肝癌射频消融治疗后并发症的影像学表现及治疗

射频热消融（radiofrequency ablation,RFA）治疗肝细胞癌在临床上使用日趋广泛,但RFA治疗后仍会出现一些并发症,主要包括局部感染（脓肿形成）和局部出血,以及胆管损伤、接地板烧伤和胸部及小肠的并发症。射频治疗的并发症不能忽视,合理控制RFA治疗的适应证及早期发现并发症,并早期处理是必要的。避免并发症的发生有三个主要策略,首要策略是不给可能发生并发症的患者做该治疗;第二种策略是早期发现RFA治疗后的并发症;最后一种策略是对并发症的合理的处治。     

MRI对经皮肝穿射频消融治疗肝癌的疗效评价

目的 评价MRI对经皮超声引导射频消融治疗肝癌术近期疗效的价值。方法 对80例经皮起声引导射频消融治疗肝癌术中的48例患进行了MRI随访观察。结果 经皮超声引导射频消融治疗肝癌术后病灶随着时间的改变而其MRI表现各有不同。病灶早期(1个月内)T1WI中央区呈高信号或稍高信号，周围呈环行循信号，PDWI和T2WI病灶中央区呈低信号，周围则呈环行高信号。静脉注射Gd—DTPA后中央区无强化，而边缘则呈环行强化。半年后随访病灶则T1WI、PDWI、T2WI则均呈低信号，且无强化。结论 MRI对局部组织损伤后是否存在出血。含铁血黄素的改变，以及判定局部是否存在水肿有着重要的作用。外周环行异常信号区的大小是判断毁损灶大小的最合适标志。其大小与疗效明显相关。     

异丙酚辅助射频消融治疗肝癌的临床研究

目的：探讨应用异丙酚作镇静麻醉辅助经皮肝穿刺射频消融（PRFA）治疗肝脏肿瘤的可行性，评价其效果和安全性。方法：将27例行PRFA治疗的肝癌病人辅以异丙酚静脉麻醉，记录患者体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压、氧饱和度、治疗时间及不良反应等。以25例未用异丙酚的PRFA患者作为对照组。结果：本组治疗中与治疗前比较，体温升高，脉搏及呼吸频率在治疗5min时最快（P〈0．01），其余时段虽有增快但无统计学意义；收缩压与舒张压在治疗5min时升高，其余时段降低，无统计学意义；血氧饱和度在静注异丙酚5、25min时呈下降趋势（P〈0．01）。异丙酚组患者的疼痛、大汗及恶心／呕吐显著低于对照组（P〈0．01-〈0．05），未发生明显不良反应。结论：应用异丙酚麻醉辅助PRFA，可明显减轻病人的痛苦，提高PRFA治疗的依从性和彻底性。     

肝癌射频消融术后的影像学评估

射频消融已公认为治疗肝癌的有效方法。近年来,随着影像学的发展,肝癌射频消融术后的影像学表现在其疗效评估中起着关键作用。正确认识肝癌射频消融术后各种不同影像学表现的意义,并利用多种成像技术对其进行监测,对及时并准确发现残留或复发病灶,做出有效而合理的诊治,提高病人生存率尤为重要。就肝癌射频消融术后影像学的疗效评估进行综述。     

肝癌射频消融术后的影像学评估

射频消融已公认为治疗肝癌的有效方法.近年来,随着影像学的发展,肝癌射频消融术后的影像学表现在其疗效评估中起着关键作用.正确认识肝癌射频消融术后各种不同影像学表现的意义,并利用多种成像技术对其进行监测,对及时并准确发现残留或复发病灶,做出有效而合理的诊治,提高病人生存率尤为重要.就肝癌射频消融术后影像学的疗效评估进行综述.     

经皮射频消融治疗肝癌

经皮射频消融治疗肝癌是当今最新的介入导向治疗方法之一，具有微创、安全、并发症少、近期疗效确定等特点，广泛用于治疗各种原发性及继发性肝癌。本文就该技术的适应证和禁忌证、术前准备、技术概况、实验与临床研究、随访观察、并发症及展望做一综述。     

射频消融治疗肝细胞肝癌

肝细胞肝癌(hepatoeellular carcinoma,HCC)是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,由于HCC恶性程度高、发展迅速,加上患者多有肝硬化基础、肝功能储备差,HCC有多发和肝内播散倾向,病灶邻近大血管、胆管等因素,仅5％～15％的患者可以接受根治性切除术。因此动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)、热疗、冷冻治疗、经皮无水酒精注射(percutaneous ethanol iniection,PEI)等非手术疗法在HCC治疗中占据重要地位。作为热疗的一种,射频消融(radiofrequency abhtion,RFA)近年来发展迅速,并在临床上取得较好疗效,现综述如下。     

