CT在肠梗阻诊断中的应用

肠梗阻是外科常见的急腹症。肠梗阻的部位、程度及原因 ,有无闭袢性肠梗阻及肠缺血、肠绞窄对肠梗阻的治疗有指导意义。肠梗阻通过腹部平片只有 5 0 %～ 6 0 % [1] 可以确诊 ,且常不能确定肠梗阻的部位和程度。近年来 ,文献报道CT对肠梗阻诊断的敏感性和特异性很高 ,而且能显示梗阻的部位、程度及原因 ,并能对闭袢性和绞窄性肠梗阻作出诊断 ,本文将对CT在肠梗阻诊断中的应用综述如下。1　检查方法CT检查时机最好选择在胃肠减压之前进行 ,这有利于正确判断梗阻的部位和程度。疑有肠梗阻的病人在CT扫描前 30～ 12 0min口服 2 %的含碘造影…     

16层螺旋CT后处理技术诊断食源性食管异物

目的探讨16层螺旋CT后处理技术诊断食管异物的价值。方法对52例临床怀疑食管异物者均行X线平片、食管吞钡棉检查、CT平扫,比较不同方法对异物的检出率,并与食管镜或手术结果进行比较。CT后处理技术包括多平面重建（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、容积再现（VR）等。结果经食管镜或手术证实的28例患者的食管异物为鸡骨、鸭骨、鱼刺等,形态、大小、长度及所在部位各异,均能被16层螺旋CT后处理技术清晰显示,X线平片发现5例,检出率为17.86%,食管吞钡棉检查发现8例,检出率为28.57%。结论16层螺旋CT后处理技术相对于X线平片、食管吞钡棉检查可明显提高食管异物的检出率,并可评价食管损伤程度及周围脓肿、食管气管瘘等并发症的情况及范围。     

小肠间质瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨小肠间质瘤的CT诊断价值,提高对小肠间质瘤CT征象和临床表现的认识。方法回顾性分析14例经手术病理及免疫组化证实的小肠间质瘤患者的临床资料。临床主要症状为黑便、贫血、腹部不适、腹痛、呕吐、发热及腹部包块等。所有病例均行CT平扫及增强扫描。结果本组病例中,CT共检出病灶14个,均为单发,发生于十二指肠3例,回肠7例,空肠4例。良性9例,CT平扫表现为类圆形软组织块影,瘤体最大径均≤4.0cm,密度均匀,明显均一强化。恶性5例,分叶状或不规则形,瘤体最大径均〉4.0cm,多为腔外生长,肿瘤内可见囊变坏死,不均一强化,其中肝脏及肺转移各1例。结论 CT对小肠间质瘤具有重要诊断价值;以瘤体最大径4.0cm为界值对肿瘤的良恶性判断有一定参考价值。     

多层螺旋CT诊断胸食管异物损伤的临床价值

目的探讨MSCT诊断胸食管异物损伤的临床价值。方法 22例胸食管异物损伤患者均接受MSCT平扫,其中13例接受增强薄层扫描及后处理成像。依据MSCT特征、结合临床表现决定诊断及治疗方案。结果 MSCT平扫及后处理影像诊断与临床诊断的总符合率分别为68.18%（15/22）和76.92%（10/13）,结合临床特征均确诊。22例中,痊愈20例,死亡2例。结论 MSCT是诊断胸食管异物损伤的最具临床价值的影像学方法,结合临床特征可确诊,对制定科学、合理的治疗方案具有指导意义。     

64层螺旋CT对消化道梗阻的诊断价值

目的探讨螺旋CT对消化道梗阻的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析了12例临床怀疑为消化道梗阻病例的螺旋CT检查结果并将其中螺旋CT确诊为消化道梗阻病例与临床结果对照,图像重建方法主要为多平面重建法（MPR）和最大密度投影法（MIP）。结果44例患者,无肠梗阻2例,有肠梗阻42例,其中33例经手术病理证实,4例经临床确诊。33例手术病例CT诊断梗阻部位与手术对照符合率为100％（33／33）,病因诊断符合率为100％（33／33）。结论螺旋CT扫描及重建对消化道梗阻具有重要诊断价值。     

