Evaluation of three different hepatitis C virus typing methods for detection of mixed-genotype infections

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical applicability of an eligible assay for the true prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) mixed‐genotype infections. METHODS: A newly developed HCV genotyping method targeting all six major HCV genotypes and 12 subtypes, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and a serotyping assay were utilized for the detection of HCV mixed‐genotype infections using known HCV genotypes and unknown samples. RESULTS: In a defined mix of HCV genotypes, a genotype present at levels as low as 8.3% was detected by our newly developed assay, showing a threefold increase in sensitivity over that of direct deoxyribonucleic (DNA) sequencing. A comparative study of the accuracy among the three genotyping methods was carried out on samples obtained from 50 thalassemic patients who received multiple blood transfusions. The results showed that viruses in approximately 42% of the samples from this group were determined to be infected with mixed genotypes by our newly developed method. A serotyping assay and RFLP analysis, performed with poor results, could identify only 18% and 10% of mixed‐genotype infections, respectively. CONCLUSION: The newly developed assay may be the method of choice when detection of genotypes present at low levels in mixed‐genotype infections due to its higher level of sensitivity.     

Is there an association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene variants and chronic nonproductive cough?

BACKGROUND: It is unclear why some patients develop a chronic nonproductive cough. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inactivates tussive peptides in the airways such as bradykinin and tachykinins. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the ACE gene accounts for variation in ACE levels, and patients with the II genotype have lowest serum ACE levels compared with ID and DD genotypes. We hypothesized that the II genotype would be associated with increased risk of developing a chronic cough. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 47 patients (33 women), referred for evaluation of cough (median cough duration, 24 months; range, 2 to 240 months). Cough patients were evaluated using a comprehensive diagnostic protocol, and cough reflex sensitivity was measured using a capsaicin inhalation challenge. ACE genotyping was performed on DNA samples from patients using the polymerase chain reaction followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. ACE genotypes in patients with chronic cough were compared with those in 199 healthy control subjects. Serum ACE levels were determined using a colorimetric assay. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies for the ACE gene were similar between patients and control subjects. There was no correlation between capsaicin sensitivity and ACE genotypes or serum ACE levels. CONCLUSION: Susceptibility to develop chronic cough is not associated with ACE genotype.     

Angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion-deletion polymorphism is associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion-deletion (I/D) polymorphism genotypes in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), a heterogeneous chronic disease with autoimmune pathology. ACE gene I/D polymorphism influences the plasma and tissue levels of ACE and has an involvement in inflammatory mechanisms. METHODS: The incidence of ACE gene I/D polymorphism genotypes was determined in 82 children with JRA from Kuwait and compared to that in 48 ethnically matched healthy controls using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A considerably higher incidence of II genotype was observed in the JRA patients compared to controls (p < 0.003). In contrast, no statistically significant difference was detected in the incidence of DD and ID genotypes in JRA patients and controls (p = 0.276 and 0.460, respectively). The incidence of ACE gene polymorphism genotypes was also studied in clinical subclasses of JRA patients and controls. There was no significant difference in the incidence of DD and ID genotypes in either of the 3 JRA subclasses (oligoarticular, polyarticular, and systemic) when compared to controls. However, the incidence of II genotype was found to be significantly higher in all the 3 JRA subclasses compared to controls. The strongest association between II genotype and JRA subclasses was detected in systemic JRA, followed by oligoarticular and polyarticular JRA. This was also reflected in a higher prevalence of I-allele in the systemic JRA cases (13/26, 50%) compared to the D-allele (11/26, 42%). In contrast, D-allele of the ACE gene was more prevalent in oligoarticular and polyarticular JRA cases, than the I-allele (61% and 58%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a significant association of the I-allele of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism with the 3 clinical subclasses of JRA in children, and the highest association was observed in systemic JRA cases.     

