: Although bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is effective in the acute control of recurrent or major hemoptysis in adults with cystic fibrosis, outcomes after embolization are not well known. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate respiratory function, survival, and hemoptysis-free survival in adult patients with cystic fibrosis treated for hemoptysis with BAE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 297 patients with cystic fibrosis hospitalized from 1990 to 2004, 30 patients (mean age, 26.7+/-9.2 years) presented with major or persistent hemoptysis that required 42 BAE sessions. These patients were compared with a control group of 27 patients without hemoptysis requiring embolization who were matched for age, sex, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). RESULTS: Hemoptysis stopped within 24 hours after BAE in 96.6% of patients (n=29), and there were no major complications. The change in the slope of FEV1 after the BAE or matching date was significantly worse in the embolization group (P=.0007). At last follow-up, nine and one patients, respectively, had undergone lung transplantation in the BAE and control groups (P=.002). The 5-year survival rates without lung transplantation were 31% and 84%, respectively, in the BAE and control groups (hazard ratio, 5.95; P=.002). Sixty-two percent of patients were free of hemoptysis 5 years after BAE. The number of collateral arteries was the only factor associated with the risk of death or recurrent hemoptysis (P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the effectiveness of embolization in controlling recurrent or major hemoptysis, adults with cystic fibrosis who have undergone BAE for hemoptysis are at much higher risk of respiratory function aggravation, death, and the need for lung transplantation than those who have not undergone BAE for hemoptysis. They are more likely to die or to undergo lung transplantation than to present with recurrent major hemoptysis.     

肺结核大咯血多次栓塞治疗的远期疗效及安全性观察

目的 评价支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血的疗效、并发症及安全性. 资料与方法 回顾分析64例肺结核伴大咯血患者支气管动脉重复多次栓塞治疗资料,方法为用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞后10～15 min重复造影检查,再次循环栓塞前面的支气管动脉,直至血管完全闭塞后方结束治疗,并用同样的方法处理非支气管动脉来源的吻合支;另取15例肺结核伴大咯血患者行支气管动脉单次栓塞治疗15例作为对比组. 结果 单次栓塞组与多次栓塞组即刻止血有效率均为100%;多次栓塞治疗组近期总有效率95.3%,远期有效率60.9%,复发率39.1%;单次栓塞治疗组近期总有效率80%,远期有效率27%,复发率73%.两组之间近期有效率差异无统计学意义(P ＞0.05),远期有效率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).所有患者无严重并发症. 结论 明胶海绵支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血安全、有效、远期疗效明显;反复多次对同一支出血动脉进行栓塞效果好于仅行一次栓塞;首次栓塞15 min后应再次少量栓塞以加强效果.     

Bronchial and nonbronchial systemic artery embolization for life-threatening hemoptysis: a comprehensive review.

Massive hemoptysis is one of the most dreaded of all respiratory emergencies and can have a variety of underlying causes. In 90% of cases, the source of massive hemoptysis is the bronchial circulation. Diagnostic studies for massive hemoptysis include radiography, bronchoscopy, and computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Bronchoscopy and chest radiography have been considered the primary methods for the diagnosis and localization of hemoptysis. Many researchers currently suggest that CT should be performed prior to bronchoscopy in all cases of massive hemoptysis. Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is a safe and effective nonsurgical treatment for patients with massive hemoptysis. However, nonbronchial systemic arteries can be a significant source of massive hemoptysis and a cause of recurrence after successful BAE. Knowledge of the bronchial artery anatomy, together with an understanding of the pathophysiologic features of massive hemoptysis, are essential for planning and performing BAE in affected patients. In addition, interventional radiologists should be familiar with the techniques, results, and possible complications of BAE and with the characteristics of the various embolic agents used in the procedure.     

支气管动脉栓塞术治疗咯血的疗效分析

目的 评价支气管动脉栓塞术治疗咯血的临床疗效.方法 对45例咯血患者用明胶海绵颗粒、聚乙烯醇(PVA)微球栓塞剂行支气管动脉栓塞术.结果 45例患者均成功行支气管动脉栓塞术,41例咯血完全控制,4例复发,复发率8.9%,5例患者术后出现胸痛和低热不适,无需特别处理,可自行缓解,未出现穿刺部位血肿和截瘫等并发症.结论 支气管动脉栓塞术是治疗咯血的一种快速、安全、有效的方法.     

甲状颈干栓塞术在外周血管介入中的临床意义

目的观察甲状颈干参与肿瘤及咯血供血的表现,评价栓塞甲状颈干的安全性和疗效。 方法2年间用介入技术治疗外周疾病（肿瘤及咯血）术中经血管造影证实甲状颈干参与病变咯血供血13例,其中纵隔肿瘤2例、肺部咯血性疾病11例,包括：肺部恶性肿瘤3例、支气管扩张6例、肺结核2例。年龄25～69岁,平均年龄44.5岁。对参与供血的甲状颈干进行了超选择性栓塞术,栓塞剂用聚乙烯醇微球（PVA,500～700μm）、明胶海绵颗粒和微型钢丝圈。观察甲状颈干参与病变供血的特点,评价栓塞甲状颈干的安全性和临床意义。 结果选择性造影均显示甲状颈干管径增粗、分支增多紊乱和不同程度的新生血管形成,伴有肿瘤血管和肿瘤染色者5例次、咯血患者中由甲状颈干供血区对比剂外溢4例次、非特异性片状对比剂染色4例。本组患者均行供血甲状颈干的栓塞术,同时栓塞胸廓内动脉9例、肋间动脉8例、膈下动脉3例、支气管动脉7例,术后咯血停止;随访2个月～2年,11例未再咯血。纵隔肿瘤患者介入治疗后行外科切除,术中出血仅100 ml。 结论甲状颈干可参与纵隔肿瘤及咯血的供血,如发现甲状颈干参与纵隔肿瘤及咯血供血,补充栓塞甲状颈干安全有效。