粘连性小肠梗阻中带状粘连和膜状粘连的CT特征分析

目的研究粘连性小肠梗阻中带状粘连和膜状粘连的CT影像学特征。方法回顾性分析150例粘连性小肠梗阻手术患者, 根据手术中发现分为带状粘连和膜状粘连两组, 比较两组患者的临床特征和CT特征, 采用Logistic回归分析预测带状粘连的独立危险因素。结果两组患者的带状粘连和膜状粘连中闭襻征(36.8%比14.3%, P=0.002)、肠系膜模糊征(43.7%比17.5%, P=0.001)、鸟嘴征(48.3%比17.5%, P<0.001)、脂肪切迹征(39.1%比9.5%, P<0.001)、腹腔积液(54.0%比34.9%, P=0.015)差异均有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析发现, 鸟嘴征[OR=6.15, 95%CI(2.55～14.84), P<0.001]、脂肪切迹征[OR=6.19, 95%CI(2.16～17.82), P=0.001]、肠系膜模糊征[OR=3.34, 95%CI(1.34～8.32), P=0.009]是预测带状粘连的独立危险因素。结论鸟嘴征、脂肪切迹征、肠系膜模糊征是预测带状粘连的独立危险因素。     

腹内疝的影像学诊断

目的分析各种腹内疝的影像学特点,以提高腹内疝的术前诊断水平。方法回顾性分析13例经手术证实腹内疝病例的影像特点。其中1例为X线平片,12例CT扫描。包括十二指肠旁疝7例,小肠系膜裂孔疝3例,小网膜孔疝2例,小网膜裂孔疝1例。结果腹内疝的共同影像表现为：肠梗阻（100％）,肠袢聚集、扭曲（100%）、肠系膜聚集及扭曲（100％）,肠系膜血管聚集、扭曲、充血（100％）,周围脏器移位（100％）,肠缺血（61％）。左侧十二指肠旁疝表现为位于Treitz韧带上方、胃与胰体尾间囊袋样肿块;小肠系膜裂孔疝表现为聚集的小肠袢紧邻腹前壁,其间无大网膜覆盖;小网膜孔疝表现为网膜孔扩大,可见肠袢出入,胃后方可见疝入的肠袢;小网膜裂孔疝表现网膜囊区肿块。结论熟悉腹内疝的影像学特点,尤其是CT特征,将有助于其术前诊断。     

CT及X线小肠造影对小肠克罗恩病的诊断价值评价

目的探讨CT及X线小肠造影对小肠克罗恩病（CD）的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的39例CD患者的临床病理资料。患者均有完整的CT小肠造影检查资料,其中28例患者同时行X线小肠钡餐造影检查,腹部窦道造影18例。结果39例CT小肠造影,主要表现为肠壁增厚（大于4ram）34例（87．2％）,强化增加（大于10HU）37例（94．9％）,多节段性病变33例（84．6％）,肠腔不规则狭窄26例（66．7％）,系膜区淋巴结肿大（大于5mm）13例（33．3％）,肠管周围蜂窝织炎12例（30．8％）,腹腔内脓肿10例（25．6％）,炎性包块8例（20．5％）,不全性肠梗阻14例（35．9％）,腹腔积液22例（56．4％）,瘘管形成4例（10．3％）;CT小肠造影未显示肠壁线形溃疡和卵石征,对肠瘘的显示率不高。28例X线小肠造影,多节段性病变23例（82．1％）,单节段病变5例（17．9％）,肠腔不规则狭窄15例（53．6％）,多发性、纵行裂隙状溃疡18例（64．3％）,卵石征16例（57．1％）,肠瘘4例（14_3％）;X线小肠造影未显示肠壁增厚及腹腔脓肿、炎性包块等肠外并发症,对肠瘘的显示率亦不高。18例腹部窦道造影中,肠瘘13例（72．2％）,腹腔脓肿形成12例（66．7％）,窦道形成8例（44．4％）。结论CT小肠造影对全面评价CD的病变范围、并发症及指导临床治疗具有重要作用,但难以显示肠壁线形溃疡和卵石征。X线小肠造影易于显示CD的线形溃疡和卵石征的特征性改变,而腹部窦道造影易于显示肠瘘及腹腔内脓肿。两种检查方法相互结合,对于指导CD的临床诊断及综合治疗具有重要价值。     