血管紧张素转换酶和血管紧张素受体基因多态性与冠心病的关系

目的　探讨深圳地区冠心病 (CAD)与血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)基因与血管紧张素 的 1型受体 (AT1R)基因多态性的关系。方法　分别采用 PCR及 PCR- Afl II酶切法 ,检测 89例 CAD患者和 14 8例健康对照的 ACE和AT1R基因型。结果　 CAD组与对照组比较 ,ACE DD基因型频率 (2 4 .7%比 8.1% ,P<0 .0 1)及 D型等位基因频率 (4 4 .4 %比 33.4 % ,P<0 .0 5 )均为升高。 CAD组与对照组 AT1R基因型频率分布无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。携带 AT1R C等位基因的个体患 CAD的风险与其同时携带 ACE DD基因型无关 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　深圳地区CAD的发生和发展可能与 ACE基因 I/ D多态性有关 ,而与 AT1R基因 A116 6 C多态性无关     

冠心病与血管紧张素转换酶和内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因多态性及交互作用的临床研究

目的联合对冠心病患者血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因多态性和内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）基因G894T多态性进行分析,探讨基因多态性与冠心病的关系和交互作用及遗传学机制在冠心病发病及预后中的临床意义。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR—RFLP）分析技术检测236例冠心病患者及190例正常人ACE和eNOS两种基因多态性。同时测定血脂、血糖、体重指数（BMI）、左室射血分数（LVEF）和血压。结果冠心病组ACE基因DD型频率[36％（86／236）]显著高于对照组[19％（36／190）,P〈0．01],Ⅱ型频率[27％（64／236）]显著低于对照组[49％（93／190）,P〈0．05]。冠心病组DD型甘油三酯（TG）[（2．2±1．7）mmol／L]显著高于Ⅱ型TG[（1．6±0．8）mmol／L和ID型TG[（1．7±0．9）mmol／L,均P〈0．05],DD型高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[HDL—C（1．2±0．4）mmol／L]显著低于Ⅱ型HDL—C[（1．3±0．3）mmol／L,P〈0．05],DD型血糖[（6．2±1．7）mmol／L]和BMI[（25．7±2．8）kg／m^2]显著高于ID型[血糖：（5．6±1．3）mmol／L,BMI：（24．8±3．1）kg／m^2。,P〈0．05],DD型LVEF（56％±14％）显著低于Ⅱ型LVEF（62％±15％）和ID型LVEF（61％±14％）,均P〈0．05。收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、糖尿病组与非糖尿病组、急性冠状动脉综合征组与非急性冠状动脉综合征组、单支病变组与多支病变组在ACE和eNOS基因不同基因型之间差异均无统计学意义。冠心病组eNOS基因GT型频率[28％（67／236）]显著高于对照组[17％（32／190）,P〈0．01],GG型频率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义。TG、HDL—C、血糖、BMI和LVEF在eNOS基因不同基因型之间差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。携带DD型患冠心病的概率是携带Ⅱ型的1．74倍（P〈0．01）,携带GT型患冠心病的概率是携带GG型的1．73倍（P〈0．05）。两种基因对患冠心病的交互作用显示为如同时携带Ⅱ型和GG型,患冠心病的概率是37．9％,而同时携带DD型和GT型患冠心病的概率是77．8％。结论ACE基因多态性和eNOS基因多态性与冠心病及某些危险因素显著相关,同时携带DD型和GT型两种易患基因型时,患冠心病的概率明显增加,具有显著的遗传倾向。     

A novel hepatitis B virus genotyping system by using restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of S gene amplicons

