美军心理健康问题研究进展

自伊拉克战争和阿富汗战争以来,美军士兵出现创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、抑郁症、创伤性脑损伤(TBI)、自杀等心理健康问题的比例持续上升。2013年底,美军发布了心理健康问题的研究报告。现将美军心理健康问题研究情况简要介绍如下。1美军心理健康问题现状根据美国国防兵力数据中心提供的数据,2001年以来,美军先后向伊拉克战场和阿富汗战场派遣了135万名士兵。长期部署和作战使得越来越多的美军     

美军心理健康维护进展

美军自2001年参加阿富汗战争和2003年参加伊拉克战争以来,创伤性脑损伤、自杀、创伤后应激障碍等成为其日益关注的问题。本文围绕目前美军心理健康维护的工作重点,介绍了其在心理健康维护方面的科研和工作进展。     

精神病患者自杀相关因素分析及护理对策

目的:探讨精神病患者自杀的原因和方式,制订防范措施,确保住院患者的安全.方法:对48例住院精神病患者的自杀行为进行相关因素分析.结果:48例自杀行为患者中,有自杀行为患者中女性明显多于男性,而在自杀死亡者11例中,男性却明显多于女性；常见的自杀方式为自缢18例(37％)；春季自杀24例(50％).结论:采取综合护理措施,及早进行危机干预,可减少自杀行为.     

美军平时医疗保障概况与改革进展

随着近年来美军卫生经费和保障对象健康需求的日益增长,美军平时医疗保障系统不得不采取多项创新性改革措施来控制医疗成本、加强疾病预防和伤员康复,并推行新的初级保健模式,以期在提高医疗保障水平和服务质量的同时有效控制卫生经费。本文主要介绍了美军平时医疗保障体系的概况及最新改革措施与成效。     

美军平时医疗用药政策的启示

用药政策是医疗卫生体制改革的重难点问题之一,美军在充分满足军人医疗用药需求的基础上,采取多种有效措施控制药品总费用。本文介绍了美军平时用药政策,包括运用经济学手段拟定军队处方集（uniform for-mulary）、设立个人支付费用标准、提供多种药品供应保障渠道、推行通用名药品优先使用政策等,并对我军合理医疗用药政策可借鉴之处进行了分析与讨论。     

美军北约维和部队卫勤保障

随着波黑局势的变化,由25个国家组成的6万名北约波黑维和部队中美军维和人员约2万名,为加强美军维和部队的卫勤保障,美军采取了如下措施。 (1)设立卫勤保障中心:美军在波斯尼亚东北部的Tutla城设立了卫勤保障中心,该中心是由第30卫生旅,第212陆军机动外科医院     

自杀倾向的危机干预

自杀是一种有意识、自愿地结束自己生命的行为。根据自杀发生的情况和过程,一般将自杀分为自杀意念（自杀倾向）、自杀死亡（自杀完成）、自杀未遂（自杀中止）3种形式。自杀意念指有寻死的愿望,但是没有采取任何实际行动;自杀死亡则是采取了有意毁灭自我的行为,并导致了死亡：自杀未遂是指采取了有意毁灭自我的行动,但是由于主观停止自杀、他人救助及时或自杀工具的失能等未导致死亡。从有自杀意念真正发展到以自杀死亡的是少数,而自杀未遂的发生率却是自杀死亡的10～20倍。自杀意念和实施自杀行为都是严重的危机事件,如果给予及时有效的干预,都有可能终止自杀。     

10例住院精神病人出院近期自杀的启迪

1990年前的15年间,我科有10例住院精神病人在出院近期自杀,死亡7例(为同期住院病人数0.18％),3例自杀未遂。例数不多,但其自杀原因深刻启迪我们,在住院病人病情缓解过程中,应确切了解病人的病情,病人心理活动及在康复期存在的心理负担和心理矛盾,采取综合治疗措施,提高疗效,促进其心理康复,增强出院回归社会的适应力及对各种社会心理因素的承受力。现将10例出院近期自杀及采取综合治疗措施后的体会分析报告如下:     

