Coronary stenting for failed angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction

Intracoronary stents were implanted in 15 patients after unsuccessful PTCA in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The stented vessel was the left anterior descending (LAD) in 11 patients, the right coronary artery (RCA) in 3 patients, and a venous bypass graft to the LAD in a single patient. A total of 16 stents were implanted (15 Palmaz-Schatz, Johnson and Johnson; and 1 Wiktor, Medtronic). Follow-up: 1 patient died 10 days after stent implantation as a result of renal failure and cardiogenic shock. Subacute thrombosis occurred in 2 patients, 5 and 15 days after stent implantation; both underwent successful emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The remaining 12 patients were free from major ischemic events (death, AMI, and further revascularization) after a mean follow-up of 18.7 ± 4.1 months. We conclude that the long-term results of intracoronary stenting in AMI after failed PTCA are favourable. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Coronary artery stenting for acute closure complicating primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction

We report a case of progressive right coronary artery dissection complicating direct angioplasty for an acute inferior myocardial infarct, with successful bail-out stenting of the affected vessel.     

Coronary angioplasty in the acute phase of a myocardial infarction on a myocardial bridge

A myocardial bridge is usually asymptomatic but can cause myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction or sudden death. Two occurrences of coronary angioplasty in the acute phase of an anterior myocardial infarction on a myocardial bridge are reported. The first case was first treated only with a balloon, and then with a stent 12 h later after a relapse of angina pectoris and the recurrence of a severe compression. The second case immediately benefited from a stent. A systematic control at six months has shown the absence of restenosis in the first case and an asymptomatic occlusion of the stent in the second case. Its deocclusion has revealed a myocardial bridge downstream of the stent. Myocardial stunning might have caused a decreased systolic compression by the bridge in the first case, and an underestimation of its actual length in the second case. Its regression is held responsible for these two relapses. A long active stent installed at high pressure could be used to treat myocardial bridges during myocardial infarctions.     

Coronary angioplasty for medically refractory unstable angina within 30 days of acute myocardial infarction

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has been used with good results in selected patients with unstable angina. The population with recent (less than or equal to 30 days) infarction and unstable angina is a subject of controversy. This report reviews the results of angioplasty of 84 vessels in 66 patients with medically refractory unstable angina who had documented myocardial infarction within 30 days of the procedure. Of these 66 patients, 54 had rest angina. Of the 66 patients with angioplasties, 58 patients (88%) had successful procedures. Two patients had technically unsuccessful results in the only vessel attempted; one went to elective surgery and recovered uneventfully and the other patient was in cardiogenic shock at the time of the procedure and died 12 hours later. There were three acute occlusions of infarct-related arteries that were managed medically. There were two (3%) emergency coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures. There were two (3%) deaths during the index hospitalization. Of the 58 of 66 patients with technically successful angioplasty, all 58 had no more rest angina, and 46 had a satisfactory predischarge exercise test. All 46 were without angina at exercise. In follow-up ranging from 4 months to 36 months (14 months mean), there have been six cases of restenosis with recurrence of angina treated successfully with repeat angioplasty. There have been five late bypass surgeries. There have been three late deaths. These data, generated by a single operator in a Veterans Administration (VA) center, support the use of angioplasty in patients with unstable angina and recent myocardial infarction. The data suggest that a VA prospective randomized trial of PTCA versus CABG for post-infarction angina may be feasible.     