AIM: Traditional hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotyping methods using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) can reliably identify genotypes A to F. As HBV genotypes G and H have been recently identified, this study was to establish an accurate and simple genotyping method for all eight HBV genotypes (A to H).METHODS: Two hundred and forty HBV small S sequences obtained from GeneBank were analysed for restriction enzyme sites that would be genotype-specific. Restriction patterns following digestion with restriction enzymes BsrⅠ, StyⅠ, DpnⅠ, HpaⅡ, and EaeⅠ, were determined to identify all eight HBV genotypes. Mixed genotype infections were confirmed by cloning and further RFLP analysis.RESULTS: The new genotyping method could identify HBV genotypes A to H. Genotypes B and C could be determined by a single step digestion with BsrI and StyI in parallel. This was particularly useful in the Far East where genotypes B and C are predominant. Serum samples from 187 Chinese HBV carders were analysed with this genotyping system, and the genotype distribution was 1.1% (2), 51.9% (97), 40.6% (76) and 4.8% (9) for genotypes A, B, C, and D, respectively. Mixed genotypes were found in only 3 patients (1.6%). Sequence data analysis confirmed the validity of this new method.CONCLUSION: This HBV genotyping system can identify all eight HBV genotypes. It is accurate and simple, and can be widely used for studies on HBV genotyping.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in Kuwaiti patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism genotypes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to study the correlation between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and the clinical manifestations of SLE, especially vascular involvement, lupus nephritis and disease severity. METHODS: The frequency of ACE gene I/D polymorphism genotypes was determined in 92 patients with SLE from Kuwait, and compared to that in 100 ethnically matched healthy controls using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The distribution of ACE I/D polymorphism and allele frequencies in SLE patients was not significantly different from controls. Further analyses of SLE patients showed that there was a significant association between DD genotype and Raynaud's phenomenon (p=0.008, odd ratio=5.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.6-18.6). However, there was no significant association between the ACE genotype and lupus nephritis or disease severity. CONCLUSION: No difference was found between the distribution of the ACE genotype in SLE patients and the general pop-ulation in Kuwait. However, the presence of the DD genotype may confer susceptibility to the development of vascular morbidity.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in patients with psoriatic arthritis

To investigate the frequency of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism genotypes in adults with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a heterogeneous chronic disease with autoimmune pathology. ACE gene I/D polymorphism influences the plasma and tissue levels of ACE and has an involvement in inflammatory mechanism. The frequency of ACE gene I/D polymorphism genotypes was determined in 51 adults with PsA from Kuwait, and compared to that in 100 ethnically matched healthy controls using polymerase chain reaction. The distribution of ACE I/D polymorphism and allele frequencies in PsA patients were not significantly different from controls (P > 0.05). Further analyses of PsA patients showed that ACE I/D gene polymorphism was not associated with family history, clinical manifestations, and disease severity. However, the frequency of II genotype was significantly higher in patients with late disease onset than in those with early onset (25 vs. 3%; P = 0.04). No difference was found between the distribution of the ACE genotype in PsA patients and the general population in Kuwait. However, the presence of II genotype may confer susceptibility to the development of late onset PsA.     

Analysis of the postulated interaction between the angiotensin II sub-type 1 receptor gene A1166C polymorphism and the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene on risk of myocardial infarction

A synergistic interaction between the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism within the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and an A/C transversion at nucleotide position 1166 within the angiotensin II sub-type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene on risk of myocardial infarction has been reported. The risk associated with the ACE DD genotype increased with the number of AT1R C alleles present. To investigate this further, ACE I/D and AT1R A1166C genotypes were determined in 541 cases recruited at the time of infarction and 507 population-based controls. There was no difference in either the genotype distribution or allele frequencies between cases and controls for either the ACE polymorphism (P=0.48 and 0.35 respectively) or the AT1R polymorphism (P=0.35 and 0.21 respectively). Odds ratios for risk of MI associated with the ACE DD and AT1R CC genotypes were 1.09 (95% CI, 0.82-1.45) and 1.06 (0.67-1.68) respectively. 3.1% of cases versus 3.6% of controls were homozygous for both the D and C alleles (P=0.71). There was no increase in risk associated with the DD genotype in the presence of either one or two AT1R C alleles in the whole cohorts (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.65-1.51 and 0.76, 95% CI 0.30-1.88, respectively) nor in sub-groups defined by specific risk factors. In conclusion, no evidence was found to support any interaction between the ACE gene I/D polymorphism and the ATIR gene A1166C transversion in determining the risk of myocardial infarction in the population studied.     