膈顶部原发性肝癌的射频消融

目的 探讨膈顶部原发性肝癌射频消融(RFA)的治疗转归.方法 2006年2月至2008年3月,共有251例原发性肝癌患者接受了超声引导下的经皮RFA,其中42例56个肿瘤位于膈顶部,定义为A组.另有209例368个肿瘤位于非膈顶部,定义为B组.结果 初次RFA后,A、B两组的完全消融率、局部复发率及并发症发生率分别为85.7%比86.6%;9.5%比11.5%和7.1%比4.7%.差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).将B组按肿瘤具体部位进一步分为肝实质内、包膜下、空腔脏器旁以及肝门部肿瘤,再与A组比较,显示上述5个不同部位肿瘤完全消融率两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).膈顶部和非膈顶部直径<3 cm,3～5 cm和>5 cm肿瘤的完全消融率分别为90.2%,76.9%,50%和96.6%.78.1%.69.2%,两组同等直径范围肿瘤的完全消融率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).A、B两组1年无复发生存率分别为62.3%和59.2%,总生存率分别为90.O%和92.O%.2年无复发生存率分别为56.6%和52.4%,总生存率分别为82.7%和84.2%.A、B两组1、2年无复发生存率和总体生存率之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 尽管膈顶部肿瘤位置的特殊性影响着RFA后疾病转归,但与其他部位肿瘤相比,膈顶部肿瘤在治疗效果、治疗风险、局部复发以及生存预后方面均不逊色,膈顶部肿瘤并非RFA的禁忌证.     

MRI对经皮肝穿射频消融治疗肝癌的疗效评价

目的 评价MRI对经皮超声引导射频消融治疗肝癌术近期疗效的价值。方法 对80例经皮超声引导射频消融治疗肝癌术中的48例患者进行了MRI随访观察。结果 经皮超声引导射频消融治疗肝癌术后病灶随着时间的改变而其MRI表现各有不同。病灶早期(1个月内)T1WI中央区呈高信号或稍高信号,周围呈环行低信号,PDWI和T2WI病灶中央区呈低信号,周围则呈环行高信号。静脉注射Gd-DTPA后中央区无强化,而边缘则呈环行强化。半年后随访病灶则T1WI、PDWI、T2WI则均呈低信号,且无强化。结论 MRI对局部组织损伤后是否存在出血,含铁血黄素的改变,以及判定局部是否存在水肿有着重要的作用。外周环行异常信号区的大小是判断毁损灶大小的最合适标志。其大小与疗效明显相关。     

右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼在肝癌射频消融术中的应用

 

目的 评价在肝癌射频消融术(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)中使用右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼后的镇静和镇痛效果。方法 选择美国麻醉师协会分级标准为Ⅱ~Ⅲ级择期行RFA的肝癌患者60例,随机分为右美托咪定+瑞芬太尼组(Dex组)和丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼组(对照组),每组30例。分别记录两组局麻浸润前15 min(T₀)、局麻浸润时(T₁)、手术开始时(T₂)、射频温度达峰值时(T₃)、术毕烧针道时(T₄)及停药后5 min(T₅)时的心率(HR)、血压(收缩压SBP、舒张压DBP)、呼吸频率(R)、血氧饱和度(SPO₂)、清醒镇静评分(OAA/S)、脑电双频指数(BIS),同时记录围术期不良反应及患者满意度。结果 Dex组在围术期的收缩压、舒张压、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度的变化趋势与对照组相比有统计学差异(F=2.496,P=0.033;F=2.658,P=0.025;F=11.900,P=0.000;F=6.378,P=0.000),心率变化趋势没有统计学差异(F=0.704,P=0.622);Dex组OAA/S评分低于对照组(F=6.978,P=0.000),Dex组BIS高于对照组(F=519.780,P=0.000);Dex组在围术期呼吸抑制、术中体动、恶心呕吐及苏醒延迟少于对照组(χ²=15.635,P=0.000、χ²=9.834,P=0.000、χ²=6.613,P=0.013);Dex组患者满意度高于对照组(χ²=7.938,P=0.000)。结论 肝癌患者在RFA中使用右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼可获得满意的镇痛镇静效果,患者可被唤醒,麻醉管理更加安全高效。

     

射频消融联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝癌的应用

以超声、CT等为主要引导方式的经皮射频消融(RFA)等局部热消融技术在肝癌治疗中发挥了重要的作用.然而,对血供丰富的较大肝癌疗效受限.经肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)可有效减少肝癌的血供,并具有创伤小,适应证广,并发症少等特点,成为肝癌患者姑息治疗及术前、术后新辅助治疗的有效手段之一.因此,富血供肝肿瘤RFA治疗前应用TACE,通过栓塞肿瘤供血动脉造成肿瘤缺血,进而减少血流带走热量,可扩大消融范围提高RFA疗效,是肝癌RFA联合治疗常用的方法.本文针对RFA联合TACE治疗肝癌的应用现状及疗效进行综述.     