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction

Studies have suggested that intracoronary and intravenous thrombolysis and emergency PTCA result in decreased infarct size, improved left ventricular function, and decreased in-hospital mortality. Significant problems remain with all three treatment modalities. Thrombolysis is associated with significant bleeding, especially if acute catheterization also is performed. The intracoronary method of thrombolysis requires cardiac catheterization facilities and entails a significant delay in reperfusion. Lower rates of reperfusion initially were found with intravenous than intracoronary streptokinase, but the intravenous administration of t-PA has been associated with a reperfusion rate (75 per cent) similar to that of intracoronary streptokinase. Significant bleeding complications occur with t-PA just as with streptokinase. Furthermore, there are patients in whom thrombolysis is contraindicated because of the high risk of life-threatening hemorrhagic complications. Once thrombolysis is achieved, an underlying significant coronary artery lesion usually is present so that a significant risk of recurrent ischemia and/or reinfarction still exists. In controlled studies, the addition of cardiac catheterization and angioplasty after thrombolytic therapy is associated with a further increase in significant bleeding episodes. Also, in low-risk subgroups of patients randomized to emergency angioplasty versus elective angioplasty or noninvasive treatment after thrombolytic therapy, the complications of angioplasty may outweigh the benefits of further reduction in lesion severity. Potential problems of emergency angioplasty following thrombolytic therapy include: (1) hemorrhage into ischemic myocardium, which may have a deleterious effect on ultimate muscle recovery; (2) hemorrhage at the angioplasty site caused by thrombolytic therapy, with a resultant increased chance of occlusion of the vessel post-angioplasty, and (3) production of reperfusion arrhythmias and hypotension, predisposing to vessel reclosure and infarct extension. With primary angioplasty therapy, the reperfusion success rate is 85 to 90 per cent. This is higher than the approximately 75 per cent success rate with thrombolytic therapy alone. If angioplasty can be performed expeditiously, within 6 hours of the onset of ischemia, potential advantages of this technique include: (1) rapid reperfusion, possibly comparable to thrombolytic therapy alone; (2) higher success rate for reperfusion than thrombolytic therapy; (3) alleviation of underlying stenosis usually present after thrombolytic therapy alone; (4) avoidance of systemic thrombolysis, with a concomitant decrease in hemorrhagic risk; (5) possible avoidance of hemorrhagic infarction, which may have a deleterious effect on ultimate muscle recovery; and (6) applicability to patients in cardiogenic shock, who presently respond poorly to thrombolytic therapy alone. No large controlled randomized study exists comparing primary angioplasty with thr     

急性心肌梗死直接经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术治疗

临床上所说的急性心肌梗死(acutemyocardialinfarc tion,AMI)通常是指ST段抬高的心肌梗死(ST-seg mentelevationmyocardialinfarction,STEMI)。虽然有各种各样的药物和机械灌注治疗方法可供选择,包括溶栓和直接经皮腔内冠状动脉介入治疗(primarypercutaneouscoro naryintervent     

Coronary angioplasty in the acute phase of myocardial infarction in a low-volume center

The efficacy of coronary angioplasty in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction was assessed in a low volume centre. Between January 1994 and May 1999, 148 consecutive patients (mean age 59 years, 81% men) with acute myocardial infarction, admitted within 12 hours, were included in this retrospective analysis. On admission, 14% of patients were in cardiogenic shock. The average time between the onset of chest pain and arrival at hospital was 244 +/- 183 mins. Reperfusion (TIMI 3 flow) was obtained on average 111 +/- 60 mins after arrival at hospital and 81 mins after informing the on-call team. After angioplasty, residual stenosis < 50% was obtained in 91% of cases. TIMI 3 flow was obtained in 85% of cases (TIMI 2 + 3 in 93% of cases). Over the years, the delay before treatment decreased and the results of angioplasty improved. In the last 79 patients, residual stenosis < 50% was obtained in 95% of cases, TIMI 3 flow in 87% of cases (TIMI 2 + 3 in 97% of cases). The stenting rate increased from 16% before 1997 to 61% thereafter. The hospital mortality was 4%. Direct or salvage angioplasty in the first 12 hours of myocardial infarction in some low volume centres may be carried out safely with intervention times and success rates comparable to those reported in the literature.     

Coronary angioplasty immediately after intracoronary thrombolysis during the acute phase of myocardial infarction

Since the introduction of intracoronary thrombolysis in the acute phase of myocardial infarction, all workers have observed a high incidence of coronary reocclusion (about 20%) essentially in the first hours and days after coronary recanalisation (CR). This had led to some groups carrying out transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA) at the same time as CR by thrombolysis in situ to treat significant residual postthrombolysis stenosis. This french multicentre study carried out in 5 centres concerned 9 men (average age: 46.1 years) with 5 anterior infarcts (total thrombosis of the LAD artery) and 4 inferior infarcts (total thrombosis of the right coronary artery-RCA). Intracoronary trinitrate was ineffective in relieving the occlusion in all cases. In 5 cases, the thrombolytic protocol was streptokinase (SK) 3 000 u/min for 60 minutes; in the other 4 cases, the plasminogen-urokinase (Pg-UK) protocol was used. Thrombolysis was successful in all 9 cases. The results of TCA performed at the same time were also good (8/9 successes; 4 LAD and 4 RCA) without any complications during the procedure. There was only one immediate post-TCA reocclusion on a LAD artery. In all cases the initial ECG appearances of infarction remained, CR only appearing to prevent extension of the necrosis. The successful results of CR + TCA were maintained in 6 out of 7 patients reinvestigated 2 days to 6 months (average 6 months) after the initial procedure: the only case of reocclusion occurred after 48 hours on a RCA. The overall procedure never exceeded 2 hours.     