Rapid methods for population-scale analysis for gene polymorphisms: the ACE gene as an example.

OBJECTIVE--To obtain rapid, high throughput genotyping of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene intron 16 insertion/deletion polymorphism. METHODS--DNA was obtained from whole blood samples by a simple liquid phase methanol extraction procedure. The ACE gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two oligonucleotide primers (ACE1 and ACE3) outside the insertion sequence and one primer (ACE2) inside the sequence. Microtitre array diagonal gel electrophoresis (MADGE) was used to determine genotypes. RESULTS--84 and 65 bp PCR products indicating the presence of deletion (D) and insertion (I) alleles, respectively, were clearly resolved after electrophoresis on a 7.5% polyacrylamide gel. Up to 480 DNA samples on 5 gels could be genotyped in a single electrophoresis run, or up to 1000 samples in a working day. CONCLUSIONS--A simplified DNA extraction protocol coupled to the high throughput capability of the MADGE electrophoretic system for genotyping enables analysis of large populations for association studies of ACE genotype with cardiac disease events.     

ACE基因I/D多态性与冠状动脉支架内再狭窄相关性研究

目的研究冠状动脉内行药物洗脱支架置入术患者,术后支架内再狭窄发生情况与ACE基因I/D多态性的关系。方法所有患者行冠状动脉造影检查,PCR方法测定ACE基因型。根据血管造影结果分为再狭窄组（病变狭窄≥50%）和无再狭窄组（病变狭窄〈50%）。采用SPSS18.0软件比较再狭窄组与无再狭窄组的临床基本特征、冠脉造影资料,以及与ACE基因型的关系。结果此次研究共纳入396名行药物洗脱支架置入术的冠心病患者,支架内再狭窄发生40例,再狭窄率为10.1%。再狭窄组与无再狭窄组的临床基本资料、冠脉造影资料均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。再狭窄组的ACEDD基因型35.56%、ACEDI基因型16.39%、ACEII基因型3.85%。再狭窄组与ACE基因I/D多态性具有相关性（P〈0.001）。结论冠状动脉内行药物洗脱支架置入术患者术后支架再狭窄发生与ACEDD基因型具有显著相关性。     

ACE基因多态性与原发性高血压及胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的　探讨 ACE基因多态性与原发性高血压及胰岛素抵抗间的关系。方法　原发性高血压 16 0例 ,正常对照 15 0例 ,用聚合酶链反应法 (PCR)扩增 ACE基因第 16内含子多态性位点的序列 ,测空腹血糖、胰岛素 ,并计算胰岛素敏感指数 (ISI) ,比较高血压组、对照组间 ACE基因型的频率及等位基因频率 ,用 χ2 检验 ;比较不同 ACE基因型间的 ISI,用方差分析。结果　高血压组 DD基因型频率显著高于对照组 ,而各基因型间 ISI无差别。结论　高血压组 DD基因型频率显著高于对照组 ,ACE基因多态性与胰岛素抵抗间无关系。     

Influence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genotype on interpretation of diagnostic tests for serum ACE activity

Background: The discovery that an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene influences the circulating concentration of ACE may have implications for the proper use of serum ACE activity measurements in screening for sarcoidosis. Aim: To determine whether the sensitivity of the serum ACE test improves if ACE genotype is taken into account. Methods: A retrospective determination of ACE genotype and clinical diagnosis was done in 54 patients with serum ACE activity above the upper limit of the reference range for the insertion (II) genotype. ACE was measured by radioenzymatic and spectrophotometric techniques, and genotype by PCR. Results: When serum ACE values determined diagnostically were related to the appropriate genotype-specific reference range, sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of sarcoidosis were 65–70% and 58% respectively, compared to 47–57% and 77% with a reference range unsegregated for genotype. Conclusion: ACE genotyping may be helpful in determining the diagnostic significance of mildly elevated serum ACE activity in patients with the II and ID genotypes.     

High frequency of DD polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in Turkish asthmatic patients.