射频消融技术在胆囊癌肝浸润外科手术中的应用价值

目的探讨射频消融技术在胆囊癌肝浸润外科手术过程中的应用价值。方法选择2007年9月-2009年8月入院的胆囊癌肝浸润患者34例,分为外科手术组和射频消融组。20例外科手术组患者行胆囊切除术加肝楔形切除术,其中男12例,女8例,年龄53~76岁,平均69.0岁。14例射频消融组患者行外科开腹射频消融术,其中男9例,女5例,年龄64~78岁,平均71.5岁。术后随访,观察并比较两组的生存率及并发症情况。结果外科手术组1年生存率为14/20,射频消融组1年生存为8/14,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),2年生存率有无差异还在进一步随访观察中。外科手术组术后发热19例,恶心呕吐13例,腹腔出血3例,胆道损伤3例,胆漏2例;射频消融组术后发热11例,轻度恶心呕吐8例,胆囊床周边少量积血2例,无腹腔出血、胆道损伤、胆漏发生。两组在术后发热、恶性呕吐方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但在腹腔出血、胆道损伤、胆汁漏方面有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论开腹射频消融技术可用于外科治疗胆囊癌伴肝浸润,且在降低术后并发症发生率方面优于单纯外科手术。     

磁共振导向技术在乳腺癌射频消融治疗中的应用

目的 探讨MRI引导下经皮射频消融(RFA)对乳腺癌治疗的应用价值.方法 12例经穿刺病理确诊的乳腺癌患者,临床分期Ⅳ期7例(肺转移6例,骨转移1例);Ⅲ期5例(患者因严重高血压、糖尿病或肝肾功能不全,为手术禁忌或年龄大拒绝手术).全部患者经4~6周期化疗或内分泌治疗及靶向治疗等综合治疗后乳腺残留病灶难以进一步缩小,影像学检查乳腺病灶残存,再次穿刺病理活检证实有活性肿瘤组织细胞残存,遂对乳腺残存病灶行RFA治疗.术后1、3、6、12个月临床随访,3、6、12个月影像学复查.结果 本组12例患者行18次RFA,治疗后MRI检查示肿瘤病灶均发生坏死,瘤内血供消失,无强化区;术后3、6、12个月MRI复查病灶消失,原瘤区无血供,无强化区;6个月及1年X线检查显示原乳腺病灶模糊或者消失.乳腺病灶影像学检查全部达到完全缓解(CR),有效率为100%.术后随访1年所有患者均生存.结论 磁共振介入技术对乳腺癌RFA治疗安全有效.     

Magnetic resonance guidance for radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors

Image-guided thermal ablation of liver tumors is a minimally invasive treatment option. Techniques used for thermal ablation are radiofrequency (RF) ablation, laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT), microwave (MW) ablation, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), and cryoablation. Among these techniques RF ablation attained widespread consideration. Image guidance should ensure a precise ablation therapy leading to a complete coagulation of tumor tissue without injury to critical structures. Therefore, the modality of image guidance has an important impact on the safety and efficacy of percutaneous RF ablation. The current literature regarding percutaneous RF ablation mainly describes the use of computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US) guidance. In addition, interventional MR systems offer the possibility to utilize the advantages of MR imaging such as excellent soft-tissue contrast, multiplanar and interactive capabilities, and sensitivity to thermal effects during the entire RF ablation procedure. Monitoring of thermally induced coagulation by MR imaging is supportive to control the ablation procedure. MR imaging can be advantageously used to guide overlapping ablation if necessary as well as to define the endpoint of RF ablation after complete coverage of the target tissue is verified. Furthermore, monitoring of thermal effects is essential in order to prevent unintended thermal damage from critical structures surrounding the target region. Therefore, MR-guided RF ablation offers the possibility for a safe and effective therapy option in the treatment of primary and secondary hepatic malignancies. The article summarizes the role of MR guidance for RF ablation of liver tumors.     

肺癌射频消融治疗进展

近年来射频消融技术治疗肺癌在临床上正得到日趋广泛的应用,取得了较大进展,具有操作方便,并发症轻,患者痛苦少等特点.本文对其基础研究、临床应用、并发症及其处理等方面进行综述.     