美军卫生勤务改进措施

本文论述了美军为提高卫生勤务工作效率而正在采取的改进措施，重点是加强指战员的自救互救培训和各级医务人员（包括预备役人员）的培训。美军特别强调卫生员战地救护技能和战区外科军医野战条件下手术技能和伤员医学分类技能的培训。美军医学科研部门正在研究战区条件下伤员复苏的新方法和创伤局部注射抗生素的新方法。     

美军飞行疲劳管理规章制度

目的 综述美军飞行疲劳管理相关规章制度和措施,通过分析其经验与做法,阐述对我军飞行疲劳研究和规章制度建设启示. 资料来源与选择 美国陆、海、空三军飞行指令或条例以及国内外该领域相关文献. 资料引用 4份美国陆、海、空三军飞行指令或条例,2部专著,28篇文献. 资料综合 介绍了美国陆、海、空三军飞行指令或条例中有关飞行时限、值勤时间、休息与睡眠要求、空中疲劳对抗措施、兴奋及催眠药物使用等飞行疲劳管理措施和相关规章制度,分析了美军对飞行疲劳规章制度重要性和管理措施多样性的认识及对我军的启示,简要回顾了我军飞行疲劳相关研究工作. 结论 美军非常重视飞行疲劳管理规章制度建设,将其作为飞行条例条令的必要内容强制执行.各项管理规章制度职责明确、要求具体、操作性强.美军飞行疲劳对抗措施相关研究工作贴近实战、针对性强,为制定相关政策措施奠定了坚实基础.飞行疲劳已经成为威胁飞行安全的重要因素,我军应将飞行疲劳危险管理纳入相关规章制度.     

武警部队战士体质状况动态研究

 目的探讨武警战士在不同训练阶段体质变化情况.方法所有测试指标严格按照<中华人民共和国军用标准>中规定的测试方法和要求进行.结果武警战士的形态指标变化有较好的发展趋势;身体机能在新训后和专训后有所提高,退伍前相对下降;素质指标在专训后达到最好水平,退伍前有较大下降趋势.结论战士体质变化依赖不同阶段的训练安排,体质状况有进一步改善的空间.     

Health surveillance mechanisms used by armed forces worldwide

Health surveillance is an essential tool in monitoring health in an armed force and in helping to protect the health of service personnel. This study used a literature search and direct contacts with individual countries to identify and evaluate health surveillance mechanisms used by armed forces worldwide. The study identified several health surveillance mechanisms ranging from periodic health assessments of personnel to complex databases of medical data linked to demographic and other supporting data. Essential elements of an effective health surveillance system are outlined, including the requirement that systems are adequately supported and allow the routine monitoring of health at the population level consistently throughout an armed force and consistently during times of peace and during operations. Areas for further research and development include linking of data on hazardous exposures, jobs and the locations of personnel with medical data, and the follow-up of personnel beyond their military service.     

The treatment of snoring in the armed forces

Snoring is a common problem, which may have widespread medical and social implications. This is particularly true in the setting of the armed forces where snoring may have significant effects in terms of personal performance, social interaction and security. This paper discusses the general management of snoring in the military environment and in particular the clinical effectiveness of one surgical procedure, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. In this study, the procedure proves to be an effective surgical option in the management of snoring.     

武警某部新兵一般自我效能与心理健康的相关研究

 目的 分析武警某部新兵一般自我效能与心理健康的相关关系.方法 应用自我效能感量表(General Self-Efficacy Scale,GSES)、症状自评量表 (SCL-90),对1941名新兵进行测查.结果 男性新兵SCL-90各因子分及总分均低于2000年王家华的新兵常模、1999年王焕林的军男组常模、1986年上海协作组的地方常模(P＜0.05);自我效能与SCL-90各因子分和总分均有统计学负相关,且双尾检验(P＜0.01);高自我效能组和低自我效能组之间SCL-90各因子分和总分的差异性显著(P＜0.05),高自我效能组的SCL-90各因子分及总分的得分均低于低自我效能组.结论 通过提高自我效能有可能促进新兵心理健康.     