The aim of this study is to detect the incidence of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism in Turkish asthmatic patients and to examine whether there is an association between the disease and ACE gene polymorphism. In our study, the genomic DNA of 100 asthmatic patients and 88 healthy subjects was analyzed Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood by using standard methods. The intron 16 of the ACE gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using primers ACE and ACEX to examine the presence and absence of a 287-base pair (bp) DNA fragment that showed I/D polymorphism genotypes. PCR products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and were visualized by a charge-coupled device camera. Serum ACE activities were measured using an ACE kit. The results were evaluated statistically using the chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance. Although the population of patients with asthma was characterized by a higher frequency (30%) of the DD genotype of ACE, they were characterized by lower frequency (48%) of the ID genotype of ACE (DD, 16%, and ID, 64%, in healthy control subjects). The frequency of the I and D alleles of the ACE gene was not significantly different between asthmatic patients (0.46/0.54) and healthy controls (0.52/ 0.48). In addition, in both asthmatic patients and controls, there was a significant decrease of the levels of ACE activity in individuals that have II genotypes when compared with individuals that have DD genotypes. ACE activities were increased significantly in all asthmatic patients (67.20 +/- 1.95 IU/L) compared with all healthy controls (60.90 +/- 2.12 IU/L).     

血管紧张素转换酶基因插入/缺失多态性检测方法的研究

目的 采用三条引物法进行力紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因分型检测,并与Rigat法进行比较,以探讨Rigat造成DD型分型的错判率,并用此方法检测了中国汉族人群中ACE基因I／D基因型的分布频率以及插入（I）／缺失（D）多态性与高血压病（EH）间的相关性。方法 EH患（EH组）206例,用上述两种方法进行ACE基因分型;正常血压组（NT组）156例以及核心家系25个共118例,三条引物法进行ACE基因分型。结果 EH组Rigat法得出的DD型比例较三条引物法高。与三条引物法相比较,Rigat法对DD型的错判率为13．04％。用三条引物法进行基因分型的结果如下：（1）在NT组,ACE各基因型的分布频率为Ⅱ型0．51,ID型0．41,DD型0．08。等位基因频率为：I0．71,D0．29。（2）25个EH家系所有成员的基因分型结果,完全符合孟德尔遗传规律。（3）EH与NT两组间基因型和等位基因频率无显性差异。结论 三条引物法1次完成ACE基因分型,有良好的特异性、准确性和重复性。     

Do left ventricular mass, diameters and long-axis systolic function differ according to angiotensin converting enzyme genotypes?]

OBJECTIVE: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a key enzyme in angiotensin II production which causes myocardial hypertrophy and hyperplasia. In this study we aimed to investigate the relation between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and left ventricular mass (LVM), dimensions and systolic functions calculated by mitral annular motion (MAM) in young healthy male subjects. METHODS: Complete echocardiographic examination was performed in 49 male healthy subjects (mean age 22.9+/-2.1 years) consisting of 18 ACE DD, 18 ACE DI and 13 ACE II genotypes. We calculated LVM and mass index (LVMI) by M-Mode echocardiography. The systolic MAM was recorded at 4 sites (septal, lateral, anterior, and posterior) by M-mode echocardiography and the MAM-ejection fraction (EF) was calculated from above four sites. Ejection fraction was also calculated by Simpson's method. RESULTS: There was no significant difference among the three genotypes according to age, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Interventricular septum (IVS) and left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) diastolic thickness, LVM and LVMI were found significantly different among 3 ACE genotypes. Those measurements were higher in DD genotype in comparison to the DI and II genotypes. There was no significant difference among the three genotypes according to EF-MAM and EF by Simpson's method. CONCLUSION: In young healthy male subjects having ACE DD genotype, even though LVM and LVMI were within normal limits, their measurements were found to be higher than in subjects with ACE DI and II genotypes respectively. There was no difference among the three genotypes according to left ventricular systolic functions.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism increases the susceptibility to hypertension and additive diseases: A study on North Indian patients