原发性胆管癌的螺旋CT诊断分析

目的分析原发性胆管癌的螺旋CT表现特征。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的87例胆管癌的螺旋CT平扫及动态增强表现特征。结果肝内周围型胆管癌（19例）平扫呈相对低密度或等密度肿块，增强扫描肝动脉期17例呈边缘环状强化，2例无强化，门静脉期12例呈中心强化，延迟期中心强化更明显，坏死区无强化；48例肝门区胆管癌中42例呈浸润性肿块，增强早期呈轻至中度强化，晚期强化明显，少数无强化；肝外胆管癌（20例）多呈浸润性生长或表现为腔内乳头状肿块，增强早期呈中度强化，晚期明显强化。结论螺旋CT多期增强扫描，是诊断原发性胆管癌的重要影像检查方法，能较准确地显示各类胆管癌的生长特征，延迟扫描对胆管癌的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要参考价值。     

多层螺旋CT对少见小肠梗阻的诊断价值

目的 评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT) 对罕少见病因肠梗阻诊断的价值。 方法 回顾性分析18例经手术证实的少见病因肠梗阻的MSCT表现。 结果 18例患者均有程度不等的肠梗阻。术前病因诊断正确率达72.22%,其中,先天性小肠壁神经节细胞减少1例,小肠阴性异物3例,小肠粪石2例,腹茧症1例,腹内疝2例,闭孔疝4例,小肠扭转5例。2例肠扭转并缺血坏死,3例并穿孔。结论 MSCT能用于少见小肠梗阻的诊断及判断严重程度, 还能明确肠梗阻的罕少见病因及有无并发症。     

Laparoscopic surgery for small-bowel obstruction caused by Meckel's diverticulum

A 26-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of abdominal distention and vomiting. Contrastenhanced computed tomography showed a blind loop of the bowel extending to near the uterus and a fibrotic band connecting the mesentery to the top of the bowel,suggestive of Meckel's diverticulum(MD) and a mesodiverticular band(MDB). After intestinal decompression,elective laparoscopic surgery was carried out. Using three 5-mm ports,MD was dissected from the surrounding adhesion and MDB was divided intracorporeally. And subsequent Meckel's diverticulectomy was performed. The presence of heterotopic gastric mucosa was confirmed histologically. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged 5 d after the operation. She has remained healthy and symptom-free during 4 years of follow-up. This was considered to be an unusual case of preoperatively diagnosed and laparoscopically treated small-bowel obstruction due to MD in a young adult woman.     

胃窦异物肉芽肿性炎致幽门梗阻的影像学表现

胃窦异物肉芽肿性炎导致幽门梗阻临床罕见。其临床表现没有特异性,常需联合x线、CT、胃镜检查明确诊断;同时需与消化性溃疡、胃癌、十二指肠梗阻性病变相鉴别。2012年4月13Et浙江省嘉兴市第二医院收治了1例胃窦异物肉芽肿性炎致幽门梗阻患者,总结该病的影像学表现,以为其临床诊断与治疗提供参考和帮助。     

The laparoscopic management of small-bowel obstruction

BACKGROUND: Small-bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common cause of hospital admission. Our objectives were to determine outcomes of laparoscopic adhesiolysis and outline clinical parameters for its utilization. METHODS: We reviewed medical records of patients with SBO undergoing initial laparoscopic treatment by the authors between July 1997 and March 2006. Data obtained included demographics, clinical and radiologic presentation, intraoperative outcomes, and postoperative course. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were included for analysis. The mean age was 54.3 years, whereas the mean body mass index was 29.5 (range 20.2-46.1). Laparoscopy diagnosed the site of obstruction in all patients. Thirty-five patients (83.3%) were successfully treated laparoscopically without conversion to laparotomy. The median procedural time was lower in patients completed laparoscopically (96.3 vs 207.3 minutes, P = .006). The median postoperative stay was 6.5 days (range 1-19) in patients who were completed laparoscopically. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy is safe and feasible in the management of acute SBO in selected patients. It is an excellent diagnostic tool and therapeutic in most cases.     