Medical support of peace keeping forces in the Georgian-Abkhazian armed conflict zone

Since 1994 in the settlement of Georgian-and-Abkhazian armed conflict together with wide spectrum of means of political, diplomatic and economical character the Russian peace-making forces effectively use the operation for peace support. Taking into account the number of peace-making forces, the problems the solve and conditions of activity the staff of military medical service was presented by the head of medical service of united headquarters for peace support; by the medical platoons of battalions strengthened by physician, sanitary and medical equipment, additional medical things; by the medical station with infirmary (15 permanent beds); by the reanimation mobile group; by the emergency medical service group. The quality of medical support and successful solution of peace-making problems depend first of all on the management effectiveness, quality of medical specialist selection, discipline and professional training. It allows to work out the proposals for improvement of peace-making contingent's medical support in the zone of Georgian-and-Abkhazian armed conflict.     

Prospects of perfection and development of the technical devices of medical assignment in foreign armed forces

In the article was analyzed the usage of the technical devices of medical assignment of NATO armed forces during the last military conflicts in different countries and prospects of its perfection. Among the most important programs were outlined: work on the systems of telemedicine with possibility of its usage in battle conditions, development of the independent life-support system in case of battle trauma and progressive medical mobile centers on the base of new motor carrier.     

眼创伤评分法在军人机械性眼外伤中的临床应用

目的 探讨眼创伤评分(OTS)在军人机械性眼外伤视力预后评估中的临床应用,并分析比较军事训练和非军事训练所致眼外伤预后评分的构成差别.方法 对633例(665眼,其中军事训练伤326眼,非军事训练伤339眼)军人机械性眼外伤进行OTS评分,比较本研究纳入病例的终视力比率与OTS表推算各级终视力概率的差别,分析评分与终视...     

武警基层指挥士官智力、情绪智力与工作绩效的关系

 目的 探讨武警基层指挥士官智力因素、情绪智力因素与工作绩效的关系.方法 随机抽取某总队各支队基层指挥士官428 人,采用瑞文智力测验、黄氏情绪智能量表与工作绩效问卷作为测量工具,收集量表和问卷的所有数据使用相关分析的统计方法.结果 士官的情绪智力与工作总绩效、任务绩效、关联绩效的相关系数分别为0.303,0.171和0.243;智力与工作总绩效、任务绩效、关联绩效的相关系数分别为0.167,0.130和0.123.结论 情绪智力与工作绩效显著正相关.因此,加强对士官的情绪智力能力的培养,对于提高士官工作绩效,进而提高部队的战斗力具有重要意义.     

武警战士军事训练与皮肤病患病相关性调查

 目的 探讨军事训练与武警战士皮肤病患病之间关系.方法 采用皮肤病调查表对4 363名武警战士不同年度和训练前、训练后3个月、训练后1年皮肤病患病率分别进行调查比较.结果 发现训练3个月后毛囊炎、浅部真菌病和皮炎湿疹等皮肤疾病明显高于训练前(P＜0.05);训练1年浅部真菌病、皮炎湿疹和疣患病率明显高于训练后3个月并存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).2004年度战士浅部真菌病、皮炎湿疹和疣患病率明显低于2003年度,但日光性皮炎明显高于前1年,并存在显著性差异(P＜0.05 ).菌种分布以红色毛癣菌为主.结论 军事训练与皮肤病存在一定正相关关系,采取措施后可降低其发生率.     

Research on child abuse in the U.S. armed forces

Child maltreatment in the United States has provoked considerable interest in recent years. Child abuse and neglect are prevalent in all parts of American society. Although children of military personnel experience maltreatment, little research has been completed that compares child abuse rates in the military with those for civilian populations. Studies that have assessed child abuse in the armed forces have been based on official reports recorded in military Family Advocacy central registries. Because a standardized method for recording child abuse does not exist, conclusions regarding the prevalence of abuse are often inaccurate. We explore this and other methodological constraints that make estimating child abuse accurately difficult. A review of the literature also reveals that there are many correlates of child abuse unique to the military family. Finally, we discuss both the risk and protective factors within military life that may influence the occurrence of child maltreatment.