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the key enzyme of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) which maintains the blood pressure homeostasis in our body. The association of the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism with essential hypertension has been demonstrated by many studies. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the association of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene with hypertension and additive diseases in North Indian population. In total, 222 hypertensive and 218 normotensive adults participated in this hospital-based study. Anthropometric measures, lipids profiles, blood glucose, and blood pressure (BP) measures were collected from participants. ACE I/D polymorphism was determined by using insertion-specific amplification. The mean ages of study groups were 50.35 ± 12.40 and 47.32 ± 11.94 for cases and controls, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the frequencies of DD, ID, and II genotypes among the hypertensive and normotensive groups which were found to be 29.7%, 38.7%, and 31.5% vs. 53.7%, 23.4%, and 22.9%, respectively. It has been observed that the ACE ID genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in hypertensive subjects, whereas, the DD genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in control subjects. A strong association was found between cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and ID genotype [p = 0.017, odds ratio (OR) = 3.091, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.224–7.807]. ID [p = 0.002, OR = 2.020, 95% CI = 1.281–3.185] and II [p = 0.032, OR = 1.677, 95% CI = 1.044–2.694] genotypes are more prone to diabetes with hypertension. This finding suggests that ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with hypertension and additive diseases in North Indians.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism predicts the time-course of blood pressure response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in the AASK trial

OBJECTIVE: It has yet to be determined whether genotyping at the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) locus is predictive of blood pressure response to an ACE inhibitor. METHODS: Participants from the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension trial randomized to the ACE inhibitor ramipril (n = 347) were genotyped at three polymorphisms on ACE, just downstream from the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism (Ins/Del): G12269A, C17888T, and G20037A. Time to reach target mean arterial pressure (相似文献   

Lower mortality in patients with the DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene after acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism has been associated with different serum ACE concentrations and cardiac ACE activity. We assessed whether the ACE gene I/D polymorphism influenced cardiac mortality in Japanese patients with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ACE gene I/D polymorphism was determined in 441 consecutive patients with a first myocardial infarction.There were 69 patients (16%) with the DD genotype, 194 patients (44%) with the ID genotype, and 178 patients (40%) with the II genotype. During a mean follow-up of 9.4 months, there were 49 cardiac deaths (DD, n = 4; ID, n = 26; II, n = 19).The DD genotype was significantly associated with a lower mortality than the other genotypes (p = 0.0363) by Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, site of myocardial infarction, Killip functional class, reperfusion therapy during acute phase, ACE inhibitor use, and beta-blocker use. CONCLUSIONS: In a selected cohort of Japanese patients, the DD genotype was associated with a significantly lower cardiac mortality after a first myocardial infarction.     

应用高分辨率熔解曲线法分析FTO rs9930506变异与北京居民代谢综合征的关联

目的 基于高分辨率熔解(HRM)技术,建立敏感、经济、快速、适合临床应用的FTO基因rs9930506分型方法,并评价该基因变异与北京居民代谢综合征(MS)的关系.方法 参考GenBank的序列,设计rs9930506特异性的C3-spacer封闭的非标记探针,预混LC-Green plus染料,经PCR扩增和HRM反应,扫描荧光信号并分析基因型.设立酶切法和测序法为方法学对照,评价准确度和可操作性.在北京地区MS患者(500例)和对照组(500例)中应用该方法,探讨rs9930506变异与MS的关系.结果 3种方法均能较好实现rs9930506基因分型,HRM法最为简便快速,应答率为100％,以测序法为金标准,抽样准确度为99.3％.MS组中,AA、AG、GG基因型分别有290例、185例和25例,对照组中分别为344例、138例和18例.对照组与HapMap数据库中北京汉族人各基因型分布无统计学差异(P =0.520)并满足Hardy-Weinberg平衡.AA基因型可能降低MS的发生风险( OR=0.626,95％ CI=0.483～0.812).结论 FTO基因s9930506 AA基因型的携带,可能是北京居民MS的保护因素;基于HRM技术建立的FTO基因rs9930506分型方法快速、准确、经济.