经皮射频消融治疗巨大肝癌

目的总结冷循环射频消融(RFA)治疗巨大肝癌的临床疗效和经验。方法采用CT引导下经皮穿刺冷循环RFA治疗巨大肝癌24例,每个病灶进行射频消融1～4次,其中22例患者结合1～6次TACE治疗,术后通过增强CT或MR评价疗效,所有病例随访12～37个月。结果10例病灶完全坏死,余14例病灶大部分坏死,1年生存率83%,中位生存时间20个月,13例患者现仍存活。结论CT引导下经皮穿刺冷循环RFA治疗巨大肝癌安全、有效。     

MRI-guided radiofrequency ablation of breast cancer: preliminary clinical experience

This study was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of MRI-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of breast cancer. A total of three women diagnosed with invasive ductal breast cancer were treated with percutaneous MRI-guided RFA, according to a treat and resect protocol, in our hospital. RFA procedures were performed in an open 0.5T Signa-SP imager allowing direct patient access and real-time monitoring of the procedure. In all patients ablation was performed with a 15-gauge insulated MRI-compatible multiple needle probe. MRI thermometry and contrast-enhanced postablation MRI were used to evaluate the ablation process. Patients underwent lumpectomy within a week of the RFA procedure. Histopathology confirmed successful (100%) tumor ablation in one patient, and partial tumor destruction (33% and 50%, respectively) in two patients. Challenges of MRI-guided breast RFA that need to be solved to facilitate progress of the technique toward clinical practice are discussed.     

射频消融术治疗子宫肌瘤的临床应用

目的探讨超声引导下射频消融术治疗子宫肌瘤的临床价值。方法选择72例直径<5.0 cm子宫肌瘤患者,在超声引导下经阴道进行射频消融治疗,术后6个月判定疗效。结果治疗后6个月,子宫肌瘤消融的总有效率为88.9%;治疗后月经过多、贫血、痛经等症状得到不同程度改善;卵巢性激素、垂体促性腺激素水平治疗前后无明显变化;全部病例均无严重并发症。结论射频消融术治疗子宫肌瘤可使瘤体缩小或消失,改善患者的临床症状,不影响生殖器官的生理结构和功能,方法简单、安全。     

Quantitative computed tomography analysis of local chemotherapy in liver tissue after radiofrequency ablation

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Computed tomography (CT) was used to noninvasively monitor local drug pharmacokinetics from polymer implants in rat livers before and following radiofrequency ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polymer matrixes containing carboplatin (a platinum-containing chemotherapeutic agent) were implanted into rat livers either immediately after radiofrequency ablation (n = 15) or without prior treatment (n = 15). The animals were divided into five subgroups (n = 3 per group) and subjected to a terminal CT scan at 6, 24, 48, 96, or 144 hours. Carboplatin concentration in tissue and within the implant matrix was correlated with CT intensity, and standard curves were produced for each environment. This correlation was used to evaluate the differences in drug transport properties between normal and ablated rat livers. A quantitative image analysis method was developed and used to evaluate the release rate and tissue distribution of carboplatin in normal and ablated liver tissue. The CT data were validated by previously reported atomic absorption spectroscopy measurement of implant and tissue drug levels. RESULTS: Correlation of carboplatin concentration and Hounsfield units results in a linear relationship with correlation coefficients (slopes) of 15 and 4 Hounsfield units/(mg/mL), for carboplatin in tissue and polymer, respectively. Noninvasive monitoring of local pharmacokinetics in normal and ablated tissues indicates that ablation before local carboplatin delivery increases the retention of carboplatin within the polymer matrix and drastically increases the drug retention in the ablated tissue volume (over 3-fold difference) resulting in a higher average dose to the surrounding tissue. At 1.6 mm from the implant boundary, carboplatin concentration is significantly higher in ablated tissue at 48, 96, and 144 hours (P <.05), and reaches 4.7 mg/mL in ablated tissue at 48 hours. In comparison, the concentration in normal liver at 1.6 mm reaches only 0.7 mg/mL at the same time point. The drug penetrates 3.1 mm in ablated liver compared with 2.3 mm in normal liver also at 48 hours. After 144 hours, the drug is still detected at 3.1 mm in ablated liver but not in normal liver. The differences are significant (P <.05) at both 48 and 144 hours. Correlation with chemical analysis suggests that CT data accurately predicts the drug pharmacokinetics in both ablated and normal livers. CONCLUSION: This work shows that X-ray CT imaging is a useful and promising technique for in vivo monitoring of the release kinetics of locally delivered radiopaque agents.