Emergency angioplasty in acute anterior myocardial infarction

Ninety-three patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction were treated with emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). All were found to have a high-grade obstruction in the left anterior descending (LAD) vessel or the bypass graft to this vessel; 64 patients had a total occlusion. A completely successful PTCA, defined as a residual lesion of less than or equal to 50%, was achieved in 73 (78%) patients. A partially successful PTCA, with a residual lesion of 51% to 99%, was achieved in 12 (13%) patients. PTCA was unsuccessful in eight (9%) patients. Hospital mortality was 14%. Three parameters viewed separately each predicted hospital mortality: presence of shock, a proximal location of the LAD vessel occlusion, and the residual stenosis after PTCA. Reocclusion was found in only 11% of patients but 34% had evidence of restenosis on restudy.     

Early discharge after direct angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction

Pre-existing intracoronary thrombus has been associated with an increased risk of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) failure. Whether intracoronary thrombus is an independent risk factor for failure is uncertain, as conflicting data exist in the literature. Additionally, given advances in patient selection and angioplasty ballon design, it is uncertain whether the current risk posed by intracoronary thrombus is as substantial as that in the early angioplasty experience. The primary objective of this study was to first assess whether pre-existing coronary thrombus was an independent predictor of angioplasty failure and if so, whether the risk due to thrombus had changed from the early angioplasty experience to the present time. Our prospectively collected angioplasty data base was used to identify individuals undergoing single-vessel angioplasty of a thrombus-containing segment from January 1, 1984 through December 1, 1991. Univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression techniques were utilized to analyze clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics associated with angioplasty failure. The study period was divided into three separate time periods and these used as variables in our multivariate analysis. In the study population that consisted of 2,699 patients with single-vessel angioplasty, univariate analysis demonstrated that among many factors, thrombus was importantly associated with angioplasty failure (P < 0.0001). A multivariate logistic model of angioplasty failure was developed and thrombus achieved independent predictive significance in this model. Analysis with respect to time showed no variation in the importance of thrombus between our earliest angioplasty experience and that achieved in the last 2 years of the study period. Pre-existing coronary thrombus is a risk factor for angioplasty failure which is independent of other clinical, anatomic, and procedural factors. The importance of this risk factor has not changed in our practice between 1984 and 1991.     

Emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction

Coronary angioplasty combined with thrombolytic therapy using urokinase (UK-PTCA) was attempted for acute myocardial infarction from September 1983 to December 1985, and without thrombolytic therapy (direct PTCA), thereafter. For UK-PTCA, the lesion was severely stenosed in 13, subtotally occluded in two and totally occluded in 21, and 29 lesions (81%) were successfully dilated. For direct PTCA, the lesion was stenosed in five, subtotally occluded in two and totally occluded in 14, and 19 lesions (90%) were dilated. Only one lesion in UK-PTCA had restenosis during hospitalization, but it was successfully redilated. Follow-up angiography was performed for 26 among 29 UK-PTCA cases and showed patency (diameter stenosis less than 50%) in 13, restenosis (less than 50%) in 12 and occlusion in one. Ten among 12 restenosed lesions were redilated and they were all patent at subsequent angiography. In 15 of 19 dilated lesions with direct PTCA, the lesion was patent in 10, and restenosed in five. Four of them were redilated and remained patent at subsequent angiography. Major complications occurred only in the UK-PTCA group before the judicious use of intra-aortic balloon pumping for hemodynamic instability. These included two deaths due to cardiogenic shock, one coronary dissection, and one sudden reocclusion, possibly due to thrombus formation. PTCA is applicable with or without thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction with high primary success rate and maintain coronary flow thereafter.