经口泛影葡胺对粘连性小肠不全梗阻疗效的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨泛影葡胺在急性粘连性小肠不全性梗阻的治疗使用,并与甘露醇与常规的保守治疗方法作前瞻性研究。方法 对１０９例急性粘连性小肠不全梗阻１１７例进行分析,随机将病人分成泛影葡胺组３７例经胃管注入７６％泛影葡胺溶液１００ｍｌ,甘露醇组３５例３６次经胃管注入１０％甘露醇溶液２００ｍｌ对照组３７例４０次一般保守治疗。     

Laparoscopic management of acute small-bowel obstruction

Background: A retrospective review is given of the authors' experience with a consecutive series of acute small-bowel obstruction unresponsive to medical management. Methods: There were 33 exploratory laparoscopies. The etiology was accurately diagnosed in 100% of the cases. Twenty-five (76%) were secondary to postoperative adhesions, of which 18 (72%) were successfully treated by laparoscopic lysis of adhesions. Minilaparotomy was needed to treat iatrogenic perforation (two), gangrenous bowel (one), and Meckel's diverticulectomy (one). Formal laparotomy was utilized for small-bowel resection (two), malignant adhesions (two), and intolerance of pneumoperitoneum (one). Four cases of incarcerated hernias were treated by conventional herniorrhaphy. Results: Overall, 67% of our cases were spared formal laparotomy. Conclusion: We conclude that laparoscopy is an excellent diagnostic modality in acute small-bowel obstruction, the majority of which can be simultaneously managed laparoscopically. Laparotomy should be reserved for malignant adhesions, surgical misadventure, or when the pathology dictates. Received: 4 March 1996/Accepted: 13 May 1996     

A curious case of foreign body induced jejunal obstruction and perforation

INTRODUCTION

Accidental and unnoticed ingestion of foreign bodies are not very uncommon. Most of such foreign bodies pass through gastrointestinal tract uneventfully and only on rare instances cause obstruction and/or perforation.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

We are reporting a case in which a 45 yr old male presented to accident and emergency department of our institute with complaints of pain abdomen, greenish vomiting, abdominal distension, fever and non passage of flatus and stool following alcoholic binge 15 days back. On presentation tachycardia, hypotension, generalised abdominal tenderness and guarding were present. After initial resuscitation and investigation diagnosis of perforation peritonitis was made and emergency exploratory lapratomy was done and a single perforation with plastic foreign body protruding through it was found in jejunum 5 cm distal to duodeno-jejunal junction.

DISCUSSION

The majority of ingested FBs that reach the stomach pass uneventfully through the gastrointestinal tract. The majority of cases occur in children. Only 1% of patient of patients requires surgical intervention depending upon nature, size and shape of the foreign body.

CONCLUSION

Present case report intends to draw the attention towards possibility of intestinal obstruction and perforation by a single plastic foreign body. High index of suspicion is needed as this foreign body is not even radio-opaque and cannot be picked up in X-ray investigations. Also with increasing use of such plastic materials there are increased chances of such incidents.     

Large radiolucent tracheal foreign body found by CT scan caused dyspnea

A 25-year-old male patient with a sharp, large, and radiolucent tracheobronchial foreign body which was inhaled at the time of a traffic accident is reported on. CT scan was quite useful in finding this radiolucent foreign body. The patient had no respiratory disturbance because the foreign body was located in the level between bifurcation and left main bronchus; however, a flexible fiberscopic procedure performed to remove the body caused an airway obstruction and a dyspnea because the foreign body lodged in the subglottis. Remarkable progress has been made in the development of the flexible fiberscope system. Almost all medical facilities in Japan have flexible systems. However, the opportunities for young physicians to learn about rigid systems may now become limited. This case may warn us not to have too much confidence in the ability of flexible fiberscope system to remove this kind of large foreign body and remind us of the need to continue adequate training in the rigid systems.     

食管异物致纵隔感染的救治体会

目的总结食管异物致纵隔感染的救治体会。方法分析13例食管异物致纵隔感染的资料。食管穿孔位置4例位于颈段,9例位于胸段。全组病例早期手术清理脓肿,摘取异物后修补穿孔,胸腔冲洗,术后应用足量敏感抗生素,结合营养支持。结果治愈10例,死亡3例。结论早期手术,术后冲洗脓腔是救治食管异物致纵隔感染成功的关键。